Comparative Performance of Fixed-Speed and Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generator Systems

In the early development of the wind energy, the majority of the wind turbines have been operated at constant speed. Subsequently, the number of variable-speed wind turbines installed in wind farms has increased. In this paper, a comparative performance of fixed and variable speed wind generators with Pitch angle control has been presented. The first is based on a squirrel cage Induction Generator （IG） of 315 kW rated power, connected directly to the grid. The second incorporated a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator （PMSG） of 750 kW rated power. The performances of each studied wind generator are evaluated by simulation works and variable speed operation is highlighted as preferred mode of operation.

Direct Power Control of Variable Wind Speed Based on the Doubly Fed Asynchronous Machine

In this work, the authors propose the study of a wind speed variable based on the DFAM （double fed asynchronous machine）. The model of the turbine is drawn from the classical equations describing the operation of a variable wind speed. The torque generated by the turbine is applied to the DFAM directly connected on the network side and the stator via a bidirectional converter side rotor. This configuration allows velocity variations of ±30% around the synchronous speed and the converter is then sized to one third of the rated power of the machine. The DFAM is controlled by a control vector ensuring operation of the wind turbine power coefficient maximum.

Effect of photovoltaic panel electric field on the wind speed required for dust removal from the panels

Methods to remove dust deposits by high-speed airflow have significant potential applications,with optimal design of flow velocity being the core technology.In this paper,we discuss the wind speed required for particle removal from photovoltaic(PV)panels by compressed air by analyzing the force exerted on the dust deposited on inclined photovoltaic panels,which also included different electrification mechanisms of dust while it is in contact with the PV panel.The results show that the effect of the particle charging mechanism in the electric field generated by the PV panel is greatly smaller than the effect of the Van der Waals force and gravity,but the effect of the particle charged by the contact electrification mechanism in the electrostatic field is very pronounced.The wind speed required for dust removal from the PV panel increases linearly with the PV panel electric field,so we suggest that the nighttime,when the PV electric field is relatively small,would be more appropriate time for dust removal.The above results are of great scientific importance for accurately grasping the dust distribution law and for achieving scientific removal of dust on PV panels.

Stability Enhancement of Small-Scale Power Grid with Renewable Power Sources by Variable Speed Diesel Power Plant

This paper proposes a power control method to improve a stability of a small-scale power grid with renewable energy sources. In an isolated small- scale power grid such as an island, diesel power plant is main power source which has an environmental burden and expensive running cost due to high priced fossil fuel. Thus, expanding installation of the renewable energy sources such as a wind power is strongly desirable. Such fluctuating energy sources, however, harm power quality of the small-scale power grid, and in addition, conventional power plant in the small-scale power grid cannot, in general, stabilize the grid system with such fluctuating power sources. In this study, Variable Speed Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (VS-DFIG) is proposed to be in-stalled at a diesel power plant instead of a conventional Fixed Speed Synchronous Generator (FS-SG), because quick control of a power balance in the small-scale power grid can be achieved by using the inertial energy of VS-DFIG. In addition, utilization of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is also considered to assist cooperatively the VS-DFIG control. As a result of the simulation analysis by using the proposed method, it is verified that frequency fluctuations due to renewable energy source can be effectively reduced by quick power control of the VS-DFIG compared to the conventional FS-SG, and further control ability can be obtained by utilizing BESS. Moreover, the transient stability of a small-scale power grid during a grid fault can also be enhanced.

