Study of residual stresses in tailor rolled blanked Al5J32-T4 sheets

Several automotive parts such as door panels have been manufactured by using load-adapted blanks for crash optimization and weight minimization. Recently, Tailor Rolled Blanks (TRB) has been introduced to remove the disadvantages of a welding process which was used in joining panel components. TRB offers better structural design capabilities due to the seamless transitions on the panels with different thicknesses. In spite of the advantages of the process, TRB leaves internal stresses in the panel. This residual stresses lower the formability of Tailor Rolled Blanked (TRBed) parts and cause cracks near severe curvature during subsequent forming processes. In this research, the residual stresses of TRBed Al5J32-T4 sheets were studied by X-ray stress analysis, and also microstructure was observed along the rolling direction. In addition, heat treatment was done after TRB process in order to compare the residual stresses to that of the TRBed sheets before the heat treatment.

差厚板U形件工艺孔成形性能仿真

以冷冲压差厚板U形件作为研究对象,通过有限元仿真分析了工艺孔的位置、数量、尺寸以及形状对成形性能的影响.结果表明,差厚板在薄区侧壁处开孔时有利于减少侧壁的残余应力;差厚板的回弹与工艺孔在板件中的位置分布关系不大,与工艺孔的数量、半径及形状有关.从成形性能和回弹影响角度考虑,工艺孔优先选差厚板U形件端部的厚区与过渡区区域,如果必须在侧壁开孔,优选侧壁薄区区域.在相邻区域,工艺孔的数量尽量不超过2个,工艺孔尺寸小一些更合适,工艺孔形状沿轧制方向距离越小越合适.

前箱熔体温度对8011铝合金铸轧板坯组织性能的影响

为了稳定提高双零铝箔用铸轧坯料质量,使用电解铝液配料生产规格为7.0 mm×1300 mm的8011铝合金铸轧铝板卷,并利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及电子万能拉伸试验机等手段,研究了不同前箱铝熔体温度(680,690,700,710℃)对8011铝合铸轧板坯微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着前箱熔体温度的升高,铸轧板坯晶粒的尺寸呈略微增大再急剧变大的趋势,其抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈先缓慢降低后急剧下降的趋势;当前箱熔体温度控制在680~700℃时,可获得综合力学性能较佳的铸轧板坯,其平均纵向抗拉强度和横向抗拉强度分别不低于141.87 MPa和138.84 MPa,平均纵向断后伸长率和横向断后伸长率分别不低于29.8%和26.4%.

CR340轧制差厚板纵梁成形性能研究

目的研究复杂应力状态下轧制差厚板塑性变形行为和韧性损伤机理,获得轧制差厚板成形性能规律,促进轧制差厚板在汽车工业轻量化中的应用。方法应用细观损伤理论,采用有限元逆向法构建轧制差厚板GTN细观损伤模型,进一步结合有限元数值模拟技术研究轧制差厚板塑性变形行为和韧性损伤机理,对比分析差厚板与等厚板塑性变形特点,研究CR340轧制差厚板纵梁成形性能规律。结果将有限元逆向法和实验相结合,获得了损伤参数值,建立了描述轧制差厚板韧性损伤行为的GTN细观损伤模型,结合有限元分析可知,孔洞体积分数在过渡区变形最大的区域增加最为明显,孔洞最先在此处聚集发展;相比于等厚板,轧制差厚板成形纵梁时,在和厚区交界处的过渡区产生了显著的应力集中,引起过渡区应变急剧增大,使应力和应变整体分布的不均匀性增加。结论应用细观损伤理论和有限元数值模拟分析了轧制差厚板成形纵梁时韧性损伤最先产生的区域,结合应力和应变分布特点可知,与薄区相邻的过渡区在最大应变处最易出现成形缺陷。

8Cr4Mo4V钢大尺寸轴承外圈锻造金属流线控制

为满足8Cr4Mo4V钢制轴承长寿命和高可靠性的使用要求,开展了基于流线控制的大尺寸轴承外圈锻造技术研究,提出了预锻制坯和直接辗沟成形工艺。结合有限元模拟和锻造试验优化外圈锻造工艺,合理设计制坯过程各工序的变形量,减少了鱼尾缺陷。8Cr4Mo4V轴承钢外圈锻件的金属流线演变分析结果表明,中温预热→高温加热→镦粗→开式冲孔→切底→3次扩孔(变形量40%,50%和40%)→直接辗沟的锻造工艺实现了锻造全过程的金属流线控制,对于提高航空发动机轴承的使用寿命具有重要意义。

