A novel technology for control of variable speed pumped storage power plant

Variable speed pumped storage machines are used extensively in wind power plant and pumped storage power plant. This paper presents direct torque and flux control(DTFC) of a variable speed pumped storage power plant(VSPSP). By this method both torque and flux have been applied to control the VSPSP. The comparison between VSPSP's control strategies is studied. At the first, a wind turbine with the capacity 2.2 k W and DTFC control strategies simulated then a 250 MW VSPSP is simulated with all of its parts(including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and its control system) by MATLAB software. In all of simulations, both converters including two-level voltage source converter(2LVSC) and three-level voltage source converter(3LVSC) are applied. The results of applying 2LVSC and 3LVSC are the rapid dynamic responses with better efficiency, reducing the total harmonic distortion(THD) and ripple of rotor torque and flux.

Present status of pumped hydro storage operations to mitigate renewable energy fluctuations in Japan

This paper focuses on pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)plants’current operations after electricity system reforms and variable renewable energy(VRE)installations in Japan.PHES plants have historically been developed to create electricity demand at night in order to operate base load power plants,such as nuclear power plants,in stable conditions.Therefore,many PHES plants are located midway between nuclear power plants and large demand areas.However,all nuclear power plants had to–at least temporarily–shut down after the Great East Japan Earthquake followed by a nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011,and renewable energy power plants have been deployed rapidly after the introduction of a feed-in-tariff(FIT)scheme.Therefore,PHES plants are being used to mitigate fluctuations of VRE,especially in areas where renewable energy has been significantly installed.The daily highest capacity ratio of PHES plants in Kyushu area has recorded three times higher than it in the other areas where the past operating mode is still conducted.But those operations on PHES plants are simply followed as a dispatch rule of the Organization for Crossregional Coordination of Transmission Operators(OCCTO),market-based operations have not been conducted enough yet.The market design shall be changed to harmonize VRE installation and PHES plants’operations are necessary to make the transition from the past operating mode of PHES plants across Japan.

Research on Operation of Electrothermal Integrated Energy System Including Heat Pump and Thermal Storage Units Based on Capacity Planning

In view of the Three North areas existing wind power absorption and environment pollution problems,the previous scholars have improved the wind abandon problem by adding electrothermal coupling equipment or optimizing power grid operation.In this paper,an electrothermal integrated energy system including heat pump and thermal storage units was proposed.The scheduling model was based on the load data and the output characteristics of power units,each power unit capacity was programmed without constraints,and the proposed scheduling model was compared with the traditional combined heat and power scheduling model.Results showed that the investment and pollutant discharge of the system was reduced respectively.Wind power was fully absorbed.Compared with the traditional thermal power unit,the proportion of the output was significantly decreased by the proposed model.The proposed system could provide a new prospect for wind power absorption and environment protection.

Prospect of new pumped-storage power station

In this paper, a new type of pumped-storage power station with faster response speed, wider regulation range, and better stability is proposed. The operational flexible of the traditional pumped-storage power station can be improved with variable-speed pumped-storage tech no logy. Combined with chemical en ergy storage, the failure to achieve sec on d-order response speed and the insufficient safety and reliability of pumped-storage power units could be solved. With the better solar en ergy and site resources, the in teg rated performance can be improved by an optical storage system in stalled in future pumped-storage stations. Through the characteristics analysis of the new type of pumped-storage power station, three types of optimal station locations are proposed, namely, the load concentration area, new energy concentration area, and ultrahigh- voltage direct current receiver area. Taking the new pumped-storage power station as an example, the advantages of multi-energy cooperation and joint operation are analyzed. It can be predicted that the frequency and load regulation of the power grid will be more flexible, and the service capacity to the main power grid will be much stronger in the future.

