A novel technology for control of variable speed pumped storage power plant

Variable speed pumped storage machines are used extensively in wind power plant and pumped storage power plant. This paper presents direct torque and flux control(DTFC) of a variable speed pumped storage power plant(VSPSP). By this method both torque and flux have been applied to control the VSPSP. The comparison between VSPSP's control strategies is studied. At the first, a wind turbine with the capacity 2.2 k W and DTFC control strategies simulated then a 250 MW VSPSP is simulated with all of its parts(including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and its control system) by MATLAB software. In all of simulations, both converters including two-level voltage source converter(2LVSC) and three-level voltage source converter(3LVSC) are applied. The results of applying 2LVSC and 3LVSC are the rapid dynamic responses with better efficiency, reducing the total harmonic distortion(THD) and ripple of rotor torque and flux.

Analysis of a Novel Mechanically Adjusted Variable Flux Permanent Magnet Homopolar Inductor Machine with Rotating Magnetic Poles for Flywheel Energy Storage System

Permanent magnet homopolar inductor machine(PMHIM) has attracted much attention in the field of flywheel energy storage system(FESS) due to its merits of simple structure,brushless excitation, and rotor flywheel integration. However, the air-gap flux generated by the PM cannot be adjusted, which would cause large electromagnetic losses in the standby operation state of FESS. To solve this problem, a novel mechanically adjusted variable flux permanent magnet homopolar inductor machine with rotating magnetic poles(RMP-PMHIM) is proposed in this paper. The permanent magnet poles are rotated by an auxiliary rotating device and the purpose of changing the air-gap flux is achieved. First, the structure and operation principle of the proposed RMP-PMHIM are explained. Second,the flux weakening principle of the RMP-PMHIM is analyzed and the equivalent magnetic circuit models under different flux weakening states are built. Third, the parameters of the PM and its fixed structure are optimized to obtain the good electromagnetic performance. Fourth, the electromagnetic performance, including the air-gap flux density, back-EMF, flux weakening ability, loss, etc. of the proposed RMP-PMHIM are investigated and compared. Compared with the non-rotating state of the PM of RPM-PMHIM, the air-gap flux density amplitude can be weakened by 99.95% when the PM rotation angle is 90 degrees, and the no-load core loss can be suppressed by 99.98%,which shows that the proposed RPM-PMHIM is a good candidate for the application of FESS.

Studying the variable energy band structure for energy storage materials in charge/discharge process

So far,a clear understanding about the relationship of variable energy band structure with the corresponding charge-discharge process of energy storage materials is still lacking.Here,using optical spectroscopy(red-green-blue(RGB)value,reflectivity,transmittance,UV-vis,XPS,UPS)to studyα-Co(OH)_(2) electrode working in KOH electrolyte as the research object,we provide direct experimental evidence that:(1)The intercalation of OH-ions will reduce the valence/conduction band(VB and CB)and band gap energy(Eg)values;(2)The deintercalation of OH-ions corresponds with the reversion of VB,CB and E_(g) to the initial values;(3)The color of Co(OH)_(2) electrode also exhibit regular variations in RGB value during the charge-discharge process.

Terrestrial water storage changes over the Pearl River Basin from GRACE and connections with Pacific climate variability

Time-variable gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） satellite mission are used to study terrestrial water storage （TWS） changes over the Pearl River Basin （PRB） for the period 2003-Nov. 2014. TWS estimates from GRACE generally show good agreement with those from two hydrological models GLDAS and WGHM. But they show different capability of detecting significant TWS changes over the PRB. Among them, WGHM is likely to underestimate the seasonal variability of TWS, while GRACE detects long- term water depletions over the upper PRB as was done by hydrological models, and observes significant water increases around the Longtan Reservoir （LTR） due to water impoundment. The heavy drought in 2011 caused by the persistent precipitation deficit has resulted in extreme low surface runoff and water level of the LTR. Moreover, large variability of summer and autumn precipitation may easily trigger floods and droughts in the rainy season in the PRB, especially for summer, as a high correlation of 0.89 was found between precipitation and surface runoff. Generally, the PRB TWS was negatively correlated with El Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） events. However, the modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） may impact this relationship, and the significant TWS anomaly was likely to occur in the peak of PDO phase as they agree well in both of the magnitude and timing of peaks. This indicates that GRACE-based TWS could be a valuable parameter for studying climatic in- fluences in the PRB.