退火工艺下轧制差厚板非均匀温度场研究

轧制差厚钢板具有连续变化的厚度特性,因此在退火工艺下不同厚度区域的温度变化路径存在显著差异。这种差异改变了轧制差厚钢板的微观组织及力学性能,进而直接影响其后续成形及服役性能。为掌握退火工艺下轧制差厚钢板具有的性能差异化特性及产生内因,需要对轧制差厚钢板热处理过程中的温度分布及规律进行系统研究。研究所用轧制差厚钢板的几何特征为:薄区、过渡区及厚区纵向长度均为50 mm;薄区厚度1 mm,厚区为1.5 mm,差厚比1.5,过渡区厚度连续变化且无突变。建立了同步考虑轧制差厚钢板厚度连续变化特性及综合传热形式的温度场非稳态理论模型,并通过实验方法验证理论模型准确性。结果表明,在预设退火温度780℃的升温历程中,以薄区达到临界温度的时间(75 s)为测温终点,各厚区最高温度为779.3℃;最高温差135.1℃,整体呈现先增后减的趋势;最大升温速率为21.9℃/s,之后各区域升温速率逐步递减且在到达37 s时各厚区升温速率的高低顺序发生转变。研究通过分析轧制差厚钢板随时间变化的温度分布态势与其内在规律,以期为轧制差厚钢板热处理后的性能差异化预测提供理论基础及有效方法。

不同类型铝硅镀层热成型钢的耐蚀性研究

[目的]铝硅镀层热成型钢的镀层厚度对其防腐性能影响较大,有必要对汽车上使用的铝硅镀层热成型常规镀层板(镀层厚度20~33μm)、薄镀层板(镀层厚度6~14μm)及变厚度板的耐蚀性进行比较。[方法]采用中性盐雾(NSS)试验对热成型前后试样的耐蚀性进行考察。[结果]热成型前,常规镀层板在NSS试验1109 h时才出现红锈,薄镀层板在283 h后便出现红锈,变厚度板薄区618 h后出现红锈;热成型及电泳后,常规镀层板和薄厚度板的单边扩蚀宽度分别为0 mm和4.0 mm,变厚度板上基板厚度为2.3、2.0和1.8 mm的区域的单边扩蚀宽度分别为0.5、2.0和2.0 mm。[结论]热成型前,铝硅镀层板的耐蚀性与镀层的表面层隔离作用有关;热成型及电泳后,镀层的扩散层厚度对腐蚀的影响较大,变厚度板的防腐性能较薄镀层板好,但比常规镀层板差。

Technology and Experiments of 42CrMo Bearing Ring Forming Based on Casting Ring Blank

Bearing ring is the crucial component of bearing. With regard to such problems as material waste, low efficiency and high energy consumption in current process of producing large bearing ring, a new process named ＂casting-rolling compound forming technology＂ is researched by taking the typical 42CrMo slew bearing as object. Through theoretical analysis, the design criteria of the main casting-rolling forming parameters are put forward at first. Then the constitutive relationship model of as-cast 42CrMo steel and its mathematical model of dynamic recrystallization are obtained according to the results of the hot compression experiment. By a coupled thermal-mechanical finite element model for radial-axial rolling of bearing ring, the fraction of dynamic recrystallization is calculated and recrystallized grains size are predicated. Meanwhile, the effects of the initial rolling temperature and feed rate of idle roll on material microstructure evolution are analyzed. Finally, the industrial rolling experiment is designed and performed, based on the simulation results. In addition, mechanical and metallographic tests are conducted on rolled bearing ring to get the mechanical parameters and metallographic structure. The experimental data and results show that the mechanical properties of bearing ring produced by casting-rolling compound forming technology are up to industrial standard, and a qualified bearing ring can be successfully formed by employing this new technology. Through the study, a process of forming large bearing ring directly by using casting ring blank is obtained, which could provide an effective theoretical guidance for manufacturing large ring parts. It also has an edge in saving material, lowering energy and improving efficiency.

Numerical Simulation of Deforming Manufacture Process for Automobile Bevel Gear Blank

Aiming at solving the difficulties of deforming manufacture of the automobile rear axle bevel gear blank,the paper presented to adopt the numerical simulation method to study the rolling process of the bevel gear blank instead of the traditional expensive trail-and-error method. A three-dimensional simulation model of the Φ500 bevel gear blank radial ring rolling machine was firstly created based on the general dynamic explicit finite element code ANSYS/LS-DYNA,and then realized the virtual simulation of the entire rolling process of the bevel gear blank within a producing cycle. The simulation results displayed the real-time blank enlarging and fleck generating as well as the stress,strain and displacement contours,which are in good agreements with the real ring rolling process. It is concluded that this numerical simulation method is feasible and can be used to guide the practical rolling process of the bevel gear blank as well as other profile-shaped annular blanks.