Piezoelectric Power Harvesting via Acoustic-Pressure Driven by Low-Speed Wind-Force with Resonating-Tube and Wind-Collector

Wind-driven power harvestings attract attentions since their target wind speeds are quite low less than the so-called cut-in wind speed, which is generally recognized as around 3 m/s. The extant power harvestings driven by wind-induced-air-column-resonations (i.e. acoustic-pressures) are still lacking simplicity, scale flexibility and solid strategies for practical applications. Therefore, the piezoelectric power harvesters via acoustic-pressures driven by low-speedwind-forces with resonating-tubes and wind-collectors were invented so as to complement all the lacks. The wind-collector as well as the resonating-tube contributed to upraise the power harvesting density. The champion power harvesting density of 19.5 nW/dm2 could be procured at 2.3 m/s of an artificial wind and the optimal resonating-tube and wind-collector. Power harvesting proofs from the natural wind with low mean speeds down to about 0.6 m/s were successfully obtained. The cut-in wind speed of the prototype piezoelectric power harvester was found to be quite low as about 0.4 m/s, signifying its ubiquity. Finally, a multi-bundle pendant-type piezoelectric power harvester was specifically presented together with professing the solid and multiple strategies for practical applications.

Power Quality Improvement Using Grid Side Converter of Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper presents the control ofa WECS （wind energy conversion system）, equipped with a DFIG （doubly fed induction generator）, for maximum power generation and power quality improvement simultaneously. The proposed control algorithm is applied to a DFIG whose stator is directly connected to the grid and the rotor is connected to the grid through a back-to-back AC-DC-AC PWM （pulse width modulation） converter. The RSC （rotor side converter） is controlled in such a way to extract a maximum power, for a wide range of wind speed. The GSC （grid side converter） is controlled in order to filter harmonic currents of a nonlinear load coupled at the PCC （point of common coupling） and ensure smooth DC bus voltage. Simulation results show that the wind turbine can operate at its optimum energy for a wide range of wind speed and power quality improvement is achieved.

Very Short-Term Generating Power Forecasting for Wind Power Generators Based on Time Series Analysis

In recent years, there has been introduction of alternative energy sources such as wind energy. However, wind speed is not constant and wind power output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. In order to control the power output for wind power generators as accurately as possible, a method of wind speed estimation is required. In this paper, a technique considers that wind speed in the order of 1 - 30 seconds is investigated in confirming the validity of the Auto Regressive model (AR), Kalman Filter (KF) and Neural Network (NN) to forecast wind speed. This paper compares the simulation results of the forecast wind speed for the power output forecast of wind power generator by using AR, KF and NN.

Study on Hydraulic Transmission of Offshore Low-speed Wind Energy Generator

For offshore hydraulic drive wind turbines,the problems of unsatisfactory speed control and low efficiency at low wind speeds are targeted.A low-speed high-torque radial piston pump is designed to replace the traditional fixed pump with a particular focus on its low-speed performance.The pump is characterized by small internal leakage at low wind speeds and high volumetric efficiency,which is beneficial to improve the power generation efficiency of the system.A new linear control method based on the PID algorithm and feedforward compensation was proposed to obtain the constant speed output control of variable motor at low wind speed.With the model for wind turbine and fixed pump-variable motor main drive system,the system was simulated and experimentally proved to verify the feasibility and anti-interference performance of the system control method at low wind speeds.A promising outcome was obtained on the response characteristics of system power and efficiency at low wind speeds.This can be a powerful technical support for the normal ustility of hydraulic drive wind turbines.

Small-signal Angular Stability of Power System as Affected by Grid-connected Variable Speed Wind Generators—A Survey of Recent Representative Works

This paper reviews the status and progress of the investigation on power system small-signal angular stability as affected by grid-connected variable speed wind generators(VSWGs).The review is carried out on the basis of a survey of recently published representative papers.Strategies of the investigation made in those selected papers are classified into two groups:1)VSWGs displacing synchronous generators(SGs);2)VSWGs simply being added in a power system.The diversification of the results of the investigation is highlighted in the survey.Careful analysis on two strategies of the investigation is conducted in this paper.It is revealed that in the strategy of VSWGs displacing SGs,there are two factors which could affect power system small-signal angular stability differently:1)Withdrawing the SGs’dynamics;2)adding the VSWGs’dynamics.In the strategy of adding VSWGs in the power system,there are also two affecting factors:1)Change of load flow brought about by the VSWGs;2)dynamic interactions with the SGs introduced by the VSWGs.Hence diversified results of the investigation obtained so far are not only due to the dependence of the investigation on sample power systems used,but also caused by the mixture of different affecting factors.This paper is concluded with a summary of key issues of the investigation for future work.