Storage reliability assessment model based on competition failure of multi-components in missile

The degradation data of multi-components in missile is derived by periodical testing. How to use these data to assess the storage reliability (SR) of the whole missile is a difficult problem in current research. An SR assessment model based on competition failure of multi-components in missile is proposed. By analyzing the missile life profile and its storage failure feature, the key components in missile are obtained and the characteristics voltage is assumed to be its key performance parameter. When the voltage testing data of key components in missile are available, a state space model (SSM) is applied to obtain the whole missile degradation state, which is defined as the missile degradation degree (DD). A Wiener process with the time-scale model (TSM) is applied to build the degradation failure model with individual variability and nonlinearity. The Weibull distribution and proportional risk model are applied to build an outburst failure model with performance degradation effect. Furthermore, a competition failure model with the correlation between degradation failure and outburst failure is proposed. A numerical example with a set of missiles in storage is analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy and superiority of the proposed model.

Interannual variability of mixed layer depth and heat storage of upper layer in the tropical Pacific Ocean

By using the upper layer data(downloaded from the web of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography),the interannual variability of the heat storage of upper layer(from surface to 400 m depth) and the mixed layer depth in the tropical Pacific Ocean are investigated. The abnormal signal of the warm event comes from the central and west Pacific Ocean, whereas it is regarded that the abnormal signal of the warm event comes from the east Pacific Ocean in the popular viewpoint. From the viewpoint on the evolution of the interannual variability of the mixed layer depth and the heat storage of the whole upper layer, the difference between the two types of El Nino is so small that it can be neglected. During these two El Nino/La Nina events(1972/1973 and 1997/1998), other than the case of the heat storage or for the mixed layer depth, the abnormal signal propagates from the central and west Pacific Ocean to the east usually by the path along the equator whereas the abnormal signal propagates from the east to the west by the path northern to the equator. For the interannual variability, the evolution of the mixed layer depth corresponds to that of the heat storage in the upper layer very well. This is quite different from the evolution of seasonality.

Seismic performance evaluation of VCFPB isolated storage tank using real-time hybrid simulation

Variable curvature friction pendulum bearings(VCFPB)effectively reduce the dynamic response of storage tanks induced by earthquakes.Shaking table testing is used to assess the seismic performance of VCFPB isolated storage tanks.However,the vertical pressure and friction coefficient of the scaled VCFPB in the shaking table tests cannot match the equivalent values of these parameters in the prototype.To avoid this drawback,a real-time hybrid simulation(RTHS)test was developed.Using RTHS testing,a 1/8 scaled tank isolated by VCFPB was tested.The experimental results showed that the displacement dynamic magnification factor of VCFPB,peak reduction factors of the acceleration,shear force,and overturning moment at bottom of the tank,were negative exponential functions of the ratio of peak ground acceleration(PGA)and friction coefficient.The peak reduction factors of displacement,acceleration,force and overturning moment,which were obtained from the experimental results,are compared with those calculated by the Housner model.It can be concluded that the Housner model is applicable in estimation of the acceleration,shear force,and overturning moment of liquid storage tank,but not for the sliding displacement of VCFPBs.

Present status of pumped hydro storage operations to mitigate renewable energy fluctuations in Japan

This paper focuses on pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)plants’current operations after electricity system reforms and variable renewable energy(VRE)installations in Japan.PHES plants have historically been developed to create electricity demand at night in order to operate base load power plants,such as nuclear power plants,in stable conditions.Therefore,many PHES plants are located midway between nuclear power plants and large demand areas.However,all nuclear power plants had to–at least temporarily–shut down after the Great East Japan Earthquake followed by a nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011,and renewable energy power plants have been deployed rapidly after the introduction of a feed-in-tariff(FIT)scheme.Therefore,PHES plants are being used to mitigate fluctuations of VRE,especially in areas where renewable energy has been significantly installed.The daily highest capacity ratio of PHES plants in Kyushu area has recorded three times higher than it in the other areas where the past operating mode is still conducted.But those operations on PHES plants are simply followed as a dispatch rule of the Organization for Crossregional Coordination of Transmission Operators(OCCTO),market-based operations have not been conducted enough yet.The market design shall be changed to harmonize VRE installation and PHES plants’operations are necessary to make the transition from the past operating mode of PHES plants across Japan.

