Recently Guo introduced integrated Meyer -Konig and Zeller operators and studied the rate of convergence for function of bounded variation. In this note we give a sharp estimate for these operators.
Hemispherical asymmetry in core dynamics induces degree-1 pressure variations at the core mantle boundary （CMB）, which in turn deforms the overlaying elastic mantle, at the same time keeps center of mass of the whol...Hemispherical asymmetry in core dynamics induces degree-1 pressure variations at the core mantle boundary （CMB）, which in turn deforms the overlaying elastic mantle, at the same time keeps center of mass of the whole Earth stationary in space. We develop a systematic procedure to deal with the degree-1 CMB pressure loading. We find by direct calculation a surprisingly negative load Love number h1=-1.425 for vertical displacement. Further analysis indicates that the negative hi corre- sponds to thickening above the positive load that defies intuition that pressure inflation pushes over- laying material up and thins the enveloping shell. We also redefine the pressure load Love numbers in general to enable comparison between the surface mass load and the CMB pressure load for the whole spectrum of harmonic degrees. We find that the gravitational perturbations from the two kinds of loads at degrees n〉l are very similar in amplitude but opposite in sign. In particular, if the CMB pressure variation at degree 2 is at the level of -1 hpa/yr （1 cm water height per year）, it would perturb the variation of Earth＇s oblateness, known as the J2, at the observed level.展开更多
Background： Renal cell carcinoma （RCC） is the most common type of malignant renal tumors with a growing incidence in tile recent years. This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors and variation trend of...Background： Renal cell carcinoma （RCC） is the most common type of malignant renal tumors with a growing incidence in tile recent years. This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors and variation trend of hospitalization expenditures among RCC patients in a single-centered hospital in Beijing during 5 consecutive years and to find the major cost items and fluctuation tendency of inpatient medical expenditures. Methods： The inlbrmation of medical expenditures among RCC patients in a Grade-A tertiary hospital during the years 2012-2016 was investigated to find the main cost items and changes affecting the medical cost structure. Gray correlation method was adopted in quantitative analysis to analyze the composition of medical expenditures, and the variation of hospitalization expense structure during tile five years was studied by analyzing the degree of structural variation. Results： The cost item constitution of the hospitalization expenditures among RCC patients was relatively stable in the sample hospital during the past five years. To be specific, drug costs accounted for tile largest proportion of medical expenditures each year, with the highest of 37.81% in 2012, and showed a slowly declining tendency in the coming years. The cost item with the highest correlation degree ~as drug costs, with the value of 1.0000; followed by the costs of surgeries, 0.8423. Furthermore, drug costs shared the largest proportion （40.95%） of structural variation, followed by the costs of surgeries （18.35%）. Conclusions： Drug costs are the major influencing factors of the hospitalization expenditures among RCC patients. Thus, reasonable control on excessive drugs as well as the standardization of the diagnosis and treatment behaviors is conducive in reducing medical expenditures as well as easing patients＇ economic burdens. Besides, the positive growth on surgery costs suggests that the labor value of medical staffs has been gradually recognized.展开更多
基金Research supported by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India under award no.9/143(163)/91-EER-
文摘Recently Guo introduced integrated Meyer -Konig and Zeller operators and studied the rate of convergence for function of bounded variation. In this note we give a sharp estimate for these operators.
文摘Hemispherical asymmetry in core dynamics induces degree-1 pressure variations at the core mantle boundary （CMB）, which in turn deforms the overlaying elastic mantle, at the same time keeps center of mass of the whole Earth stationary in space. We develop a systematic procedure to deal with the degree-1 CMB pressure loading. We find by direct calculation a surprisingly negative load Love number h1=-1.425 for vertical displacement. Further analysis indicates that the negative hi corre- sponds to thickening above the positive load that defies intuition that pressure inflation pushes over- laying material up and thins the enveloping shell. We also redefine the pressure load Love numbers in general to enable comparison between the surface mass load and the CMB pressure load for the whole spectrum of harmonic degrees. We find that the gravitational perturbations from the two kinds of loads at degrees n〉l are very similar in amplitude but opposite in sign. In particular, if the CMB pressure variation at degree 2 is at the level of -1 hpa/yr （1 cm water height per year）, it would perturb the variation of Earth＇s oblateness, known as the J2, at the observed level.
文摘Background： Renal cell carcinoma （RCC） is the most common type of malignant renal tumors with a growing incidence in tile recent years. This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors and variation trend of hospitalization expenditures among RCC patients in a single-centered hospital in Beijing during 5 consecutive years and to find the major cost items and fluctuation tendency of inpatient medical expenditures. Methods： The inlbrmation of medical expenditures among RCC patients in a Grade-A tertiary hospital during the years 2012-2016 was investigated to find the main cost items and changes affecting the medical cost structure. Gray correlation method was adopted in quantitative analysis to analyze the composition of medical expenditures, and the variation of hospitalization expense structure during tile five years was studied by analyzing the degree of structural variation. Results： The cost item constitution of the hospitalization expenditures among RCC patients was relatively stable in the sample hospital during the past five years. To be specific, drug costs accounted for tile largest proportion of medical expenditures each year, with the highest of 37.81% in 2012, and showed a slowly declining tendency in the coming years. The cost item with the highest correlation degree ~as drug costs, with the value of 1.0000; followed by the costs of surgeries, 0.8423. Furthermore, drug costs shared the largest proportion （40.95%） of structural variation, followed by the costs of surgeries （18.35%）. Conclusions： Drug costs are the major influencing factors of the hospitalization expenditures among RCC patients. Thus, reasonable control on excessive drugs as well as the standardization of the diagnosis and treatment behaviors is conducive in reducing medical expenditures as well as easing patients＇ economic burdens. Besides, the positive growth on surgery costs suggests that the labor value of medical staffs has been gradually recognized.
