Preparation of a high-performance synthetic pitch from aromatic hydrocarbons containing N/Cl

The preparation of a synthetic pitch from aromatic monomers could easily regulate structure orientation at the molecu-lar level,which would be useful in fabrication.An isotropic synthetic pitch was prepared by a chlorine-and/or nitrogen-induced sub-stitution polymerization reaction method using aromatic hydrocarbon precursors containing Cl and N,which for this study were chloromethyl naphthalene and quinoline.This method was verified by investigating the structural changes under different synthesis conditions,and the synthesis mechanism induced by aromatics containing Cl was also probed.The result shows that the pyridinic N in quinoline contains a lone pair of electrons,and is an effective active site to induce the polymerization reaction by coupling with aromatic hydrocarbons containing Cl.The reaction between such free radicals causes strong homopolymerization and oligomeriza-tion.A higher reaction temperature and longer reaction time significantly increased the degree of polymerization and thus increased the softening point of the pitch.A linear molecular structure was formed by the Cl substitution reaction,which produced a highly spinnable pitch with a softening point of 258.6℃,and carbon fibers with a tensile strength of 1163.82 MPa were obtained.This study provides a relatively simple and safe method for the preparation of high-quality spinnable pitch.

Semi-quantitative analysis of the structural evolution of mesophase pitch-based carbon foams by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy

Graphitized carbon foams(GFms)were prepared using mesophase pitch(MP)as a raw material by foaming(450℃),pre-oxidation(320℃),carbonization(1000℃)and graphitization(2800℃).The differences in structure and properties of GFms prepared from different MP precursors pretreated by ball milling or liquid phase extraction were investigated and compared,and semi-quantitative calculations were conducted on the Raman and FTIR spectra of samples at each preparation stage.Semi-quantitat-ive spectroscopic analysis provided detailed information on the structure and chemical composition changes of the MP and GFm de-rived from it.Combined with microscopic observations,the change from precursor to GFm was analyzed.The results showed that ball milling concentrated the distribution of aromatic molecules in the pitch,which contributed to uniform foaming to give a GFm with a uniform pore distribution and good properties.Liquid phase extraction helped remove light components while retaining large aromatics to form graphitic planes with the largest average size during post-treatment to produce a GFm with the highest degree of graphitization and the fewest open pores,giving the best compression resistance(2.47 MPa),the highest thermal conductivity(64.47 W/(m·K))and the lowest electrical resistance(13.02μΩ·m).Characterization combining semi-quantitative spectroscopic ana-lysis with microscopic observations allowed us to control the preparation of the MP-derived GFms.

A review of the catalytic preparation of mesophase pitch

Because of its high purity and excellent orientation, mesophase pitch is a superior precursor for high-performance car-bon materials. However, the preparation of top-notch mesophase pitch faces challenges. Catalytic polycondensation at low temperat-ures is more favorable for synthesizing mesophase pitch, because it circumvents the high-temperature free radical reaction of other thermal polycondensation approaches. The reaction is gentle and can be easily controlled. It has the potential to significantly im-prove the yield of mesophase pitch and easily introduce naphthenic characteristics into the molecules, catalytic polycondensation is therefore a preferred method of synthesizing highly spinnable mesophase pitch. This review provides a synopsis of the selective pre-treatment of the raw materials to prepare different mesophase pitches, and explains the reaction mechanism and associated research advances for different catalytic systems in recent years. Finally, how to manufacture high-quality mesophase pitch by using a cata-lyst-promoter system is summarized and proposed, which may provide a theoretical basis for the future design of high-quality pitch molecules.

On the effect of pitch and yaw angles in oblique impacts of smallcaliber projectiles

A terminal ballistic analysis of the effects of 7.62 mm × 51 AP P80 rounds on inclined high-strength armor steel plates is the focus of the presented study.The findings of an instrumented ballistic testing combined with 3D advanced numerical simulations performed using the IMPETUS Afea? software yielded the conclusions.The experimental verification proved that slight differences in the pitch-andyaw angles of a projectile upon an impact caused different damage types to the projectile’s core.The residual velocities predicted numerically were close to the experimental values and the calculated core deviations were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.An extended matrix of the core deviation angles with combinations of pitch-and-yaw upon impact angles was subsequently built on the basis of the numerical study.The presented experimental and numerical investigation examined thoroughly the influence of the initial pitch and yaw angles on the after-perforation projectile’s performance.