Prospect of new pumped-storage power station

In this paper, a new type of pumped-storage power station with faster response speed, wider regulation range, and better stability is proposed. The operational flexible of the traditional pumped-storage power station can be improved with variable-speed pumped-storage tech no logy. Combined with chemical en ergy storage, the failure to achieve sec on d-order response speed and the insufficient safety and reliability of pumped-storage power units could be solved. With the better solar en ergy and site resources, the in teg rated performance can be improved by an optical storage system in stalled in future pumped-storage stations. Through the characteristics analysis of the new type of pumped-storage power station, three types of optimal station locations are proposed, namely, the load concentration area, new energy concentration area, and ultrahigh- voltage direct current receiver area. Taking the new pumped-storage power station as an example, the advantages of multi-energy cooperation and joint operation are analyzed. It can be predicted that the frequency and load regulation of the power grid will be more flexible, and the service capacity to the main power grid will be much stronger in the future.

A distributed Grid-Xinanjiang model with integration of subgrid variability of soil storage capacity

Realistic hydrological response is sensitive to the spatial variability of landscape properties. For a grid-based distributed rainfall-runoff model with a hypothesis of a uniform grid, the high-frequency information within a grid cell will be gradually lost as the resolution of the digital elevation model(DEM) grows coarser. Therefore, the performance of a hydrological model is usually scale-dependent. This study used the GridXinanjiang(GXAJ) model as an example to investigate the effects of subgrid variability on hydrological response at different scales. With the aim of producing a more reasonable hydrological response and spatial description of the landscape properties, a new distributed rainfall-runoff model integrating the subgrid variability(the GXAJSV model) was developed. In this model, the topographic index is used as an auxiliary variable correlated with the soil storage capacity. The incomplete beta distribution is suggested for simulating the probability distribution of the soil storage capacity within the raster grid. The Yaogu Basin in China was selected for model calibration and validation at different spatial scales.Results demonstrated that the proposed model can effectively eliminate the scale dependence of the GXAJ model and produce a more reasonable hydrological response.

Correlations of Stream Flow and Climatic Variables for a Large Glacierized Himalayan Basin

Streamflow represents the integrated response of a watershed to climatic variables, particularly precipitation and air temperature. In this study, relationships between discharge and hydro meteorological parameters near the snout of Gangotri Glacier were investigated. The auto correlations and multi day influence of temperature and rainfall on discharge can provide valuable information about the Glacier response which can be helpful for estimating discharge in data scarce regions. The data for eight continuous ablation seasons (2000-2007) were used investigating correlations, lag cross correlations and multivariate regression analysis between daily mean discharge, daily mean temperature and daily rainfall, whereas last four years data (2008-2011) was used to simulate the daily discharge from the established relations. Snowmelt discharge varies during the rise in the annual temperature cycle in response to the combination of temperature variation and the amount of water held in the evolving snowpack. The discharge and temperature is highly auto correlated. It was found that discharge of a particular day (Qi) is well represented by the regression equation having Qi-1, Ti, and Ri. Such developed regression equation can be used for computing discharge once its input variables are available. The regression equation developed using the eight year data i.e. Qi = 2.962 + 1.011Qi-1?- 0.422Ti + 0.203Ri is used for forecasting of discharge. For all the years discharge was computed with high accuracy (R2?-?0.93).

Small and Mid-Size Pump-Turbines with Variable Speed

The stability of the grid is jeopardized with the large percentage of non-dispatchable renewables like wind power and also with increasing solar power. This creates various problems because these forms of energy are very volatile and difficult to predict. In most countries the in-feed of these sources must not be curtailed. In addition most of the renewables do not provide short circuit capacity and inertia in the same way as classical units and so further worsen the stability of the grid. The growing exploitation of wind and solar might be limited due to grid stability problems. In order to compensate those problems a large amount of reserve capacity is needed and therefore new technologies for electricity storage are required. Hydraulic pumped storage—the classical storage technology—has some disadvantages. These plants are in mountain regions often far away from wind farms. The distance to the wind farms mean additional loading for the already stressed grid and additional transmission losses. To compensate the very volatile wind energy, the pump input power should be varied continuously. This is so far only possible with variable speed units. Up to now double-fed asynchronous motor-generators are used which are rather expensive. In order to provide a solution for the described situation, ANDRITZ HYDRO has developed a new innovative concept of decentralized pump storage plants. Small standardized pump turbines are combined with a synchronous motor-generator and a full size converter which allows speed variation in pump and turbine mode over a wide range. These plants can be built locally close to wind farms and other sources to be balanced, allowing the increase of renewable energy without increasing the transmission line capacity. For the future smart grids this will be a key storage technology. This concept is reliable, innovative and more economic than other storage technologies.

