Alkali Catalysis of Different Vegetable Oils for Comparisons of Their Biodiesel Productivity

The main advantages of biodiesel are its biodegradability, renewablity, improved nontoxic exhaust emissions and unnecessary alteration of common diesel engines. Today, biodiesel is produced by catalysis of inorganic acids, alkali and free or immobilized lipases with vegetable oil and short chain alcohols. Alkali and acidic catalysts are the most using catalysts for production of biodiesel because of their higher reaction yield and rate. In this study, we have comprised biodiesel productivity of different vegetable oils like sunflower, safflower, canola, soybean, olive, hazelnut, corn oils and waste sunflower oils by alkali catalysis. The transesterification of oils were performed by using NaOCH3 as catalyst at 25°C and at 100°C for 1 h. A defined amount of methanol as 6/1 molar ratio to oil was premixed with the metallic sodium. The amount of metallic sodium in methanol was 1.6 w% of oil mass for all of the crude oils/frying oil. Optimum reaction temperature was found as 25°C. TLC (Thin Layer Choromatography) image and GC (Gas Choromatography) results demonstrates that the dominant fatty acid in safflower, soy bean, sunflower, canola, corn and waste sunflower oil esters was linoleic acid (18:2). Besides it was oleic acid (18:1) for the olive and hazelnut oil esters. When biodiesel productivities of eight different oils were compared, similar results were obtained.

A Comparative Study on the Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel from Various Vegetable Oils and Animal Fat

The potential of biodiesel fuels from various vegetable oil sources such as sunflower (SFME), safflower (SAFME), peanut (PME) and canola (CME) as well as from low-cost chicken fat (CFME) to supplement increasing biodiesel demands must be evaluated in terms of the corresponding engine performance and exhaust emissions. In this study, two diesel engines rated at 14.2 kW (small) and 60 kW (large) were operated by using the different biodiesel fuels and a reference diesel. Results showed that both the small and large engines delivered similar power when using biodiesel fuels in the expense of higher brake-specific fuel consumptions (BSFC). Higher exhaust concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) while lower carbon dioxide (CO) and negligible sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were observed in both engines. Total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) were higher in both engines when using SME, SFME and CME but comparable when using CFME, SAFME and PME in the large engine. Thus, with the increasing demand for biodiesel, alternative feedstock sources such as those used in this study may be utilized to take advantage of their availability, renewability and environmental benefits.

Development of a composite catalyst from anthill and eggshell:an optimization study on biodiesel production from virgin and waste vegetable oils

The primary goal of this study is to develop a composite material from the anthill and chicken eggshell and to use it as a catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from virgin and waste vegetable oils.The anthill-eggshell composite(AEC)catalyst was prepared using an incipient wetness impregnation method.Central composite design(CCD)was applied to investigate the effects of catalyst preparation parameters(calcination temperature,calcination time,and anthill proportion in the AEC)on the yields of biodiesel from the two oils.Based on the CCD,two quadratic models were developed to correlate the AEC preparation parameters to the two responses.Analysis of variance(ANOVA)was performed to verify the reliability of the models and also,identify the factor that mostly affects the experimental design responses.Optimization results showed that the predicted values of biodiesel yield from the models for the two oils agreed reasonably well with the experimental values.The optimum conditions for the preparation of AEC catalyst for the transesterification process were calcination temperature of 1000℃,calcination time of 4 h,and anthill proportion of 20% to achieve 97.13%yield of biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil.At the same optimum parameters,the yield of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil was found to be 70.92%.

Alternative Processing Technology for Converting Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats to Clean Fuels and Light Olefins

Since the production cost of biodiesel is now the main hurdle limiting their applicability in some areas, catalytic cracking reactions represent an alternative route to utilization of vegetable oils and animal fats. Hence, catalytic transformation of oils and fats was carried out in a laboratory-scale two-stage riser fluid catalytic cracking （TSRFCC） unit in this work. The results show that oils and fats can be used as FCC feed singly or co-feeding with vacuum gas oil （VGO）, which can give high yield （by mass）of liquefied petroleum gas （LPG）, C2-C4 oletms, tor example 45% LPG, 47% C2-C4 olefins, and 77.6% total liquid yield produced with palm oil cracking. Co-feeding with VGO gives a high yield of LPG （39.1%） and propylene （18.1%）. And oxygen element content is very low （about 0.5%） in liquid products, hence, oxygen is removed in the form of H2O, CO and CO2. At the same time, high concentration of aromatics （C7-C9 aromatics predominantly） in the gasoline fraction is obtained after TSRFCC reaction of palm oil, as a result of large amount of hydrogen-transfer, cyclization and aromatization reactions, Additionally, most of properties of produced gasoline and diesel oil fuel meet the requirements of national standards, containing little sulfur. So TSRFCC technology is thought to be an alternative processing technology leading to production of clean fuels and light olefins.