浅析航空用高强TA18钛合金管材组织和性能影响因素

TA18钛合金凭借优异的综合性能成为航空航天管路系统的首选材料,虽然中强级别的TA18钛合金管材已实现批量化生产及产业化应用,但随着我国航空工业的快速发展,对液压管路系统在更高工作压力下服役的安全性和可靠性提出了迫切需求。介绍了TA18钛合金的特点以及研发、推广情况,阐述了材料成分、管坯制备、轧制工艺、热处理对TA18钛合金管材质量、组织和性能的影响,指出了我国在批量化制备高强TA18钛合金管材过程中所存在的诸多问题,并给出了今后的发展方向。

压下率对热成形钢铝硅镀层显微组织和性能的影响

轧制差厚板被广泛应用在汽车各零部件中。本文研究了不同压下率轧制对热成形钢铝硅镀层显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,轧制后的铝硅镀层热成形钢组织形貌保持不变,由外到内依旧保持着铝基体、合金扩散层、硼钢基体的结构特点。随着压下率的增大,试验钢镀层厚度减少,但合金扩散层厚度基本保持不变。压下率为10%~30%时,铝硅镀层及合金扩散层连续性均未被破坏,但合金扩散层内部出现裂纹,裂纹密度随压下率增大而增大。镀层总厚度减薄率略高于压下率;压下为40%时,镀层减薄现象更加明显,部分位置铝基与硼钢基体直接接触。试验钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度、基体维氏硬度随压下率增大而增加,伸长率急剧降低,但断裂伸长率均≥2%。

数控卧式辗环机及自动化上下料装置

基于研究回转体构件在数控卧式辗环机的辗环工艺,文中该公司研制的数控卧式辗环机及自动化上、下料装置为例,介绍了一种适用于环形回转件成形的辗环机及上下料装置等,可实现环件的自动化轧制成形,节省人力物力,提高生产节拍,满足客户的生产要求。设计的辗环机、上下料装置及出料平台可为后续系列产品设计提供指导依据和设计借鉴。

Study on Nonuniform Deformation of Tailor Rolled Blank During Uniaxial Tension

The deformation characteristics of tailor rolled blank （TRB） in the course of uniaxial tension were studied by means of analysis, test and simulation. The mechanical analytical model of TRB during uniaxial tension was set up, and the deformation formulae for the thinner side and for the thicker side were derived to quantify the deformation of TRB. On this basis, uniaxial tension tests on TRB and ordinary blanks （the thinner side and the thicker side of TRB） were conducted. Lagrange polynomial interpolation method was adopted to construct the stress-strain fields of unannealed and annealed TRBs for solving TRB material parameters, and then, uniaxial tension simulation on TRB was completed. Deformations and properties of unannealed TRB were compared with those of annealed TRB, and the thinner side and the thicker side were also compared. Finally, the research results were explained by metallurgical structure. The results show that nonuniform deformation happens in TRB during uniaxial tension, and the necking occurs on the thinner side. The agreement of analysis, test and simulation confirms the correctness of the analytical model and the deformation formulae. The findings of this paper can lay the foundation for the future study on TRB stamping formability and provide a way for TRB modeling.

GCr15钢制复杂截面轴承内圈热轧毛坯优化设计

应用SIMUFACT有限元分析软件对GCr15轴承内圈锻件进行毛坯设计,并分析热轧过程中的成形性。研究表明:毛坯设计不合理会有锻件填充不满,锻件尺寸不能满足要求,热轧过程不稳定等问题,需要合理设计毛坯以保证锻件的精确成形,由于锻件在热轧过程中轴向金属流动有限,矩形和锥形截面毛坯难以成形为复杂截面锻件。对复杂截面锻件分段设计成台阶形截面毛坯,能有效减弱金属的轴向流动,从而得到成形效果和组织性能良好的锻件。

Forming Limit and Thickness Transition Zone Movement for Tailor Rolled Blank during Drawing Process

The process of automobile lightweight can be promoted by the application of tailor rolled blank（TRB）in the automobile industry.Therefore,research on the formability of TRB is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight.Aiming at the present condition of lack of researches on the influence of characteristic parameters on TRB drawing process,the drawing formability of TRB was studied with a combination method of simulation and experiment by taking square box as the research object.Firstly,drawing simulation and experiment of TRB were carried out.Then,effects of thickness transition zone（TTZ）position and blank size on the drawing formability of TRB were analyzed.Forming limit and TTZ movement for TRB square box during the drawing process were respectively discussed,when transition zones of TRB were located at different positions and blanks were of different sizes.The results indicate that lubrication condition exerts greater influence on TRB forming limit in comparison with TTZ movement,and the smaller blank size and TTZ being located at the blank center or slightly offset to the thinner side are preferable for acquiring greater forming limit and smaller TTZ movement.