Small and Mid-Size Pump-Turbines with Variable Speed

The stability of the grid is jeopardized with the large percentage of non-dispatchable renewables like wind power and also with increasing solar power. This creates various problems because these forms of energy are very volatile and difficult to predict. In most countries the in-feed of these sources must not be curtailed. In addition most of the renewables do not provide short circuit capacity and inertia in the same way as classical units and so further worsen the stability of the grid. The growing exploitation of wind and solar might be limited due to grid stability problems. In order to compensate those problems a large amount of reserve capacity is needed and therefore new technologies for electricity storage are required. Hydraulic pumped storage—the classical storage technology—has some disadvantages. These plants are in mountain regions often far away from wind farms. The distance to the wind farms mean additional loading for the already stressed grid and additional transmission losses. To compensate the very volatile wind energy, the pump input power should be varied continuously. This is so far only possible with variable speed units. Up to now double-fed asynchronous motor-generators are used which are rather expensive. In order to provide a solution for the described situation, ANDRITZ HYDRO has developed a new innovative concept of decentralized pump storage plants. Small standardized pump turbines are combined with a synchronous motor-generator and a full size converter which allows speed variation in pump and turbine mode over a wide range. These plants can be built locally close to wind farms and other sources to be balanced, allowing the increase of renewable energy without increasing the transmission line capacity. For the future smart grids this will be a key storage technology. This concept is reliable, innovative and more economic than other storage technologies.

Stability Enhancement of Small-Scale Power Grid with Renewable Power Sources by Variable Speed Diesel Power Plant

This paper proposes a power control method to improve a stability of a small-scale power grid with renewable energy sources. In an isolated small- scale power grid such as an island, diesel power plant is main power source which has an environmental burden and expensive running cost due to high priced fossil fuel. Thus, expanding installation of the renewable energy sources such as a wind power is strongly desirable. Such fluctuating energy sources, however, harm power quality of the small-scale power grid, and in addition, conventional power plant in the small-scale power grid cannot, in general, stabilize the grid system with such fluctuating power sources. In this study, Variable Speed Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (VS-DFIG) is proposed to be in-stalled at a diesel power plant instead of a conventional Fixed Speed Synchronous Generator (FS-SG), because quick control of a power balance in the small-scale power grid can be achieved by using the inertial energy of VS-DFIG. In addition, utilization of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is also considered to assist cooperatively the VS-DFIG control. As a result of the simulation analysis by using the proposed method, it is verified that frequency fluctuations due to renewable energy source can be effectively reduced by quick power control of the VS-DFIG compared to the conventional FS-SG, and further control ability can be obtained by utilizing BESS. Moreover, the transient stability of a small-scale power grid during a grid fault can also be enhanced.

双馈变速抽蓄机组关键技术及展望

双馈变速抽蓄机组不局限于额定转速运行,已成为抽水蓄能领域的新方向和研发热点。介绍了双馈变速抽蓄机组的社会需求和国内外发展现状,概述了双馈变速抽蓄机组的原理并总结了其特点。结合双馈变速抽蓄机组的特点对其典型应用场景进行了分类;对变流器技术、控制技术和机组设计及制造技术等双馈变速抽蓄机组关键技术的研究现状和主要问题进行了梳理;并对双馈变速抽蓄机组未来的发展进行了思考与展望。

计及转速及功率限制的双馈抽蓄自适应调频控制

双馈抽水蓄能机组可以通过变速运行灵活调节功率,在发电和抽水工况下均具备一定的调频潜能.为挖掘双馈抽水蓄能机组在不同工况下的调频能力,分别建立其适应不同工况运行特点的调频控制模块,提出计及转速及功率限制的自适应变参数调频策略.首先,在建立考虑可逆式水泵水轮机动态特性的机组模型基础上,构建发电工况下将频率偏差转换为附加功率指令、抽水工况下将频率偏差转换为附加转速指令的调频模块.其次,分析各调频参数对于频率动态响应的影响,并以系统频率偏差最小为目标,以机组的转速及功率限制为约束,提出基于改进粒子群算法的多工况最优调频参数确定方法,在此基础上形成随机组状态实时调整的自适应变参数调频策略.最后,以含双馈抽水蓄能机组的四机两区系统为例进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明:所提调频策略使机组在不同工况、不同运行状态下均具有良好的调频性能.

高比例新能源并网含抽蓄的联合系统变时段日前调度

为提高高比例新能源并网电力系统中火电机组的平稳运行,提出含抽蓄联合系统变时段日前调度策略。首先,根据抽蓄机组的最优调节区间进行净负荷频谱分析,得到其频域下的波动性质;其次,将波动量与高频分量的模糊熵共同作为评价指标,划分为不同调度模式;再次,以系统总成本最小为目标,建立考虑抽蓄最优调节的变时段日前调度模型,确定调度计划;最后,通过算例分析验证所提策略的有效性。

抽水蓄能电站单机容量与机组转速选择

通过分析国内外已建抽水蓄能电站机组主要技术参数,研究抽蓄电站定转速混流式水泵水轮机水头与单机容量、参数水平的关系,提出了不同水头段抽水蓄能电站单机容量和比速系数选择原则,推荐了合适的机组额定转速范围,可提高抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机选型设计的工作效率和成果质量。