基于E-Wind Turbine实验平台的风力发电控制系统

风力发电系统具有规模大、实际现场培训成本高、危险系数高等特点,因此基于风力发电仿真设备的风力发电控制研究是十分必要的。以E-Wind Turbine实验平台为例,详细介绍了变速、变桨距双馈风力发电系统实验平台的构成与控制策略的实现方法。基于S7-1200系列的PLC控制器,利用PORTAL STEP 7集成开发环境,实现了风机的偏航、转速控制以及功率控制。仿真实验结果表明,设计的风力发电控制系统可以有效地模拟实际风力发电机的各种控制要求,为风力发电控制策略的研究提供了一种有效手段。

风电场与多分布式变速抽水蓄能协同调频控制

针对单个变速抽蓄调频容量不足和风电场调频后转子转速恢复容易引发频率二次跌落的问题,提出一种风电场与多分布式变速抽水蓄能协同调频控制策略。首先,当电网发生频率事件时,该策略根据风电场风速和区域内多分布式变速抽水蓄能可调节容量对电网频率提供支撑。然后,针对风电调频后转子转速恢复过程容易引发系统频率二次跌落的问题,在风电转子转速恢复时通过多分布式变速抽蓄提供功率支撑来缓解系统频率二次跌落。最后,以含风电场与分布式变速抽蓄的四机两区域系统为例,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了所提控制策略相比风电场和多分布式变速抽水蓄能独立调频对于系统具有更好的调频效果。

双馈抽水蓄能机组最优功率控制策略及提升风电并网能力仿真

提出一种考虑损耗及转速影响的抽水蓄能机组最优功率控制策略。首先,对抽水蓄能机组在发电和抽水工况下的功率损耗来源进行辨析,推导计及损耗与转速影响的电磁功率与机械功率表达式。然后,计及转子动能对阶跃变化与斜坡变化的不同功率控制策略进行调节能力分析,提出最优功率协调控制策略。最后,构建半实物仿真平台对发电与抽水工况下抽水蓄能机组的不同有功功率阶跃模式进行仿真对比验证。结果表明,该文所提控制策略可优化调速器与励磁控制的协调配合,与传统方法相比,该文方法的功率调节速率更快,对电网功率指令的响应也更为准确,且有效缓解了风电等新能源所带来的消纳及一次调频问题。

风力发电石油电动旋挖钻机功率模糊控制

风力发电通过风转动风轮产生的动力驱动电机产生电能。由于风能具有不稳定性,因此风力发电石油电动旋挖钻机在工作过程中的运行功率不稳定。对此,提出一种风力发电石油电动旋挖钻机功率自动模糊控制方法。根据基本组合风概念计算实时风速;对风力发电石油电动旋挖钻机功率进行稳态分析,确定钻机功率不变时的钻机临界风速;当风速超过临界风速时,利用T-S模糊加权算法对风轮转速偏差展开控制,从而保证旋挖钻机功率在额定值内,实现稳定运行。实验结果表明:该方法预测的风速和实际值基本一致,最高转速仅为4.82 rad/s,控制精度始终高于0.95,说明该方法的功率控制效果好,有利于石油电动旋挖钻机的稳定运行。