Analysis of Influence on Aerodynamic Noise of Wind Turbine Blades under Different Pitch Angles

Aiming at the influence of blade pitch Angle on aerodynamic noise of wind turbines, the sound field and flow field distribution at 0˚, 5˚, 10˚ and 15˚ are calculated by numerical simulation. Then, through the distribution of pressure field and velocity field calculated by flow field, the influence of different pitch angles on wind turbine blade aerodynamic noise and the reasons for its influence are analyzed. The results show that when the pitch Angle increases within 0˚ - 10˚, the aerodynamic noise pressure level of the blade decreases. However, the sound pressure level of aerodynamic noise increases in the range of 10˚ - 15˚. The changes of static pressure gradient and pressure pulsation on the blade surface make the aerodynamic noise change, and the changes of the two are positively correlated. At the same time, the fluid velocity and fluid motion state on the blade surface are closely related to the aerodynamic noise of the blade. The greater the fluid velocity, the more complex the fluid motion state and the greater the turbulent kinetic energy of the wind turbine blade, and the aerodynamic noise of the wind turbine blade will also increase.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of A Vertical-Axis Eccentric-disc Variable-Pitch Turbine(VEVT)

A combined experimental and numerical investigation is carried out to study the performance of a vertical-axis eccentric-disc variable-pitch turbine(VEVT).A scheme of eccentric disc pitch control mechanism based on doubleblock mechanism is proposed.The eccentric control mechanism and the deflection angle control mechanism in the pitch control structure are designed and optimized according to the functional requirements of the turbine,and the three-dimensional model of the turbine is established.Kinematics analysis of the eccentric disc pitch control mechanism is carried out.Kinematics parameters and kinematics equations which can characterize its motion characteristics are derived.Kinematics analysis and simulation are carried out,and the motion law of the corresponding mechanical system is obtained.By analyzing the force and motion of blade of VEVT,the expressions of the important parameters such as deflection angle,attack angle and energy utilization coefficient are obtained.The lateral induced velocity coefficient is acquired by momentum theorem,the hydrodynamic parameters such as energy utilization coefficient are derived,and the hydrodynamic characteristics of VEVT are also obtained.The experimental results show that the turbine has good energy capture capability at different inflow velocities of different sizes and directions,which verifies that VEVT has good self-startup performance and high energy capture efficiency.

Preparation of pitch precursor with excellent spinnability for general-purpose carbon fibre using coal tar pitch as raw material

Tetrahydrofuran(THF) extract of coal tar pitch(CTP) was used instead of blending CTP with pretreated pyrolysis fuel oil to prepare an isotropic pitch precursor with excellent spinnability for general-purpose carbon fibre through bromination-dehydrobromination. The feasibility and effectiveness of synthesising an isotropic pitch precursor derived from THF-soluble(CTP-THFs) is demonstrated in this study.The results show that CTP-THFs contains more light components than CTP;CTP-THFs and CTP monomer proportions were 62.52% and 45.32%, respectively. However, based on comparisons of CTP-THFsBr0 and CTPBr0 characterisations, CTP-THFs exhibits better polycondensation than CTP. Bromination-dehydrobro mination promotes polycondensation of pitch precursors, leading to greater carbon aromaticity in CTP-THFsBr5, CTP-THFsBr10, and CTP-THFsBr15 than that in CTP-THFsBr0 and CTPBr0. CTP-THFsBr5 and CTP-THFsBr10 have excellent spinnability even with softening points as high as 230 ℃. The pericondensed carbon and carbon aromaticity of CTP-THFsBr5 and CTP-THFsBr10 are high owing to the higher degree of polycondensation;however, they still possess a more linear molecular structure. The as-prepared carbon fibre exhibits homogeneity and uniformity, and the mechanical performance is comparable with that of commercial general-purpose carbon fibre products.

