Stress-corrosion behavior and characteristics of the friction stir welding of an AA2198-T34 alloy

To better understand the stress-corrosion behavior of friction stir welding(FSW),the effects of the microstructure on the stress-corrosion behavior of the FSW in a 2198-T34 aluminum alloy were investigated.The experimental results show that the low-angle grain boundary(LABs)of the stir zone(SZ)of FSW is significantly less than that of heated affected zone(HAZ),thermo-mechanically affected zone(TMAZ),and parent materials(PM),but the grain boundary precipitates(GBPs)T1(Al2CuLi)were less,which has a slight effect on the stress corrosion.The dislocation density in SZ was greater than that in other regions.The residual stress in SZ was+67 MPa,which is greater than that in the TMAZ.The residual stress in the HAZ and PM is-8 MPa and-32 MPa,respectively,and both compressive stresses.The corrosion potential in SZ is obviously less than that in other regions.However,micro-cracks were formed in the SZ at low strain rate,which indicates that the grain boundary characters and GBPs have no significant effect on the crack initiation in the stress-corrosion process of the AA2198-T34.Nevertheless,the residual tensile stress has significant effect on the crack initiation during the stress-corrosion process.

Investigation on variations of apparent stress in the region in and around the rupture volume preceding the occurrence of the 2021 Alaska MW8.2 earthquake

On July 29, 2021, a large earthquake of MW8.2 occurred south of the Alaska Peninsula. To investigate the spatial-temporal changes of crustal stress in the earthquake-stricken area before this event, we selected 159 earthquakes of 4.7 ≤ MW ≤ 6.9 that occurred in the epicentral region and its surroundings between January 1980 and June 2021 to study the temporal variation and spatial distribution of their apparent stress. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between seismic activities and Earth’s rotation and explored the seismogenic process of this earthquake. The crustal stress rose from January 2008 to December 2016. This period was followed by a sub-instability stage from January 2017 until the occurrence of the MW8.2 earthquake. The average rate of apparent stress change in the first five years of the stress increase period was roughly 2.3 times that in the last four years. The lateral distribution of the apparent stress shows that the areas with apparent stress greater than 1.0 MPa exhibited an expanding trend during the seismogenic process. The maximum apparent stress was located at the earthquake epicenter during the last four years. The distribution of the apparent stress in the E-W vertical cross section revealed that an apparent stress gap formed around the hypocenter during the first five years of the stress increase period, surrounded by areas of relatively high apparent stress. After the Alaska earthquake, most parts of this gap were filled in by aftershocks. The seismic activities during the sub-instability stage exhibited a significant correlation with Earth’s rotation.

New Understanding of Variation Characteristics of Well Water Level in Majiagou Mine,Tangshan City,Hebei,China

Based on the well water level data in Majiagou Mine in Tangshan City since 2000,it is suggested that the water level rise from 2008-2014 is possibly associated with reduced infiltration caused by less precipitation,together with the effect of less groundwater exploitation. However,the water level rise from 1992-1998 cannot be interpreted properly if we extend the data source back to 1991. After comparing the data with long-term water level data of five wells with different hydro-geological units in Tangshan and Qinhuangdao, the study indicates that the long-term water level variation cannot be only attributed to the effect of less precipitation and the control of groundwater exploitation,but also with the influence of regional stress field change.With the support of regional geological and tectonic information,combined with the comprehensive analysis of CBM data obtained from the coal field,new understandings of the dynamic characteristics of annual variation are obtained.

Manufacturing Error Effects on Mechanical Properties and Dynamic Characteristics of Rotor Parts under High Acceleration

Stress, strain and vibration characteristics of rotor parts should be changed significantly under high acceleration, manufacturing error is one of the most important reason. However, current research on this prob- lem has not been carried out. A rotor with an acceleration of 150,000 g is considered as the objective, the effects of manufacturing errors on rotor mechanical properties and dynamic characteristics are executed by the selection of the key affecting factors. Through the force balance equation of the rotor infinitesimal unit establishment, a theoretical model of stress calculation based on slice method is pro- posed and established, a formula for the rotor stress at any point derives. A finite element model （FEM） of rotor with holes is established with manufacturing errors. The chan- ges of the stresses and strains of a rotor in parallelism and symmetry errors are analyzed, which verify the validity of the theoretical model. The pre-stressing modal analysis is performed based on the aforementioned static analysis. The key dynamic characteristics are analyzed. The results demonstrated that, as the parallelism and symmetry errors increase, the equivalent stresses and strains of the rotor slowly increase linearly, the highest growth rate does not exceed 4%, the maximum change rate of natural frequency is 0.1%. The rotor vibration mode is not significantlyaffected. The FEM construction method of the rotor with manufacturing errors can be utilized for the quantitative research on rotor characteristics, which will assist in the active control of rotor component reliability under high acceleration.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

