蠕虫L. variegatus在污泥减量中的作用与应用前景分析

剩余污泥已成为污水处理厂亟待解决的棘手问题。虽然现有污泥减量技术众多,但或多或少都存在着技术或经济上的不足。蠕虫——L. variegatus应用于污泥减量具有较好的实际效果以及潜在的商业利用价值,因此,近年来受到人们关注。首先,介绍L. variegatus一般习性、对污泥减量的试验效果。然后,对L. variegatus应用于大规模连续系统的要点进行了技术分析。最后,对L. variegatus应用于实际污水处理厂污泥减量的技术与经济的合理性进行分析和估算。

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) in spotted halibut Verasper variegatus at the embryonic and metamorphic stages

As an aquatic fish,the spotted halibut Verasper variegatus is highly susceptible to bacterial and virus infections.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)as a cytokine could control the inflammatory responses.The functions of TNF-αin many species have been widely studied,particularly in mammals.However,little is known about the TNF-αfunctions in V.variegatus.We first cloned and sequenced the TNF-αgene in V.variegatus(VvTNF-α).The two conserved cysteine residues,transmembrane sequence,Thr-Leu motif,and TNF family signature,as well as the TA-rich motifs of its proteins related to inflammatory responses had high similarity to those of the other teleost and mammalian TNF-α.The phylogenetic analysis showed that VvTNF-αwas consistent with TNF-αgenes of other vertebrates.The VvTNF-αtranscripts were extensively distributed in the peripheral blood leukocytes(PBLs),spleen,and gill,indicating that the VvTNF-αhad a role in immune function.Furthermore,treatment with pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)could induce a rapid and significant increase of VvTNF-αin the PBLs,which reveals that VvTNF-αdoes participate in the host immune responses against bacterial and viral pathogens.We found that VvTNF-αhad an interesting expression pattern during metamorphosis,showing that the flatfish TNF-αmay have some novel functions during specific developmental stages.In addition,the 3 D structure prediction of VvTNF-αprovided an indication of how it is likely to interact with other proteins.Therefore,VvTNF-αhas multiple functions,and provides valuable information to explore novel functions of TNF-α.

Nematode parasite,Auchenacantha spp of flying lemur,Cynocephalus variegatus(Audebert,1799) from Indonesia:Morphological study with SEM

Objective:To observe morphology of Auchenacantha galeopteri(A.galeopteri),Auchenacantha spinosa(A.spinosa) and Auchenacantha parva(A.parva) from Sukabumi and Ujung Kulon, Indonesia using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Methods:Specimens for light microscopy examination were fixed with warm 70%alcohol,cleared and mounted in lactophenol for wet mounting.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope.Specimens for SEM examination were processed according to Bozzola.Measurements were given in micrometers(μ m) as the average of findings,followed by the range in parentheses, unless otherwise stated.Results:The measurements of Auchenacantha spp are same with those of previously described.The striatums of male and female A.galeopteri are widen towards outside and wavy.The mouth of female with 6 lips,each of them is wider at base than distal end in A.galeopteri and rectangular in A.spinosa.Both species have dentiform protrusion from inner surface of lips,such structure absent in A.parva,but the lips with transverse festoon like pattern at anterior end of each lip.Conclusions:Using SEM,the lip and the striation pattern of three species of Auchenacantha can be clearly distinguished.Sukabumi and Ujung Kulon are new locality of A.galeopteri and A.spinosa,and A.parva is the new record in Indonesia.

脱脂南极磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼体组成和消化性能的影响

为探讨脱脂南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼体组成和消化性能的影响。作者以鱼粉和脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源、鱼油为脂肪源,用脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,设计7种等蛋白(50%)、等脂肪(8%)的实验饲料(分别表示为F0、F10、F20、F30、F40、F50和F100)。每组设3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,初始体质量为(68.13±0.20)g,经过8周的饲养实验。结果表明:F100组的肝体比和脏体比显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),F20~F30组的肥满度显著高于F40组(P<0.05);F100组全鱼的水分和灰分显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),F10组和F100组全鱼的粗蛋白显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),F30组和F50组全鱼的粗脂肪显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),F100组全鱼的粗脂肪显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。F10、F20和F50组肌肉的水分显著高于F100组(P<0.05),F20组和F30组肌肉的粗脂肪显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),各替代组肌肉的粗蛋白、灰分无组间差异(P>0.05);胃蛋白酶活性组间无差异(P>0.05),F0和F20的胃脂肪酶活性显著低于F30组(P<0.05),F30组的胃淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),F30和F100组的肠脂肪酶活性显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),F0组的肠淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);脱脂南极磷虾粉替代组的皱襞高度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,F30组的皱襞高度显著高于其他组(P<0.05),替代组和对照组的黏膜厚度和绒毛长度没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。综合来看,脱脂南极磷虾粉10%~50%的替代比例对圆斑星鲽幼鱼的形态指标、体组成、消化酶活性和肠道形态指标有较好的效果。