Valorization of Griffonia simplicifolia Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production: A Sustainable Alternative

Bio-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), are promising alternatives for alleviating the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption on climate change and preventing petroleum resource depletion. However, the selection of a viable feedstock for competitive biodiesel production remains challenging. Recent studies focusing on Griffonia simplicifolia seeds, the sole plant industrially exploited for 5-hydroxy- tryptophan (5-HTP) extraction, have shown that G. simplicifolia seed oil (GSO) can be solvent-extracted directly from ground seeds or the remaining seed cakes obtained after 5-HTP extraction with quantitative yields. This work documents the conversion of GSO into biodiesel through homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification. The refractive index and density of the obtained methyl ester mixtures decreased with increasing oil-to-methanol molar ratio, reaction temperature, and time. Under specific conditions, 1.43 wt% FFA oil, 63.5C, 60 min, and 1:9 oil/MeOH molar ratio with 1.2 wt% NaOH or 1.3 wt% KOH as catalysts, optimal reaction conditions were reached. There were no significant differences in the potential for diminution of the refractive index and density between the NaOH and KOH catalysts. The predicted fuel properties based on the fatty acid composition determined by GC-MS showed that G. simplicifolia biodiesel exhibited a cetane index of 50.29, volumetric energy density of 34.97 MJ/L, cloud point of -1.03°C, kinematic viscosity of 4.07 mm2/s, and oxidative stability of 0.65 h. Apart from its unfavorable oxidative stability and slightly lower energy density compared to petrodiesel, all other calculated parameters met the current standards. The valorization concept proposed in this study should be integrated into the 5-HTP extraction process, preferably using the remaining dry seed cakes as raw materials to maximize revenue in a bioeconomic and sustainable approach.

A Laboratory Study of the Effect of Temperature on Densities and Viscosities of Binary and Ternary Blends of Soybean Oil, Soy Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Oil

The depletion of world petroleum reserves and the increased environmental concerns have stimulated the search for alternative sources for petroleum based fuel. The possibility of using vegetable oils as fuel has been recognized, however, due to its high viscosities and low volatilities makes it inefficient for most combustion engines and thus the need to get them chemically altered or transesterified to obtain fatty alkyl esters of the oil (biodiesel). In this study, binary and ternary blends of biodiesel were produced and the effect of temperature on their viscosity and density was investigated. Biodiesel was produced from soybean oil by transesterification of the oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst at a temperature of 60℃ in a batch reactor. Binary and ternary blends of the soy-biodiesel were prepared with soy bean oil and petroleum diesel fuel, respectively. Viscosities and densities of the binary and ternary blends were measured at different temperatures of 20℃ to 90℃ as to determine the effect of temperature on viscosities and densities of the blends. The properties of the soy-biodiesel produced were compared with ASTM standard and found to be within the limits. The results show that the viscosities and densities of both the binary and ternary blends are temperature dependent. The viscosities of binary and ternary blends decreased nonlinearly with temperature, while their densities decreased linearly with temperature. The variation of temperature with viscosity and density of the blends was correlated and the polynomial equation offered the best correlation between temperature and viscosity, while linear equation gave the best correlation between temperature and density. In conclusion, the efficiency of binary and ternary blends of biodiesel in combustion engines is dependent on the viscosity and density of the blends which are invariably temperature dependent.

Crystalline Manganese Carbonate a Green Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Crystalline manganese carbonate was found to be a versatile green, non corrosive and environmental friendly catalyst for transesterification of vegetable oils. Its use as catalyst in the transesterification process involving methanol and vegetable oils (palm, rapeseed, groundnut, coconut and caster oils) resulted in a conversion rate of 80% - 95% in the production of biodiesel. The chemical composition of the obtained biodiesel was studied by GC-MS analysis and showed the presence of linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids methyl esters to be the major compounds. Manganese carbonate in comparison with other solid catalysts was found to decrease the reaction time and temperature concomitant with an increase of biodiesel yield. Finally, the effect of various parameters including methanol quantity, catalyst amount, reaction time and temperatures on the production of biodiesel was investigated.