大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机不同转速下三维端部电磁场和损耗研究

大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机端部区域漏磁和构件损耗较高,为了研究不同转速时大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机三维端部电磁场和端部构件损耗的变化规律,本文建立326 MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机三维端部瞬态电磁场的数学模型,研究变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时定转子端部构件磁密的变化规律,确定变速抽水蓄能电机端部构件涡流密度的分布情况,探究变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时定子压圈、定子环板、转子护环以及转子齿压板等端部构件损耗的变化规律。采用相同的计算方法对小容量10 MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机进行研究,通过试验测试和计算结果的对比验证了本文计算方法的可行性。

交流励磁脉冲电压占空比对双馈型变速抽蓄电机转子绕组放电特性影响研究

双馈型变速抽水蓄能电机是新型电力系统中极为重要的组成部分,其采用交流励磁低频PWM脉冲电压供电,其中占空比作为PWM技术的重要参数,对电机绝缘产生一定的影响,研究方波占空比对变速抽水蓄能电机转子绕组放电特性的影响规律,有利于变速抽水蓄能机组的绝缘性能评估。以某变速抽水蓄能机组为研究对象,建立转子绕组有限元模型,基于有限元仿真平台仿真并分析了不同方波占空比下转子绕组绝缘薄弱区域的电场电势特性,并搭建3 kV转子绕组局部放电试验平台,分析了不同占空比方波电压作用下绕组局部放电特性。

虚拟直流电机荷电状态均衡控制

新型电力系统的惯性低,虚拟直流电机控制可以加强系统惯性和阻尼。多储能变换器应该考虑荷电状态(State of charge,SOC)均衡问题,提高系统稳定性。针对虚拟直流电机控制的多储能SOC均衡问题,利用直流电机机端电压和电枢电流的下垂特性,提出引入SOC离差及变均衡系数的变电枢电阻控制;针对下垂引起的电压偏移问题,采用虚拟直流电机转速补偿,用母线电容瞬时功率替代传统虚拟直流电机控制中电压PI控制,给定系统功率需求,减少比例积分环节个数。以两台蓄电池为例,在Simulink中进行仿真,并与参考文献的变电枢电阻函数对比可知,所提控制策略可抑制直流母线电压跌落,调节SOC均衡过程,提高其均衡速度和精度。

变速抽水蓄能电机在发电工况不同转速下磁场和损耗研究

本文对变速抽水蓄能发电电动机的电压方程、磁链方程、电磁转矩方程和运动方程进行了推导,并建立了10MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机二维电磁场的数学方程和物理模型,对变速抽水蓄能发电电动机的电磁场数学方程进行了计算,得到了变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下超同步速时定子电压和定子电流的波形,分析了变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时磁密的分布规律,研究了不同转速下定子铁芯损耗和转子铁芯损耗占总铁芯损耗比例的变化规律。搭建了10MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机样机试验测试平台,通过试验测试得到的结果与计算结果较为接近。

基于时域动态过程的变速抽蓄机组外部故障短路电流计算方法

变速抽蓄机组(VSPSU)采用特殊的交流励磁结构及控制方式,导致其外部故障短路特性与常规定速机组相比差异巨大。为此,提出了一种基于时域动态过程的外部故障短路电流计算方法。根据VSPSU外部故障下的励磁及控制特点,将外部故障下的VSPSU分为持续励磁和跨接器动作这2种情况,并基于空间矢量分析分别建立2种情况下的时域动态电路模型。在此基础上,结合2种情况的过渡边界条件和定子磁链动态特性推导得到VSPSU外部故障短路电流的解析表达式。与PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果的对比表明,所提出的VSPSU外部故障短路电流计算方法具有较高的准确性及实用价值,能满足变速抽水蓄能电站一次设备选型以及继电保护等工作的需要。

变速抽蓄机组失磁故障分析及保护研究

变速抽蓄机组(VSPSU)的励磁及控制方式复杂且易发生失磁故障,配置针对性的失磁保护对保障其安全运行至关重要。该文基于直流励磁系统和交流励磁系统的差异分析,将VSPSU的失磁故障划分为对称失磁和不对称失磁两种故障形式,并主要针对对称失磁故障开展研究。首先,分别从故障位于机侧和网侧角度出发分析VSPSU发生对称失磁故障后的电气量变化特性及其故障危害;然后,推导证明了传统失磁阻抗圆保护判据在VSPSU中应用时不具有可靠性,VSPSU缺乏具有针对性的保护方案;最后,基于VSPSU的失磁故障特性,提出了针对机侧对称失磁故障的下抛阻抗圆判据和针对网侧对称失磁故障的直流电压判据,两者结合形成了对VSPSU对称失磁故障的保护方案。仿真结果表明,该文所提方案可有效地检测VSPSU在各种运行工况下的对称失磁故障,以满足VSPSU对失磁保护可靠性的要求。