Biomechanical analysis of optic nerve injury treated by compound light granules and ciliary neurotrophic factor

In this study, rabbit models of optic nerve injury were reproduced by the clamp method. After modeling, rabbit models were given one injection of 50 ng recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor into the vitreous body and/or intragastric injection of 4 g/kg compound light granules containing Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Raidix Paeoniae Alba at 4 days after modeling, once per day for 30 consecutive days. After administration, the animals were sacrificed and the intraorbital optic nerve was harvested. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that the injured optic nerve was thinner and optic nerve fibers were irregular. After treatment with recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor, the arrangement of optic nerve fibers was disordered but they were not markedly thinner. After treatment with compound light granules, the arrangement of optic nerve fibers was slightly disordered and their structure was intact. After combined treatment with recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor and compound light granules, the arrangement of optic nerve fibers was slightly disordered and the degree of injury was less than after either treatment alone. Results of tensile mechanical testing of the optic nerve showed that the tensile elastic limit strain, elastic limit stress, maximum stress and maximum strain of the injured optic nerve were significantly lower than the normal optic nerve. After treatment with recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor and/or compound light granules, the tensile elastic limit strain, elastic limit stress, maximum stress and maximum strain of the injured optic nerve were significantly increased, especially after the combined treatment. These experimental findings indicate that compound light granules and ciliary neurotrophic factor can alleviate optic nerve injury at the histological and biochemical levels, and the combined treatment is more effective than either treatment alone.

DUCTILE CRACK INITIATION AND STEADY-STATE PROPAGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL

The resistance to crack propagation at earlier stage for a high strength structural steel with certain ductility and its correlation to microstructures,stress states,deformation history and strain characteristics have been investigated.The resistance to crack propagation is mainly de- termined by the plastic constrain ahead of the crack tip,the elastic energy and plastic work absorbed in the stress-strain field.These are connected with the state function of triaxial stress.The deformation history and strain characteristic during deformation of material are described by the flow line in which the deformation history and strain characteristic restrain the crack initiation at stage Ⅱ and the crack propagation at stage Ⅲ.The strain hardening rate may sensitively reflect the stress distribution and micro-fracture mechanism in the interi- or of material.

Mechanical properties of nerve roots and rami radiculares isolated from fresh pig spinal cords

No reports have described experiments designed to determine the strength characteristics of spinal nerve roots and rami radiculares for the purpose of explaining the complexity of symptoms of medullary cone lesions and cauda equina syndrome. In this study, to explain the pathogenesis of cauda equina syndrome, monoaxial tensile tests were performed to determine the strength characteristics of spinal nerve roots and rami radiculares, and analysis was conducted to evaluate the stress-strain relationship and strength characteristics. Using the same tensile test device, the nerve root and ramus radiculares isolated from the spinal cords of pigs were subjected to the tensile test and stress relaxation test at load strain rates of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 s-1 under identical settings. The tensile strength of the nerve root was not rate dependent, while the ramus radiculares tensile strength tended to decrease as the strain rate increased. These findings provide important insights into cauda equina symptoms, radiculopathy, and clinical symptoms of the medullary cone.

土工格栅加筋粉煤灰改良黄土力学特性研究

随着西部黄土地区城镇化进程的加快,填挖结合的新增用地方式要求地基处理技术需要重点解决填方区的强度与变形问题。论文将粉煤灰作为改性填料对黄土进行改良,通过直剪试验、三轴试验、湿陷试验与扫描电镜试验,分析不同粉煤灰掺入比条件下加筋与未加筋黄土试样的强度变化规律、宏观破坏特征和微结构特征。结果表明:采用粉煤灰改良和土工格栅加筋后,黄土的最优含水率增大,最大干密度降低。当粉煤灰掺入比λ=20%时,加筋改良效果最好,黄土的峰值强度、残余强度和等效内摩擦角均有大幅提高,侧向变形显著减小,且能有效降低其湿陷性。微结构分析表明:粉煤灰对黄土的改良主要体现在颗粒直接填充和化学结晶体交织成的网状填充两种类型的强化作用,改良后黄土的孔隙率与孔隙尺寸均有所下降。研究结果可为黄土地区填方边坡与填方路基的改良加固提供参考。

Study on dynamic response of high speed train window glass under tunnel aerodynamic effects