Neural Network Predictive Control of Variable-pitch Wind Turbines Based on Small-world Optimization Algorithm

通过将混沌映射用于产生初始节点集和进行算子构造,提出一种新的基于实数编码的混沌小世界优化算法。采用4种算法对多例复杂函数的优化问题进行仿真试验,表明所提算法具有能够有效避免陷入局部极小值、快速搜索到最优值的能力。将上述方法应用于变桨距风电机组启动并网时的转速控制,提出一种基于混沌小世界优化算法的神经网络预测控制策略,其预测模型由基于现场数据的神经网络模型建立。仿真与实际测试结果表明,该系统可以根据风速扰动提前预测电机的转速变化,使控制器超前动作,保证系统输出跟踪参考轨迹的方向稳步改变,确保风电机组平稳并网。

The mitigation of pitch-derived carbon with different structures on the volume expansion of silicon in Si/C composite anode

The microstructures of carbon precursors significantly affect the electrochemical performance of Si/C composite anodes.However,the interaction between Si and carbon materials with different structures is still unclear.Pitch-based materials undergoing different thermal treatments are superior sources for synthesizing carbons with different structures.Herein,different types of mesophase pitch(domain,flow-domain and mosaic structure) obtained from controllable thermal condensation are utilized to prepare Si/C composite materials and the corresponding models are established through finite element simulation to explore the correlation between the lithium storage properties of Si/C composites and the structures of carbon materials.The results indicate that the flow-domain texture pitch P2 has a better ability to buffer the volume expansion of silicon particles for its highly ordered arrangement of carbon crystallites inside could disperse the swelling stress uniformly alongside the particle surface.The sample Si@P2 exhibits the highest capacity of 1328 mA h/g after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A/g as well as the best rate performance and stability.While sample Si@P3 in which the mosaic texture pitch P3 composed of random orientation of crystallites undergoes the fastest capacity decay.These findings suggest that highly ordered carbon materials are more suitable for the synthesis of Si/C composite anodes and provide insights for understanding the interaction between carbon and silicon during the charging/discharging process.

Effects of Ethylene Tar-Based Pitch Coatings on the Electrochemical Properties of Graphite Anode Materials

To improve the electrochemical performance of graphite anode materials,pitches with various softening points(150℃,180℃,200℃,and 250℃)were prepared from ethylene tar and used to coat graphite through a liquid coating process.The effects of the softening point of the pitch and the coating amount on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of graphite were studied by methods including thermogravimetric analysis,X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,surface area analysis,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and electrochemical testing.The graphite particles were coated uniformly by the pyrolytic carbon in the pitch.The coating changed the degree of graphitization,decreased the average specific surface area,and improved the electrochemical performance significantly.The best battery anode performance was obtained when the mass ratio of pitch to graphite was 10%,the heat treatment temperature was 1100℃,and the softening point of the pitch was 250℃.Under the optimum conditions,the irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle at 0.1 C was only 23 mAh/g,and the first Coulombic efficiency reached 94.2%.The capacity retention rate was 98.3%after 100 charge-discharge cycles at 0.1 C.

Tunable and efficient microwave absorption from mesophase pitch carbide with designable electromagnetic properties

In order to obtain the microwave absorption(MA)materials with light weight,high efficiency and tunable properties,the carbonized mesophase pitch(CMP)with the variation in carbonization temperatures and particle sizes were prepared and characterized.The carbonization temperature mainly controlled the graphitization degree of the CMP to affect their conductive loss.The carbon residues were generated on the CMP surface when the temperature was higher than 700℃,which contributed significantly to the polarization loss of the CMP.For scale regulation,the segregation between the particles in the paraffin ring caused by the reduction particles of CMP carbonization at 750℃(750 CMP)resulted in a significant reduction in conductive losses while improving their impedance matching.The 750 CMP over 300 mesh sieved had the strongest MA properties of-53 d B at 3.4 GHz within 5.5 mm.Moreover,the prepared CMPs were multi-layer compounded and optimized by CST microwave studio.The synergistic effect derived from the improved impedance matching and the enhanced interfacial polarization resulted in significant reflection loss in multi-layer CMP.Overall,these findings lead to the systematically regulation of carbon-based materials for MA,showing an attractive application prospect for the preparation of high-performance MA materials.

Feasibility Investigation of Bitumen Properties by Blending of Coal Tar Pitch

There are numerous methods and additives available to improve the durability and quality of road bitumen. A coal tar obtained by coal coking was distilled in a laboratory into fractions of initial boiling point IBP-180℃ (gasoline-like fuel), 180℃ - 360℃ (diesel-like fuel), and >360℃ (residue or coal tar pitch). The coal tar pitch was added into road bitumen by up to 1 - 5 wt% and investigated the alteration of physical and chemical properties. The physico-mechanical properties of coal tar pitch and bitumen blends, as well as the chemical group composition, were determined using standard techniques (MNS) and the SARA method, respectively. Results of 3% coal tar pitch addition into bitumen enhanced ductility by 12.4% and softening point by 1.6℃. We found that blending with bitumen coal tar pitch as a modifier could improve bitumen properties.