Crack defect of tailor rolled blank in deep drawing process

The deformation process of tailor rolled blank (TRB)is different from that of a monolithic blank as a result of the variable thickness in the rolling direction,and thus,the mechanism of the crack phenomenon needs to be further studied.The crack defect of TRB square box was studied by numerical simulation and stamping experiment.The stress state of TRB square box was elaborated.On this basis,the forming characteristics of TRB square box were summarized.The effects of blank size and blank holder force (BHF)on the thickness thinning of TRB were discussed.Finally,the mechanism.of the crack defect for TRB square box was revealed.Results indicate that non-uniformity is the most prominent characteristic during forming of TRB square box.The larger the blank size and BHF on the thinner side are,the more inclined TRB is to crack. Excessive BHF or insufficient BHF on the thicker side can also lead to the occurrence of the crack defect.BHF on the thinner side slightly greater than that on the thicker side (40 kN on the thinner side and 20 kN on the thicker side)is advantageous to restrict the excessive thickness thinning of TRB and acquire a better formability.The location inclined to crack for TRB square box is the round comer of the wall on the thinner side.

基于灰色关联分析的轧制差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形工艺参数多目标优化

目的 将充液拉深工艺引入轧制差厚板零件的成形,为了进一步掌握差厚板的充液拉深成形性能,对差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形过程进行研究。方法 通过理论推导获取临界液池压力公式,在此基础上运用数值模拟方法分析液池压力比对差厚板厚度减薄率和厚度过渡区移动量的影响,采用正交试验和灰色关联分析获取成形参数对差厚板盒形件成形性能的影响规律和最优参数组合,实现对差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形工艺参数的多目标优化。结果 随着薄-厚侧液池压力比的增大,差厚板最大厚度减薄率先减小后增大,过渡区移动量先增大后趋于平稳,薄-厚侧液池压力比为2较为合理。厚侧压边力、摩擦因数、薄-厚侧液池压力之比、薄-厚侧压边力之比、厚侧液池压力对差厚板盒形件充液拉深性能的影响程度依次减小。结论 采用灰色关联分析得到的最优工艺参数组合来完成差厚板盒形件的充液拉深成形,能够有效地抑制差厚板零件厚度的过分减薄及厚度过渡区的过度移动,进而提高差厚板的成形性能。

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Springback in U-Channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank

In order to grasp the springback rule of TRB ( tailor rolled blank ) parts after forming , the springback behavior of TRB was investigated by integrating such three means as theoretical research , numerical simulation and stamping experiments.Fundamental theories of springback were analyzed.The stamping and springback processes of annealed 1.2 / 2.0mm TRB , 1.2mm and 2.0mm plates for U-channel were simulated , and the simulation results were compared with the experiments.The results indicate that the springback of TRB falls in between those of the 1.2mm and 2.0mm plates.It is desirable for the TRB U-channel to have die clearance of 1.1times maximum blank thickness and friction coefficient of about 0.12 , and longer thickness transition zone is preferable.The simulation data demonstrate reasonably good agreement with the experiments.

Transverse Bending Characteristics in U-channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank

Research on the formability of tailor rolled blank （TRB） is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight. However, the forming of TRB is problematic because of the varying properties; especially, springback is a main challenge. The transverse bending （bending axis is perpendicular to the rolling direction） of TRB U channel was studied through simulation and experiment. The forming characteristics of TRB U channel during transverse bending were analyzed. The mechanisms of forming defects, including bending springback and thickness transition zone （TTZ） movement, were revealed. On this basis, effects of blank geometric parameters on springbaek and TTZ movement were discussed. The results indicate that springback and TTZ movement happen during transverse bending of TRB U-channel. Nonuni form stress distribution is the most fundamental reason for the occurrence of springback of TRB during transverse bending. Annealing can eliminate nonuniform stress distribution, and thus diminish springbaek of TRB, especially springback on the thinner side. Therefore, springback of the whole TRB becomes more uniform. However, annealing can increase the TTZ movement. Blank thickness and TTZ position are the main factors affecting the formability of TRB U-channel during transverse bending.

Springback characteristics in U-channel forming of tailor rolled blank

Residual stress developed during the rolling process of tailor rolled blank （TRB） can affect the springback of finished parts considerably. Springback characteristics of unannealed and annealed TRBs were investigated by means of numerical simulation and experiments taking U-Channel as an example. TRBs were annealed by the annealing process （700 ℃, holding time 10 h）, then stamping and springback processes of unannealed and annealed TRBs were simulated, and corresponding experiments were also carried out. Effects of the transition zone length, the blank thickness, the friction coefficient and the die clearance on the springback of TRB were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the springback of TRB annealed at 700 ~C for 10 h re- duces significantly. For unannealed and annealed U-Channels, the springback of TRB U-Channel is in direct proportion to the die clearance and is in inverse proportion to the transition zone length, the blank thickness and the friction coefficient. Spring- backs of the thinner monolithic （uniform thickness） blank, the thinner side of TRB, the thicker side of TRB and the thicker monolithic blank are sorted in descending order.