Modeling of seasonal soil cold storage using natural cold energy

To reduce energy consumption on summer air conditioning,a novel seasonal soil cold storage mode using natural energy is presented and two-dimensional transient heat transfer model of U-tube is developed. The three processes of cold storage in winter,shut-down in transition season and cold extraction in summer are simulated by using sensitive heat capacity method with variable time step. The changing of U-tube outlet water temperature in different periods,daily cold storage and cold extraction are estimated. The temperature field of the U-tube and soil around the tube is investigated. Simulations show that seasonal soil cold storage using natural cold energy is feasible in the north to Changchun,which provides theoretical support for seasonal soil cold storage application.

Global Freshwater Storage Capability across Time Scales in the GRACE Satellite Era

Freshwater is recharged mainly by rainfall and stored inland for a period of time,which is directly affected by its storage capability.The storage capability of river basins has different spatiotemporal features that are important for the predictability of freshwater resources.However,the estimation of freshwater storage capability(FSC)remains a challenge due to the lack of observations and quantification indices.Here,we use a metric that characterizes hydrological“inertia”after rainfalls to analyze FSC over the 194 largest global major river basins based on satellite observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)and simulations from the Community Land Model version 5(CLM5).During 2003–16,the global land was observed to retain 28%of precipitation after one month based on GRACE observations,and the simulation depicts that the retained proportions decrease from 42%after one day to 26%after one month,with smaller FSC partly attributed to wetter conditions and higher vegetation densities.The root zone contributes about 40%to the global land FSC on daily to monthly time scales.As the time scale increases,the contribution from the surface soil decreases from 26%to 14%,while the contribution from the deep soil increases from 4%to 10%.Snow contributes over 20%of land FSC,especially over high latitudes.With six decades of CLM5 long-term simulations,it is revealed that the change of FSC in most basins is related to internal climate variability.The FSC of river basins which displays the proportion of precipitation retained on land is worthy of further attention regarding the predictability of water resources.

Stability Enhancement of Small-Scale Power Grid with Renewable Power Sources by Variable Speed Diesel Power Plant

This paper proposes a power control method to improve a stability of a small-scale power grid with renewable energy sources. In an isolated small- scale power grid such as an island, diesel power plant is main power source which has an environmental burden and expensive running cost due to high priced fossil fuel. Thus, expanding installation of the renewable energy sources such as a wind power is strongly desirable. Such fluctuating energy sources, however, harm power quality of the small-scale power grid, and in addition, conventional power plant in the small-scale power grid cannot, in general, stabilize the grid system with such fluctuating power sources. In this study, Variable Speed Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (VS-DFIG) is proposed to be in-stalled at a diesel power plant instead of a conventional Fixed Speed Synchronous Generator (FS-SG), because quick control of a power balance in the small-scale power grid can be achieved by using the inertial energy of VS-DFIG. In addition, utilization of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is also considered to assist cooperatively the VS-DFIG control. As a result of the simulation analysis by using the proposed method, it is verified that frequency fluctuations due to renewable energy source can be effectively reduced by quick power control of the VS-DFIG compared to the conventional FS-SG, and further control ability can be obtained by utilizing BESS. Moreover, the transient stability of a small-scale power grid during a grid fault can also be enhanced.