Frequency Regulation of VSC-MTDC System with Offshore Wind Farms

Frequency regulation of voltage source converter-based multi-terminal high-voltage direct current(VSC-MTDC)system with offshore wind farms enhances the frequency stability by compensating the power for a disturbed AC system.However,it is difficult to reasonably allocate frequency-regulation resources due to a lack of coordination mechanisms between wind farms and the MTDC system.Moreover,it is difficult for the frequency control of the wind farms to manage changes in wind speed;and the risk of wind-turbine stalls is high.Thus,based on the kinetic energy of wind turbines and the power margin of the converters,the frequency-regulation capability of wind turbines is evaluated,and a dynamic frequency-support scheme considering the real-time frequency-support capability of the wind turbines and system frequency evolution is proposed to improve the frequency-support performance.A power adaptation technique at variable wind speeds is developed;the active power in the frequency-support stage and restoration stage is switched according to the wind speed.A hierarchical zoning frequency-regulation scheme is designed to use the frequency-regulation resources of different links in the MTDC system with wind farms.The simulation results show that the novel frequency-regulation strategy maintains frequency stability with wind-speed changes and avoids multiple frequency dips.

风力发电机组直驱永磁同步电机高风速下宽转速运行控制策略研究

大力发展海上风力发电、构建以可再生能源为主体的电力系统是实现“双碳”的途径之一。而随着风电接入电网的容量不断增加,电力系统在频率稳定方面面临更多挑战。本文基于变速运行特性,分析了直驱永磁同步电机在高风速下风力发电机组的转速范围。风力发电机组的可变转速可形成虚拟飞轮储能装置,从而释放能量与吸收能量,故可使用该虚拟飞轮储能系统作为电力系统短期调频用。本文推导了风力发电机组机侧变换器与网侧变换器的控制策略,并给出了有功功率参考值给定方法。同时,分析了变桨距角控制策略。为验证控制策略,搭建了仿真模型。仿真结果表明在随机高风速工况下,风力发电机组可输出平滑的功率,具有短期调频能力。

双馈变速恒频风电系统控制研究

文章以双馈异步电机为风力发电的变流器,分析了双馈式变速恒频风电系统在功率因数校正、电网电压畸变及无功补偿方面的控制策略,重点介绍了双馈变速恒频风电场系统,基于功率因数校正的控制方法分析了双馈异步发电机并网运行时电网电压畸变对风力发电系统运行稳定性和电能质量的影响,最后通过仿真验证了控制策略的正确性。仿真结果表明:文章提出的双馈变速恒频风电系统可以有效改善双馈异步电机并网运行时因电压畸变带来的性能下降问题。

基于变量相关注意力机制的短期风速预测

针对多因素风速预测问题,提出一种基于变量相关注意力机制的短期风速预测模型。该模型通过序列对齐与变量选择模块筛选出与风速相关性强的因素序列并生成其他因素矩阵,采用变分模态分解算法将历史风速序列分解并进一步生成模态分量矩阵。将其他因素矩阵与模态分量矩阵拼接,得到因素矩阵。利用变量相关注意力机制表达因素矩阵与风速序列的相关关系,在此基础上实现风速预测。采用中国南方某风电场一年的实测数据验证了序列对齐与变量选择模块的作用、变分模态分解算法的分解效果以及变量相关注意力机制的特征提取能力。该模型在4个季节的平均绝对误差分别为0.17、0.17、0.13和0.14 m/s,明显优于其他对比模型,充分说明该模型在短期风速预测方面的优越性能。

Analysis and Control of a Three-Phase Switched Reluctance Wind Generator

This paper deals with various aspects of modeling, simulation, analysis, and control ofa SRG （switched reluctance generator） in different modes of operation. Excitation method of such a generator is shortly described. The output power of the SRG is controlled so that it can track the maximum output power of a wind turbine drive applications. Also, the output generator voltage is stabilized under either load or wind speed variations. Basic operational characteristics of a three-phase 6/4 SRG are developed through experimental observation. Meanwhile, the real-time operation was implemented in a DSP （digital signal processor） environment. The simulation of the complete system model has been obtained using the Matlab/Simulink software. A good agreement between experimental and simulation results has been observed which supports the validity of the proposed analysis.