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the bearing characteristics of the high speed train window glass under aerodynamic load effects.Design/methodology/approach-In order to obtain the dynamic strain response of passenger compartment window glass during high-speed train crossing the tunnel,taking the passenger compartment window glass of the CRH3 high speed train onWuhan-Guangzhou High Speed Railway as the research object,this study tests the strain dynamic response and maximum principal stress of the high speed train passing through the tunnel entrance and exit,the tunnel and tunnel groups as well as trains meeting in the tunnel at an average speed of 300 km$h-1.Findings-The results show that while crossing the tunnel,the passenger compartment window glass of high speed train is subjected to the alternating action of positive and negative air pressures,which shows the typical mechanic characteristics of the alternating fatigue stress of positive-negative transient strain.The maximum principal stress of passenger compartment window glass for high speed train caused by tunnel aerodynamic effects does not exceed 5 MPa,and the maximum value occurs at the corresponding time of crossing the tunnel groups.The high speed train window glass bears medium and low strain rates under the action of tunnel aerodynamic effects,while the maximum strain rate occurs at the meeting moment when the window glass meets the train head approaching from the opposite side in the tunnel.The shear modulus of laminated glass PVB film that makes up high speed train window glass is sensitive to the temperature and action time.The dynamically equivalent thickness and stiffness of the laminated glass and the dynamic bearing capacity of the window glass decrease with the increase of the action time under tunnel aerodynamic pressure.Thus,the influence of the loading action time and fatigue under tunnel aerodynamic effects on the glass strength should be considered in the design for the bearing performance of high speed train window glass.Originality/value-The research results provide data support for the analysis of mechanical characteristics,damage mechanism,strength design and structural optimization of high speed train glass.

水力耦合下煤样声发射分形−渗透率模型及试验研究

煤样轴向应力加载-水压渗流作用下裂隙(孔隙)发展直接影响煤样试件的力学指标与渗流特性,文中通过理论解析与力学试验方法,分析了煤样试件裂隙(孔隙)主导下渗透率与声发射分形维数、振铃计数响应关系,建立了水力耦合作用下煤样声发射分形-渗透率模型,开展了不同围压(2~5 MPa,Δpw(渗透压)/p'c(围压)=0.75)下水力耦合煤样渗流试验,分析了不同围压(水压)下煤样试件的力学行为、声发射规律与渗流特征,探讨了不同围压下煤样试件的强度提升特点与破坏形态-声发射定位关系,验证了水力耦合下煤样试件的声发射分形-渗透率模型合理性。结果表明:煤样试件渗流试验中裂隙(孔隙)变化与声发射振铃具有一致性,裂隙(孔隙)扩展与声发射分形维数、渗透率密切相关,声发射分形、渗透率可用体积应变表征,基于声发射分形的水力耦合下煤样试件的声发射分形-渗透率模型可采用2段式数学模型解析;煤样渗流全应力-应变过程中渗透率表现为短时减少—长时缓慢增加—急速增加—小幅回落过程,振铃计数呈快速增加—减少—增加—减少波浪型发展,渗透率最小值滞后体积应变压缩与膨胀临界点,最小渗透率变化在0.124×10^(-17)~1.250×10^(-17)m^(2);随着围压(2~5 MPa)增加,煤样峰值偏应力、峰值轴向应变与峰值体积应变均呈增大趋势,线性特征显著,煤样峰值渗透率滞后峰值强度呈减小趋势,减幅达到93.34%,最大声发射振铃计数(对应峰值强度位置)表现为增加趋势;水力耦合下煤样试件有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角分别提高到6.5116 MPa与36.56º,随着围压(2~5 MPa)增加,煤样试件的声发射信息由单斜面向不规整斜面过渡,主控破裂面角度由小角度向高角度转变,失稳由单块体剪切变为多块体压缩形态,试件破裂可采用声发射定位振铃计数表达;煤样试件声发射分形-体积应变、渗透率与体积应变、分形与渗透率3个试验曲线与理论曲线较为吻合,围压2~5 MPa试件压缩阶段相关性分别在0.882~0.999、0.950~0.998与0.849~0.997,围压2~5 MPa试件膨胀阶段相关性0.937~0.996、0.891~0.998与0.873~0.966。