Operation State of theWind Turbine Pitch System Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

To ensure wind turbine(WT)safe operations and improve the utilization rate of wind energy,effective evaluation of the operation state of the pitch system is critical.Therefore,a new method was proposed to evaluate the operation state of the pitch system of WT based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.Firstly,based on SCADA data,the working state of the pitch system under rated power state and power state of WT were analyzed.Secondly,through the analysis of characteristic parameters and physical mechanism of the pitch system,the consistency principle of characteristic parameters,the stability principle of power under rated state,and the stability principle of blade angle underpowered state were obtained.Next,based on the aforementioned principles,the evaluation indexes were established,and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to establish the operation state evaluation model of the pitch system under rated power state and under power state of the WT.Finally,an example was provided to verify the effectiveness of the method.The evaluation model established in this study can be used as a technical reference for the online monitoring of WT pitch systems to ensure the safe and stable operation of WTs.

Proton pitch angle distributions in the Martian induced magnetosphere: A survey of Tianwen-1 Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer observations

The pitch angle distributions of ions and electrons can be affected by various processes;thus,they can serve as an important indicator of the physical mechanisms driving the dynamics of space plasmas.From observations from the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter,we calculated the pitch angle distributions of protons in the Martian induced magnetosphere by using information from the magnetohydrodynamically simulated magnetic field,and we statistically analyzed the spatial occurrence pattern of different types of pitch angle distributions.Even though no symmetrical features were seen in the dataset,we found the dominance of the field-aligned distribution type over the energy range from 188 to 6232 eV.Maps of the occurrence rate showed the preferential presence of a trapped-like distribution at the lower altitudes of the surveyed nightside region.Although our results are more or less restricted by the adopted magnetic field,they indicate the complexity of the near-Mars proton pitch angle distributions and infer the possibility of wave–particle interactions in the Martian induced magnetosphere.

沥青基碳纤维的制备工艺、反应机理及调控方法

沥青基碳纤维是重要的工程碳纤维之一,在航空航天、国防军工等领域具有广泛应用。沥青基碳纤维制备流程长、影响因素多,归咎于对其制备工艺、反应机理及调控方法的认识不足,迄今工业化生产强度性能优异的沥青基碳纤维仍面临诸多困难。以碳纤维生产流程为主线,针对原料预处理、沥青前驱体调制、熔融纺丝、预氧化及炭化与石墨化的现状、方法、机理及调控进行深入探讨分析。沥青基碳纤维的原料有煤系、石油系、生物质系、高分子系和纯化合物,原料预处理方法主要有蒸馏和萃取;沥青前驱体的调制本质是以氢转移反应和自由基反应并行的液相炭化反应,包括环化、芳构化、低聚和缩聚等复杂的反应过程。芳烃低聚物在高温下缩聚形成稠环芳烃片状大分子的基本结构单元,基本结构单元经过热运动不断聚集,形成聚集体;由于范德华力作用使基本结构单元相互堆叠,形成平行堆积体,进而通过层积、堆积等过程形成基本构筑单元聚集体。基本构筑单元聚集体在不同反应条件下可以转变为长程无序、短程有序的难石墨化结构,也可以转变为长程有序、短程有序的易石墨化结构。以煤系、石油系和生物质系物质为原料调制沥青前驱体时,因其反应活性好,通常选用设备简单、操作容易、成本低廉的热缩聚法;而当以萘、甲基萘等纯化合物为原料时,因其反应活性差,需要较高的温度才能引发自由基反应,故通常采用催化合成法。熔融纺丝宏观上起到塑型的作用,通过改变纺丝参数和喷丝板的形状分别可以调节碳纤维的直径和形状;此外,熔融纺丝对中间相沥青前驱体的重排分子作用尤为明显,使得石墨微晶更易沿轴向一维排列形成有序的石墨晶体结构。为使沥青纤维在炭化过程中不发生融化,需要将沥青纤维由热塑性转变为热固性,即通过轻微的氧化反应,让沥青中的稠环芳烃分子经历氧化、缩合、分解和脱水,从而形成特定的交联结构,最终在纤维结构中生成一定量的含氧官能团。炭化是使预氧化后的纤维经过复杂的化学反应和结构转变形成具有炭材料分子结构特征的碳纤维。炭化过程中,石墨微晶发生重排,非碳原子被移除,碳元素含量进一步升高;经过石墨化后,石墨晶体结构更加完整、取向度更高,使碳纤维向石墨纤维转变,强度性能更加优异。另外,针对沥青基碳纤维的突破方向,提出了从分子维度定向可控制备的思路;并为碳纤维生产过程中耗时耗能的预氧化步骤的优化改进提供了具体方法。

