A Brief Study on pH, Exchangeable Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺in Farmlands under Tobacco-Rice Rotation in Xuancheng City of South Anhui

pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of soil can influence the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng city is the dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. A general soil survey was conducted in Xuancheng city to understand the current situations of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation and to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders to abate soil acidification. In total 124 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the typical farmlands and soil pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured. The results showed that soil pH and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Xuancheng city were generally in the suitable grades, pH ranged from 4.56 to 8.42 with an average of 5.87, exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 1.01 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 to 100.55 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 with an average of 11.07 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1, and exchangeable Mg2+ ranged from 0.14 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 to 2.86 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 with an average of 0.81 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1, all spanned from the low grades to the high grades. To the whole Xuancheng city, 37.10%, 62.10% and 72.58% of the surveyed farmlands were in the low grades of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively, while 52.42%, 25.00% and 20.97% of the farmlands were in the suitable grades, respectively. pH had an extremely significantly positive Napierian logarithm correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ and an extremely significantly positive power correlation with exchangeable Mg2+. In total about 338.2 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 202.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually input into the farmlands, while about 110.4 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 7.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually moved out from the farmlands, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were annually increased by 225.2 kg·hm-2 and 187.6 kg·hm-2 in the farmlands, respectively. It is necessary to monitor the farmlands dynamically in order to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders which should be dependent upon the specific conditions of individual farmlands.

Soil Fertility Comparison between Rotations of Tobacco-Rice (TR) and Rape-Rice (RR)

Tobacco-planting plays an important role in ensuring the high-quality tobacco raw materials supply and the local social and economic development in Chenzhou City. In recent years whether tobacco-planting is better for the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility than other crop-planting has been highly concerned. In this study, 16 soil fertility indicators and soil integrated index (IFI) were compared by 21 pairs of fields in Chenzhou city under the rotations of tobacco-rice (TF) and rice-rice (RR), and results showed that, comparing the mean values of soil fertility indicators, the contents of OM, TN, AN, AK, S and IFI were extremely significantly higher in TR than those in RR (p < 0.01), the contents of Cu, Ca, Mg and Fe were significantly higher in TR than those in RR (p < 0.05), but Mn content was significantly lower in TR than those in RR (p < 0.05). Meanwhile the contents of TP, TK and AP were insignificantly higher in TR than those in RR, and the contents of B, Mo and Zn were insignificantly lower in TR than those in RR. The above significant differences in soil fertility indicators were mainly due to relatively higher fertilizer inputs and less nutrient removal during tobacco-growing season than during rape-growing season, the net increase of N, P2O5 and K2O are 8.61, 5.25 and 24.89 kg per 667 m2 respectively in tobacco-growing season, while the net decrease of N, P2O5 and K2O are 8.88, 4.70 and 4.62 kg per 667 m2 respectively in rape-growing season. C.V. of soil fertility indicators and IFI were meanly lower in TR (52.25% and 15.95%, respectively) than those in RR (63.07% and 22.12%, respectively). Comparatively, tobacco-planting can improve soil fertility better than rape-planting when rotated with late rice in Chenzhou city. For tobacco-planting, Mg fertilizer should be applied for 23.8% TR fields, while more N, K, Ca, Mg, S and B fertilizers should be applied for 42.86%, 23.81%, 14.29%, 47.62%, 80.95% and 47.62% RR fields, respectively.

Effects of N, P and K on Output and Nutrient Cycle of Vegetables in Greenhouses

ObjectiveThe aim was to increase farmers’ income and reduce the waste of fertilizer by exploring effects of N, P and K fertilizations on vegetable yields and the accumulation of N, P and K in vegetable and soils. MethodThe fertilization tests were conducted on tomato, cauliflower and celery in greenhouses. ResultWhen N, P and K were not applied in tomato, cauliflower or celery, the yields reduced in 6.0%-13.8% and total annual income reduced by 39 220, 36 902 and 22 023 yuan/hm 2 respectively, suggesting that N, P and K are limiting factors of yield. The absorbed N amounts of tomato and cauliflower were higher compared with celery; the absorbed P amount of cauliflower was higher compared with tomato and celery; the absorbed K amount of tomato was the highest, followed by celery and cauliflower. The absorbed N in tomato fruit was lower than that of cauliflower and the absorbed N amount of other parts of tomato was also lower. Furthermore, the absorbed amounts of P and K by tomato and cauliflower fruits were higher than it absorbed by the other parts, especially the absorbed of K was significantly high. Total absorbed amounts of N, P and K from high to low were cauliflower, tomato and celery. After harvesting of tomato, cauliflower and celery, N, P and K in soils were all higher compared with soils before planting. Influenced by fertilizers, residual N content in soils grown with tomato and residual P content in soils grown with celery both doubled compared with base soils. Cauliflower plants were not applied with organic fertilizer, and residual N and K contents in soils were lower compared with tomato and celery. ConclusionResidual P content in soils is higher, which is a kind of waste and would cause pollution on soils. It is necessary to improve the proportion of organic and inorganic fertilizers in fertilization.