非均匀充填采场上隔离矿柱安全回采关键参数研究

针对崩落采场和充填采场之间设置的水平隔离矿柱在后期回采中引发的安全问题,以大冶铁矿-170 m隔离矿柱为工程背景,基于弹性力学理论,考虑隔离矿柱下非均匀充填体影响,通过分析采场巷道底板应力应变特征,构建充填体上隔离矿柱分析模型,采用数值模拟的方法,研究充填体上巷道底板的位移分布,得出3种不同类型底板上巷道间距和巷道尺寸对采场稳定性的影响规律。综合考虑,建议隔离矿柱崩落开采巷道沿用当前工程3.6 m×3.2 m的巷道尺寸;巷道间距采用10 m时,巷道均可针对上分段脊部残留矿柱,回采率高,但需增加底板安全控制措施;采用15 m时,巷道均位于底部矿房或矿柱中间,相互影响小,支护成本低。为有效回采隔离矿柱,建议采用“3.6 m×3.2 m的巷道尺寸+10 m的巷道间距+二步骤采场矿柱顶、底部分段1∶4胶结充填”的回采方案。

周向约束对木材压缩吸能特性的影响

通过准静态压缩试验,考察轻木、泡桐、杉木、毛白杨4种木材在周向约束条件时,顺纹和横纹的压缩力学行为、破坏形态、吸能特性,并利用t检验分析其差异显著性。结果表明:①周向约束木材的顺纹压缩应力-应变曲线仍表现为“三阶段”特征,周向约束可抑制木材剪切扩展、大幅屈曲变形等非稳态破坏,曲线平台阶段应力基本与破坏强度持平。②泡桐、杉木、毛白杨顺纹压缩的吸能能力、平台阶段平稳性显著提高,其单位体积吸能值分别提高了15.51%、53.02%、48.15%,理想吸能率增大了35.93%、24.24%、86.00%。③周向约束木材的径向与弦向压缩力学行为、吸能特性相似,木材压头侧边纤维受试样中部拉伸和剪切作用发生竖向剥离,并沿压缩方向产生裂纹。④与无约束压缩相比,周向约束轻木、泡桐横纹压缩应力-应变曲线形状无明显变化,径向压缩单位体积吸能值分别提高了325.51%、182.60%,弦向压缩单位体积吸能值分别提高了430.57%、255.66%;杉木、毛白杨周向约束时横纹压缩应力-应变曲线变为无平台区的“两阶段”形式,理想吸能率均显著降低。

不同应力路径下天然沉积软土的应力应变特性

为了揭示应力路径对天然沉积软土应力应变特性的影响,对原状天津软土和衡水湖软土开展物理力学指标、颗粒分析、常规三轴和应力路径三轴试验,系统研究了不同应力路径下天然沉积软土的应力应变特征及其影响因素,得到以下主要结论:结构性和胶结特性改变软土的应力应变特征,排水剪切下结构性和胶结特性较弱的天津软土表现出近似重塑土的应变硬化特征,而结构性和胶结特性较强的衡水湖软土表现出原状土典型的应变软化特征;天然沉积软土具有结构性和胶结特性,可承担一定的拉应力并产生膨胀变形;衡水湖软土黏粒和胶粒含量较高具有明显的胶结特性,在轴向卸载路径下抗剪强度更高且膨胀变形更大。研究结论可为天然沉积软土的设计计算和本构模型研究提供借鉴参考。

Mn^(2+)污染后膨胀土力学特性的试验研究

针对污染后膨胀土的力学特性问题,进行了无侧限抗压强度、直剪试验探讨宏观现象上力学特性的变化规律,结合电镜扫描试验分析微观结构上的变化规律,并在X射线衍射试验后,采用了JADE分析软件对所收集到的原始数据进行了定量物相分析,得出试样的各物相含量占比的变化趋势,以此来探讨膨胀土力学特性的变化机理。试验结果表明:在压实度与Mn^(2+)浓度相同的条件下,最优含水率的膨胀土试样强度最高;在初始含水率相同的条件下,试样的强度、内摩擦角和黏聚力均随着Mn^(2+)浓度的增大而呈现出增大的趋势;由JADE定量分析物相表明,受Mn^(2+)污染后土体内SiO_(2)呈现出增加的趋势。原因为MnSO_(4)溶液中的Mn^(2+)水解后间接导致了膨胀土试样中的硅酸盐类矿物也发生水解,释放了SiO_(2),增大了土体颗粒间的胶结作用,使得土体整体性、稳定性提高。

基于DDA模型采空区围岩在地下水循环流场作用下应力变化规律研究

以三门峡市渑池县煤矿采空区为研究对象,运用DDA(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis)方法对采空区裂隙岩体进行渗流应力耦合分析计算,创建煤矿采空区离散介质岩体水力学模型,模拟计算了不同工况下地下水循环流场对采空区围岩应力变化状况。研究结果表明,当隔水层被破坏后,顶板水沿裂隙通道涌向采面,采空区围岩压力变化与增加回头压力呈线性关系;在地下水抽-注水循环过程中围岩压力与地面沉降也存在线性关系,长期循环这一过程,采空区围岩存在垮塌和含水层再造现象。