沥青基多孔炭材料制备及其双电层储能性能

多孔炭作为超级电容器电极的主要材料,具有导电性好、化学稳定性高、工作温度范围广等优点。以内蒙古煤沥青(CTP)为原料,分别以K_(2)CO_(3)和KOH为活化剂,通过化学活化法制备多孔炭材料,优化制备工艺并比较2种活化剂制备的多孔炭在结构和电化学性能方面的差异。结果表明,K_(2)CO_(3)活化和KOH活化最佳制备条件均为活化温度700℃、活化时间60 min、活化剂与CTP质量比为2∶1。2种活化剂制备的多孔炭在微观结构上有很大差异,KOH活化所得多孔炭(PH-T700)表面平整光滑并分布大量规则的圆孔,而K_(2)CO_(3)活化所得多孔炭(PC-T700)内部呈层叠交错的珊瑚状结构。与PH-T700相比,PC-T700具有更多中孔,离子扩散阻力更小。在1 A/g电流密度下,PC-T700和PH-T700的比电容量分别为252.90和261.02 F/g,PC-T700和PH-T700组装成纽扣型对称电容器,0.5 A/g时比电容量分别为226.01和225.51 F/g,且PC-T700表现出更优秀的倍率性能和循环稳定性。5000次充放电后,PC-T700和PH-T700的比电容量分别为初始值的103.77%和98.20%。输出功率达1038.46 W/kg时,PC-T700能量密度仍保持7.5 Wh/kg,实际使用价值高于PH-T700。

齿轮传动性能检测系统设计与试验

齿轮传动中的啮合角和重合度受制造精度、载荷、齿廓磨损、变形等因素影响会发生改变,导致传动的平稳性和连续性下降。为检测齿轮传动啮合参数,基于机器视觉技术设计了齿轮传动性能检测系统。该系统由轮系、传动装置、测量装置和图像分析系统等组成。使用工业摄像机拍摄齿轮啮合运动图像,基于最小二乘法进行数据分析,检测齿轮节圆、啮合角、重合度等啮合参数。检测结果表明,实际啮合角和重合度值检测结果与设计值相对误差低于5%。该检测系统具有高效、实时、非接触等优点,为齿轮智能制造及检测提供技术支持。

计及恒定减载桨距角控制的风电高占比电力系统频率动态特性分析

在新型电力系统中,风电主动参与电网频率调节已成为必然,如何评估风电参与调频对频率动态特性的影响也成为了研究热点。围绕现有的风电调频措施,提出一种可以在额定风速前减少变桨动作次数的恒定减载桨距角的改进风电机组变桨控制,推导出该控制下风电机组参与一次调频的调差系数表达式。基于此构建了含恒定减载桨距角控制的电力系统频率响应模型。推导出频率动态特性指标的解析表达式,揭示了风速、初始桨距角等对风电机组调差系数及频率动态特性的影响机理。通过改进的IEEE三机九节点系统验证了所构建频率等值模型的准确性以及所提调频方法的有效性和可行性。

滚仰式光电吊舱地理导引实现与误差分析

为了提升地理导引精度和成功率,根据滚仰式光电吊舱的结构特点,通过建立坐标系统、目标坐标求解和框架角解算三个步骤,完整构建了地理导引的数学模型,并在此基础上引入了速度前馈和小区域搜索模式。同时,对受惯导测量误差和目标距离影响的框架角解算误差进行了数据仿真。结果表明:经纬误差和航向角误差对俯仰角的解算误差影响较大;而高程误差和水平姿态角误差则对横滚角的解算误差影响较大。提升惯导的定位精度,可进一步减小框架角解算误差,从而提升地理导引精度,而当航向角<0.1°,水平姿态角<0.05°时,姿态角误差的影响权重会变小,再通过减小姿态角误差提升导引精度的作用已不明显。随着目标距离的增大,框架角解算误差会急剧减小。最后进行了导引试验,其俯仰、横滚角均方差均小于0.12°,表明了算法的准确性和仿真分析的有效性。