In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were confl...In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were conflicts,wars,invasion and famine at that time.The decentralized government could not protect people from these sufferings,so the people just could search for the strong to secure them.The lord could provide protection to his vassals and grant fiefs to his vassals,and in turn vassals needed to perform their obligation to the lord.These obligation included loyalty,military service,assistance,offering material and counsel which stabilized the area that the lord ruled.The feudalism in the administration of Merovingian and Carolingian even after the breakup of Carolingian could illustrate the stable units of the empire.展开更多
There is a need and space for advancing the historical and theoretical exploration of the seignorial economy of the feudal era.Previous studies mostly focused on the field of manors,and did not pay attention to the im...There is a need and space for advancing the historical and theoretical exploration of the seignorial economy of the feudal era.Previous studies mostly focused on the field of manors,and did not pay attention to the importance of cities and feudalism to the composition and characteristics of the seignorial economy.Therefore,in this paper,the urban and feudal spheres are included in the seignorial economy in addition to the manor,and the seignorial economy is studied in a more holistic manner in order to reveal its intrinsic economic characteristics.展开更多
文摘In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were conflicts,wars,invasion and famine at that time.The decentralized government could not protect people from these sufferings,so the people just could search for the strong to secure them.The lord could provide protection to his vassals and grant fiefs to his vassals,and in turn vassals needed to perform their obligation to the lord.These obligation included loyalty,military service,assistance,offering material and counsel which stabilized the area that the lord ruled.The feudalism in the administration of Merovingian and Carolingian even after the breakup of Carolingian could illustrate the stable units of the empire.
文摘There is a need and space for advancing the historical and theoretical exploration of the seignorial economy of the feudal era.Previous studies mostly focused on the field of manors,and did not pay attention to the importance of cities and feudalism to the composition and characteristics of the seignorial economy.Therefore,in this paper,the urban and feudal spheres are included in the seignorial economy in addition to the manor,and the seignorial economy is studied in a more holistic manner in order to reveal its intrinsic economic characteristics.