Performance of a Direct Injection of IC Engine on SVO and Biodiesel from Multiple Feedstocks

Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) is a promising biofuel with a low energy input to energy output ratio. Successful use of SVO in engines depends on engine performance, wear and emissions. This study focuses on short term engine emissions and performance. This research uses oils produced in Colorado as a full diesel fuel substitute in a modified single cylinder engine. This engine testing was conducted in the laboratory. The test engine was a Yanmar TF140E, which is naturally aspirated and uses low pressure (~140 bar) mechanical direct injection. The engine fuel system was modified to accommodate a 2-tank custom SVO kit. The SVO was heated to 75 °C. Fuel economy and emissions measurements were performed for petroleum diesel, four different vegetable oils (sunflower, canola, camelina, and soybean) and their biodiesel derivatives. Fuel mass flow, oxides of nitrogen (NOX), total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter were measured. No engine degradation was experienced through approximately 50 hrs of testing on SVO and 50 hrs of testing on biodiesel. Overall engine emissions for SVO and biodiesel, with the exception of THC for biodiesel, were higher than petroleum diesel. More favorable biofuel emissions comparisons to diesel are expected with other engine designs based on data from various literature sources. Data comparing raw and refined SVO indicate that refined vegetable oil produces lower particulate matter (PM) emissions. General trends were observed showing that oils with higher levels of polyunsaturated fats (e.g. C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) produce higher levels of NOX and THC’s.

全球生物柴油产业发展现状及其对我国植物油安全的影响

近年来,全球生物柴油产业快速发展,用于生产生物柴油的植物油消费量持续增加,对我国植物油供给稳定造成影响。对全球生物柴油整体发展情况、生物柴油产业发展影响因素、主要生产国生物柴油政策、生物柴油产业发展前景等进行研究,分析了全球生物柴油产业发展对我国植物油安全的影响,并提出相关建议。生物柴油产业发展改变了全球植物油消费结构、贸易流向,对我国油脂油料进口构成威胁,影响我国植物油供给安全。建议发展中国特色的生物柴油产业,提高我国油脂油料自给率,推动植物油多元化进口,确保我国植物油供给安全,同时呼吁生物柴油生产国优先保障食用消费,合理发展生物柴油。

Genetic Manipulation of Non-Classic Oilseed Plants for Enhancement of Their Potential as a Biofactory for Triacylglycerol Production

Global demand for vegetable oil is anticipated to double by 2030. The current vegetable oil production platforms, including oil palm and temperate oilseeds, are unlikely to produce such an expansion. Therefore, the exploration of novel vegetable oil sources has become increasingly important in order to make up this future vegetable oil shortfall. Triacylglycerol （TAG）, as the dominant form of vegetable oil, has recently attracted immense interest in terms of being produced in plant vegetative tissues via genetic engineering technologies. Multidiscipline-based ＂-omics＂ studies are increasingly enhancing our understanding of plant lipid biochemistry and metabolism. As a result, the identification of biochemical pathways and the annotation of key genes contributing to fatty acid biosynthesis and to lipid assembly and turnover have been effectively updated. In recent years, there has been a rapid development in the genetic enhancement of TAG accumulation in high-biomass plant vegetative tissues and oilseeds through the genetic manipulation of the key genes and regulators involved in TAG biosynthesis. In this review, current genetic engineering strategies ranging from single-gene manipulation to multigene stacking aimed at increasing plant biomass TAG accumulation are summarized. New directions and suggestions for plant oil production that may help to further alleviate the potential shortage of edible oil and biodiesel are discussed.

Prediction of Concentration of Animal Fat in Mixture with Vegetable Oil by Multivariate Calibration Associated with Spectrofluorimetry

Total spectrofluorimetry associated with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate samples of vegetable oil and animal fat. In addition, a multivariate calibration model was developed that combines spectroflurimetry with Partial Least Squares (PLS) for prediction of concentration of animal fat in mixture with vegetable oil. The multivariate calibration model had an R2 value of 0.98098, which indicates the accuracy of the model. This method has potential application in the control of quality of raw material for production of biodiesel. The control of the concentration of animal fat is important because animal fat is more susceptible to oxidation than vegetable oil. Furthermore, high concentrations of animal fats may increase electricity costs for biodiesel production due to the high melting points of saturated fats that solidify at room temperature and cause the fouling and clogging of pipes.