压缩空气储能发电频率特性分析

当前阶段,我国主要的电力来源是煤、石油和天然气这三种广泛使用的传统能源。未来,我国火电发电的量将在很长一段时间内保持下降的趋势,将会难以满足调峰以及调频的需求,因此,储能是解决电力供需平衡的有效手段。压缩空气储能是一种容量较大的储能技术,在压缩空气储能技术的背景下,研究了一种将液体作为驱动介质,利用高压压缩空气进行发电的方法。在系统中建立了压缩空气的热力学模型、液压马达的数学模型以及同步发电机的数学模型,并将这些模型在Simulink中进行仿真搭建,分析了储气罐压力和马达排量对于系统中马达转速的影响,并对这些参数进行设计选取,针对马达转速波动过大无法并网发电的问题,采取传统PID的方法来减小马达的转速波动,稳定系统的输出,保证发电机的平稳运行。

考虑不对称转速边界约束的变速抽蓄机组综合惯量调频控制

当系统出现频率跌落时,变速抽蓄机组可大幅降低转速、迅速释放转子动能,从而为系统提供惯量支撑,但目前已有的调频方案未能有效发挥变速抽蓄机组的这一优势。为充分利用转子动能,提出一种考虑不对称转速边界约束的变速抽蓄机组综合惯量调频控制策略。首先,从变速抽蓄机组的有功支撑特性和不对称转速约束条件出发,得出适用于变速抽蓄机组的最优频率控制结构,该结构中包含两个时间常数不同的虚拟惯量控制环节。然后,分析各惯量控制环节的作用并整定相关参数。在此基础上,计及变速抽蓄机组运行特性与电力系统调频需求,设计了变速抽蓄机组不对称综合惯量控制策略,使得机组转速降低时可以为系统提供更大的惯量支撑。仿真结果表明,所提调频策略能够充分发挥变速抽蓄机组的优势,维持系统频率稳定。

初始转速与导叶控制策略对变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电过程影响规律研究

在可变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电暂态过程中,因导叶关闭引起的压力波动、回流、转速双峰等不利现象,极大影响了机组及压力管道系统的安全运行;初始转速作为影响机组动态特性的重要参数,其对泵断电过程中转速、流量的影响规律尚不明晰。针对以上问题,基于一维瞬变流理论特征线法和改进Suter变换法,构建可变速抽水蓄能机组调节系统模型。通过对可变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电过程进行模拟,分析了导叶关闭时间对特征参数的影响规律,阐明了初始运行转速与倒流流量、反转转速极值之间的内在联系。结果表明,正转正流阶段和正转逆流阶段的初期各特征参数时域响应趋势极为相近;与此同时,对比不同导叶关闭时间的结果,得出由反转逆流阶段进入停机能够增强机组及压力管道系统安全性的结论;此外,在同一扬程和入力条件下,采用不同初始运行转速对泵断电过程进行模拟,得出流量、转速极值特性与初始运行转速呈负相关的结论。

变速抽水蓄能机组功率优先控制模式的运行稳定域分析

变速机组相较于传统定速机组在运行和调节中具有快速、高效、灵活和可靠等优点。然而变速抽水蓄能电站刚刚起步,其在有功功率调节过程中的运行稳定性需要进一步研究。本文中基于MATLAB和Simulink作为主要工具研究变速抽水蓄能电站在有功功率调节中的动态稳定性。首先,建立了一个变速抽水蓄能电站的水-机-电耦合的数学模型。然后,建立13阶状态矩阵用于理论研究系统的动态稳定性,并进行时域模拟进一步验证和分析,验证了理论矩阵和数学模型的有效性和合理性。结果表明,变速抽水蓄能机组在并网条件下的有功功率调节的过程中,可能面临失去稳定性的风险,这是定速机组不会出现的新问题。因此,在变速抽水蓄能电站的设计和运行过程中,需要重点关注系统特性参数与控制参数的匹配问题。研究结果可为提高变速抽水蓄能电站调节稳定性提供技术参考。