红尾副鳅肌肉营养成分分析和安全性评价

为评价红尾副鳅(Paracobitis variegatus)肌肉的营养价值与食用安全性,试验一选取采自石棉县的野生红尾副鳅165尾,其中雄鳅81尾(4.29±0.43)g,雌鳅84尾(4.36±0.59)g,检测了肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸组成和部分矿物元素,并将测定结果与泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)相比较,对红尾副鳅肌肉的营养价值进行了评定;试验二选取体表无伤、体质健壮的雨城区红尾副鳅120尾(4.21±0.85)g、天全县红尾副鳅120尾(3.22±0.73)g,分别置于不同浓度铬(0、200、400、600 mg/L)和铜(0、0.3、0.6、0.9 mg/L)的处理液中。分别于10 h、24 h后取肝胰脏和肌肉,检测铬、铜含量,考察红尾副鳅对铬、铜的富集程度。结果表明,红尾副鳅肌肉(鲜样)中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的质量分数分别为78.69%、18.49%、2.15%和1.34%;肌肉中17种水解氨基酸总量为87.50%(质量分数,干样),其中7种必需氨基酸总量为35.54%,占氨基酸总量的40.62%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为0.8008,氨基酸评分为1.02,赖氨酸含量丰富,苯丙氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸,必需氨基指数为75.23。红尾副鳅(石棉县)肌肉THQCu、THQCr分别为0.965 8和1.044 4,且Cu、As、Pb、Cr和Cd的THQ总值达2.266 9,表明长期食用野生红尾副鳅(石棉县)存在健康风险。不同浓度Cr、Cu处理组红尾副鳅(雨城区、天全县)肝胰脏和肌肉Cr、Cu含量均明显高于对照组,说明红尾副鳅对Cr、Cu具有较强的富集能力。综上,红尾副鳅是一种营养价值较高的淡水鱼类,具有良好的开发利用前景,但因红尾副鳅对重金属(Cr、Cu)的富集能力较强,进行人工养殖时须严格检测饲料和水体中重金属(Cr、Cu)的含量,并尽可能地缩短养殖周期。

RAPD对圆斑星鲽和条斑星鲽养殖群体的遗传多样性研究

应用RAPD分子标记技术对圆斑星鲽（Verasper variegatus）和条斑星鲽（Verasper moseri）的养殖群体进行群体遗传多样性分析。每个群体各取鱼30尾，并从78条随机引物中筛选出20条用于群体遗传学研究。两个群体共扩增出218条DNA片段，大多数片段大小为250～1500bp，其中圆斑星鲽185条，条斑星鲽183条。多态片段比例分别为56．76％和64．48％，Nei的多样性指数和Shannon的信息指数分别为0．2322和0．2781、0．3391和0．3989。这两种星鲽养殖群体间的遗传相似性系数和遗传距离分别为0．6720和0．3975。

发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽生长及表观消化率的影响

为探讨圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲料中发酵豆粕的适宜添加量,本试验以0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的发酵豆粕添加在五组等蛋等脂的饲料中,分别替代鱼粉蛋白的0%,9.81%,19.63%,29.44%,39.26%,标记为A、B、C、D、E共5个试验组,每组设3个重复,每池15尾圆斑星鲽(49.0±1.0 g),经过10周的饲养试验,结果表明:随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高,特定生长率逐渐降低,A、B组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),饲料系数则逐渐升高,A、B和C组显著低于D、E组(P<0.05)。营养物质表观消化率以B组最高,显著高于其他各组。综上所述,饲料中添加10%的发酵豆粕在一定程度上能提高鱼体对营养物质的表观消化率,且不会对鱼体生长造成不利影响,过量则抑制鱼体生长。

不同脂肪水平的饲料对圆斑星鲽生长及表观消化率的影响

以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,配制成蛋白水平为50%,脂肪水平分别为8%、12%、16%的三组饲料(分别表示为A、B、C组),每组设3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼,进行10周的圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲养试验。结果表明:鱼体的生长和表观消化率受饲料中脂肪水平影响显著,各组成活率均较高,A组的增重率显著高于其他两组,饲料系数则随饲料中脂肪水平的升高而有升高的趋势。干物质表观消化率以C组最高且显著高于A组和B组,随饲料中脂肪水平的升高,脂肪表观消化率显著增加。从生产角度考虑,在本实验条件下,圆斑星鲽的最适脂肪需求为8%。