利用植物油发展生物炼油化工厂的探讨

以植物油为原料的生物炼油化工厂以生产生物柴油为主,同时还可联产甘油、1,3-丙二醇、高碳醇等大宗化工产品以及可生物降解的多种精细化工产品。首先从减少石油进口、保护环境、支援“三农”等方面论述了发展生物炼油化工厂的必要性;然后介绍了国内外生物柴油快速发展的现状,发展这种炼油化工厂的关键是原料的供应,尤其是其价格;最后研讨了发展生物炼油化工厂面临的挑战和对策。

6种食用植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸成分的比较研究

采用毛细管气相色谱法 ,以氢火焰为检测器 ,测定了菜籽油、花生油、玉米油、棉籽油、芝麻油和大豆油及其相应生物柴油中脂肪酸的组成。比较发现 ,植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸组成基本一致。因此 ,可以通过测定植物油中脂肪酸的组成来预测生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的分布。

中国如何突破生物柴油产业的原料瓶颈

因应我国日益严峻的能源资源、能源环境和能源安全形势,国家大力倡导发展可再生能源。生物柴油是最重要的液体可再生燃料之一,在能源性质方面可以完全替代化石柴油,而且还具有安全环保等其它优良特性。当前利用动植物油脂生产生物柴油,原料成本偏高,而且稳定、充足的油脂原料供应体系尚未形成。我国是油脂资源短缺国家,近年来植物油进口量逐年增加。同时,我国耕地资源匮乏,粮食供应形势不容乐观,扩大油料作物种植的潜力非常有限。但是,我国宜林地丰富,农林废弃生物质资源量巨大。综合以上因素,我国应重点发展木本油料植物规模化种植和推广,加快微生物油脂发酵技术创新和产业化进程;同时,利用植物遗传育种技术提高油料作物产量以及选择性发展不与粮争地的油料作物。依靠各方面的进步,发展创新的油脂生产技术,保障我国生物柴油产业和油脂化工行业健康发展。

生物柴油的超临界制备工艺研究

生物柴油作为一种可再生能源,可以由动植物油通过酯化反应来制备,它在燃料特性方面与矿物柴油有着十分相似的品质,能满足欧洲2号排放标准,有优良的环境特性,是一种利于环境保护的绿色燃油。探索了在超临界条件下,以甲醇和植物油为原料进行酯交换反应的制备工艺。结果表明最佳工艺条件为:甲醇与大豆油摩尔比为50:1,反应温度320℃,反应压力12-18MPa,反应时间 12-15 min。植物油可再生,甲醇可循环使用,反应无污染物排出,该工艺属于绿色化学工艺。

植物油制备生物柴油的研究

以植物油为原料,在催化剂(KOH)的作用下,通过甲醇酯交换反应生成脂肪酸甲酯即生物柴油的试验 研究,考察了醇油比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等反应条件的变化对植物油转化率和产品纯度的影响。

生物油制备、性质与应用的研究进展

介绍了国内外生物油的发展现状。根据生物油制备原料不同,将其分为植物油、热裂解油和生物柴油等。概括了生物油制备的方法和原理,分析3种生物油的物理化学性质。综述了生物油的主要应用方式,包括食品加工、化工应用和燃烧应用等。最后总结了生物油领域存在的主要问题,并对生物油应用方面的发展方向进行了展望。

负载的Ni催化剂上植物油脂加氢脱氧制备第二代生物柴油

在半连续反应器中,以棕榈酸甲酯为植物油脂模型化合物,进行了加氢脱氧制取高品质生物柴油燃料的研究。采用浸渍法制备了HY、SiO2、γ-Al2O3及SAPO-11四种载体负载的Ni催化剂,采用XRD、NH3-TPD、H2-TPR、BET、SEM等技术进行催化剂表征。结果表明,Ni/SAPO-11催化剂由于SAPO-11表面呈现的弱酸和中强酸性质,在保持较高的加氢脱氧反应性的同时,抑制了裂解反应的发生,具有较好的催化性能。进一步对SAPO-11上不同的Ni负载量、反应温度、反应压力等进行了研究,发现当Ni负载量为7%,反应温度为220℃,压力为2MPa时,催化剂具有较高的催化性能,棕榈酸甲酯的转化率达到了99.8%,C9～16烷烃的总选择性为92.71%。

近/超临界甲醇醇解油脂生产生物柴油工艺的中试

利用规模2 kt/a的近/超临界甲醇醇解制生物柴油(SRCA)工艺中试装置,以菜籽油、棉籽油、餐饮废油和棕榈酸化油为原料进行醇解中试。中试重复了小试结果,说明反应器的放大不影响反应效果;通过选择性提高物料在加热器中的流速,优化换热流程,解决了加热器失效不能长期运转的问题。原料中的杂质对反应的影响小,但影响加热器的运行和粗甘油的分相操作;原料中的水和游离脂肪酸影响产品的酸值,原料酸值越高产品酸值也越高。分析了中试装置产品收率偏低、产品酸值和氧化安定性不合格、有废水排放的原因,提出了改进方向。中试结果进一步验证了SRCA工艺原料适应范围广、流程短、生产过程清洁的特点,具有较好的工业开发前景。