不同含水率条件下含瓦斯煤改进邓肯-张模型

为建立能够合理反映含瓦斯煤在不同含水率和围压工况下的力学特性模型,首先基于已有的含瓦斯煤常规三轴试验,分析其在不同围压和含水率条件下应力-应变特性;其次结合邓肯-张模型与Janbu公式得到相关的邓肯-张模型参数;然后建立初始弹性模量、破坏应力与各影响因素的拟合公式,构建能表征不同应力水平下含瓦斯煤变形规律的改进邓肯-张模型;最后对修正后的模型进行验证,对模型精度进行评价。结果表明:含水率的增加是引起含瓦斯煤模型参数动态变化的重要原因;提出的改进模型预测曲线与实际的试验曲线具有良好的吻合度,该修正模型可以准确反应不同围压和含水率下含瓦斯煤的应力应变特性。

全地面起重机用工程机械轮胎不同特征路面力学性能分析

建立了全地面起重机用385/95R25工程机械轮胎带花纹轮胎有限元模型,在验证了模型准确性的基础上分析轮胎在不同特征路面(平面路、横向凸台和纵向凸台)上的力学性能。轮胎充气外缘尺寸和接地数据有限元仿真结果与实测结果一致,表明有限元模型准确、可靠。有限元仿真结果表明:胎肩部位的应力集中于2^(#)带束层端点,应变极值也在此处,横向凸台条件下应力和应变较大;横向凸台条件下,1^(#)带束层帘线张力明显增大,胎体帘线张力在凸台接触区域减小;纵向凸台条件下,1^(#)带束层端点近纵向凸台的接触区域的帘线张力增大,胎体帘线张力变化不大;轮胎的包络刚度约为3000 N·mm^(-1);轮胎在破坏案例中的极限撕裂能为672 J,撕裂能指标对于配方设计有重要的参考意义。

基于有限元法的农用车辆发动机连杆动静态特性分析

连杆是农业车辆发动机的重要组成部分。由于农业车辆作业强度大,连杆作业过程中其结构、位移及应力变化严重影响作业性能。针对以上问题,本文以某厂生产的内燃机连杆为研究对象,利用三维建模软件NX10.0建立连杆组模型,采用有限元法对连杆杆身、大头轴瓦、小头衬套进行受力分析,并对连杆在自由模态和预应力模态下的动态特性进行了分析。结果表明:连杆受拉伸载荷时最大应力为199 MPa,受压缩载荷时最大应力为230 MPa,且杆身两侧会发生翘曲变形,最大变形量为0.03 mm;在相同的接触条件和约束条件下,自由模态下前10阶振型和预应力下前6阶振型的变形总是在大(小)头处、杆身与两端的过渡处、杆身的中间部位。

喀斯特地区马尾松人工林根系抗拉与抗折的力学特性

[目的]探究马尾松(Pinus massoniana)根系抗拉、抗折力学特性和应力—应变特征,充实乔木根系力学特性,以期为马尾松种植区固持土壤、防治水土流失提供参考。[方法]以马尾松0~1,1~2,2~3,3~4,>4 mm根径根系为研究对象,使用STS5000万能拉力机进行单根试验,分析不同根径根系马尾松抗拉与抗折力学特性及应力—应变特征。[结果]马尾松单根抗拉力和单根抗折力随根径增加均符合y=ax^(3)+bx^(2)+cx+d方程,R^(2)分别为0.91,0.69;抗拉强度和抗折强度随根径增加均符合y=ax^(-b)方程,R^(2)分别为0.50,0.35;根系抗拉延伸率、根系抗拉弹性模量和根系抗折弹性模量随根径增加均符合y=ax^(3)+bx^(2)+cx+d方程,R^(2)分别为0.17,0.22,0.18;根系抗折延伸率与根系径级无明显相关性;马尾松根系抗拉与抗折“应力—应变”曲线表现出弹性变形、弹塑性变形、应变硬化及断裂破坏4个阶段,抗拉“应力—应变”曲线和抗折“应力—应变”曲线在弹塑性变形阶段有不同的变化趋势;抗拉与抗折断裂阶段有周皮断裂与整体断裂两种断裂模式,两种断裂模式受根系周皮与维管组织影响均有两种断裂类型。[结论]马尾松<3 mm根径根系抗折力学性能优于抗拉力学性能,>3 mm根系根径抗拉力学性能优于抗折力学性能。马尾松种植于坡面等地区可以有效增强土壤的抗蚀能力。