CO_(2)−荷载耦合作用下煤体细观统计损伤本构模型及验证

CO_(2)吸附会对煤体产生损伤劣化作用进而降低其稳定性,对CO_(2)封存的长期安全性提出挑战,明确CO_(2)劣化作用并建立本构模型至关重要。采用损伤力学理论和统计理论推导出能够综合反映CO_(2)吸附和荷载耦合作用下煤体总损伤变量的计算公式,并重点考虑了压密段的影响,分段建立了CO_(2)作用下煤体的细观统计损伤本构方程,明确了模型各参数的确定方法。最后通过CT扫描实验系统、MTS 816实验系统确定了本构模型参数,并采用自主研制的气−固耦合实验系统对不同CO_(2)压力下煤体进行了单轴压缩实验,验证了模型的合理性。研究结果表明:①基于CT扫描获取的裂隙率和运用Weibull分布理论分别定义了吸附和受载作用下的损伤变量,结合损伤理论进一步得到二者耦合作用下的总损伤变量,并建立了细观统计损伤本构模型;②基于CT扫描技术的裂隙三维重构真实反映了CO_(2)作用前后裂隙扩展特征,CO_(2)压力越高,裂隙扩展越充分,煤样三维裂隙参数和损伤变量越大,所形成的空间裂隙网络越复杂;③CO_(2)对煤体力学性质劣化作用显著,煤体的抗压强度与弹性模量随CO_(2)压力增加分别降低了49.78%和22.63%,CO_(2)对煤体的溶胀效应、塑化效应和气楔效应的综合作用导致了力学参数的降低;④建立的CO_(2)作用下煤体细观统计损伤模型理论曲线与单轴实验曲线具有较高的吻合度,说明损伤本构模型能够较好地反映出CO_(2)对煤体力学特性的损伤劣化作用,体现了损伤本构模型及模型参数确定方法的合理性与适用性。

交流励磁脉冲电压占空比对双馈型变速抽蓄电机转子绕组放电特性影响研究

双馈型变速抽水蓄能电机是新型电力系统中极为重要的组成部分,其采用交流励磁低频PWM脉冲电压供电,其中占空比作为PWM技术的重要参数,对电机绝缘产生一定的影响,研究方波占空比对变速抽水蓄能电机转子绕组放电特性的影响规律,有利于变速抽水蓄能机组的绝缘性能评估。以某变速抽水蓄能机组为研究对象,建立转子绕组有限元模型,基于有限元仿真平台仿真并分析了不同方波占空比下转子绕组绝缘薄弱区域的电场电势特性,并搭建3 kV转子绕组局部放电试验平台,分析了不同占空比方波电压作用下绕组局部放电特性。

大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机不同转速下三维端部电磁场和损耗研究

大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机端部区域漏磁和构件损耗较高,为了研究不同转速时大型变速抽水蓄能发电电动机三维端部电磁场和端部构件损耗的变化规律,本文建立326 MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机三维端部瞬态电磁场的数学模型,研究变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时定转子端部构件磁密的变化规律,确定变速抽水蓄能电机端部构件涡流密度的分布情况,探究变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时定子压圈、定子环板、转子护环以及转子齿压板等端部构件损耗的变化规律。采用相同的计算方法对小容量10 MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机进行研究,通过试验测试和计算结果的对比验证了本文计算方法的可行性。

虚拟直流电机荷电状态均衡控制

新型电力系统的惯性低,虚拟直流电机控制可以加强系统惯性和阻尼。多储能变换器应该考虑荷电状态(State of charge,SOC)均衡问题,提高系统稳定性。针对虚拟直流电机控制的多储能SOC均衡问题,利用直流电机机端电压和电枢电流的下垂特性,提出引入SOC离差及变均衡系数的变电枢电阻控制;针对下垂引起的电压偏移问题,采用虚拟直流电机转速补偿,用母线电容瞬时功率替代传统虚拟直流电机控制中电压PI控制,给定系统功率需求,减少比例积分环节个数。以两台蓄电池为例,在Simulink中进行仿真,并与参考文献的变电枢电阻函数对比可知,所提控制策略可抑制直流母线电压跌落,调节SOC均衡过程,提高其均衡速度和精度。

基于变时段设计改进多目标差分进化算法的风/光/火/储日前优化调度

在高比例新能源馈入的新型电力系统中,新能源出力的不确定性导致火电难以满足调度计划的精度需求,风/光/火/储系统的经济调度求解算法面临严峻挑战。为此,提出一种基于变时段设计的多目标差分进化算法。首先按各时段负荷特征构建风/光/火/储系统的变时段日前调度规则。进而以系统运行经济成本与污染排放量为目标,基于多目标差分进化算法求解变时段系统日前调度模型的Pareto解集。最后,用IEEE 39节点系统进行测试。结果表明在风、光、储与火电的约束条件均符合校验的情形下,相较于其他算法,该方法使计算结果更加优化,火电机组出力跟踪调度计划效果显著提高,验证了所提方法的有效性。