In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the outpu...In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.展开更多
风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对...风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。展开更多
In our paper we demonstrate that the filtration equation used by Gorban’ et al. for determining the maximum efficiency of plane propellers of about 30 percent for free fluids plays no role in describing the flows in ...In our paper we demonstrate that the filtration equation used by Gorban’ et al. for determining the maximum efficiency of plane propellers of about 30 percent for free fluids plays no role in describing the flows in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) because the ABL is mainly governed by turbulent motions. We also demonstrate that the stream tube model customarily applied to derive the Rankine-Froude theorem must be corrected in the sense of Glauert to provide an appropriate value for the axial velocity at the rotor area. Including this correction leads to the Betz-Joukowsky limit, the maximum efficiency of 59.3 percent. Thus, Gorban’ et al.’s 30% value may be valid in water, but it has to be discarded for the atmosphere. We also show that Joukowsky’s constant circulation model leads to values of the maximum efficiency which are higher than the Betz-Jow-kowsky limit if the tip speed ratio is very low. Some of these values, however, have to be rejected for physical reasons. Based on Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and Sørensen we also illustrate that the maximum efficiency of propeller-type wind turbines depends on tip-speed ratio and the number of blades.展开更多
大规模风电并网导致宽频谐振问题日渐凸显,业内多认为电缆电容效应、控制器参数变化等是导致谐振的主要因素,而关于静止无功发生器(static var generator, SVG)、风功率变化与高频谐振内在因果关系研究尚未展开。针对低风速风场系统高...大规模风电并网导致宽频谐振问题日渐凸显,业内多认为电缆电容效应、控制器参数变化等是导致谐振的主要因素,而关于静止无功发生器(static var generator, SVG)、风功率变化与高频谐振内在因果关系研究尚未展开。针对低风速风场系统高频谐振问题,首先基于谐波线性化理论,考虑功率外环作用,建立SVG和双馈风机(doubly-fed induction generator, DFIG)的序阻抗模型。其次将风速变化纳入风机变流器建模,并建立空载电缆投入时风速变化与SVG阻抗的联系。然后利用阻抗交互揭示风机变流器阻抗变化对SVG阻抗特性的影响机理,指出区域内空载电缆投入后,低风速不仅降低系统在高频的鲁棒性,而且扩大了SVG高频负阻尼范围,导致系统高频谐振风险增加。最后,基于STARSIM-HIL搭建含SVG的双馈风场电磁仿真模型,并进行软硬件在环实验。实验结果证明了理论分析的正确性。展开更多
文摘In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61533013,61273144)Scientific Technology Research and Development Plan Project of Tangshan(13130298B)Scientific Technology Research and Development Plan Project of Hebei(z2014070)
文摘风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。
文摘In our paper we demonstrate that the filtration equation used by Gorban’ et al. for determining the maximum efficiency of plane propellers of about 30 percent for free fluids plays no role in describing the flows in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) because the ABL is mainly governed by turbulent motions. We also demonstrate that the stream tube model customarily applied to derive the Rankine-Froude theorem must be corrected in the sense of Glauert to provide an appropriate value for the axial velocity at the rotor area. Including this correction leads to the Betz-Joukowsky limit, the maximum efficiency of 59.3 percent. Thus, Gorban’ et al.’s 30% value may be valid in water, but it has to be discarded for the atmosphere. We also show that Joukowsky’s constant circulation model leads to values of the maximum efficiency which are higher than the Betz-Jow-kowsky limit if the tip speed ratio is very low. Some of these values, however, have to be rejected for physical reasons. Based on Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and Sørensen we also illustrate that the maximum efficiency of propeller-type wind turbines depends on tip-speed ratio and the number of blades.