Green manuring facilitates bacterial community dispersal across different compartments of subsequent tobacco

Green manure–crop rotation is a sustainable approach to protect crops against diseases and improve yield.However,the mechanism by which green manuring manipulates the crop-associated microbial community remains to be elucidated.In this study,we explored the horizontal processes of bacterial communities in different compartments of the soil–root interface(bulk soil,rhizosphere soil,rhizoplane and endosphere)of tobacco by performing a field experiment including four rotation practices,namely,tobacco rotated with smooth vetch,ryegrass,radish,and winter fallow(without green manure).Results showed that the co-occurrence networks constructed by adjacent compartments of the soil–root interface with green manuring had more edges than without green manuring,indicating dramatic microbial interactions.Green manuring increased the dispersal-niche continuum index between bulk soil and other compartments,indicating that it facilitated the horizontal dispersal of microbes.For the different green manuring practices,the neutral community model explained 24.6–27.6%of detection frequency for bacteria,and at least one compartment under each practice had a normalized stochasticity ratio higher than the 50%boundary point,suggesting that the deterministic and stochastic processes jointly shaped the tobacco microbiome.In conclusion,green manuring generally facilitates bacterial community dispersal across different compartments and enhances potential interactions among adjacent compartments.This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the microbiome assembly under green manure–crop rotation.

Change of the Microorganisms Quantity in Irrigative Gleyey-Yellow under Vegetable Soils

The results of the long-term investigations in dynamics for study of the conditions of taxonomic groups of microorganisms of irrigated gleyey-yellow soils of the subtropical zone under vegetable crops in rotation with the continuous growing of these cultures have been presented. The results of the researches study demonstrated an important vibration of the microorganisms quantity under growing cultures happens. The most quantity of microorganisms, consuming organic nitrogen is observed in irrigative gleyey-yellow soils of the humid subtropical zone. Intensity of mineralization of organic matters was lower in irrigative gleyey-yellow soils. A quantity of microorganisms was lower, but a coefficient of mineralization was higher under continuous cultures as compared the analogous soils under crop rotation. These data show that a type of the soil influence on the rhizosphere microflora insignificantly, while plant shows a significant effect on its quantity and compositions.

Change Numbers of Microorganisms under Vegetable Cultures of Irrigated Soils of Subtropical Zone of Azerbaijan

Number of microorganisms of soils of subtropic zones in a vegetable-fodder and vegetable-bean crop rotations compared with permanent cultivation of these cultures has been studied. The results of the analyses have shown that character of change of number of the basic physiological groups of microorganisms （a bacteria, sporeforming bacteria, actinomysetes and microscopic fungies） depends not only on soil-ecological conditions but also on the kind and biological features of cultivated cultures. In soils of subtropical zones the greatest number of organisms using organic nitrogen in food was observed on alluvial meadow-forestry soils and yellowish-gley soils. Gray-brown soils are rich in actinomycetes in comparison with alluvial meadow-forestry soils, but meadow-serozem is rich in spore-forming bacteria forms. A number of microscopic fungi of the studied soils were the least. High intensity of processes of mineralization was marked in meadow-serozem soils, the least in alluvial meadow-forestry and yellowish-gley soils. Under permanent cultures the quantity of microorganisms was less, and factor of mineralization is higher above, than in crop rotation.

广西水稻产区稻-菜轮作田水稻根结线虫病发生情况调查及病原鉴定

为了明确广西水稻产区稻-菜轮作田根结线虫发生情况及其病原分类地位,在广西14个市27个乡(镇)的171块水稻产区稻-菜轮作田进行了采样调查,并进行致病线虫分离,根据2龄幼虫形态、雌虫会阴花纹特征等,结合核糖体ITS区和28S rDNA D2D3区序列分析方法对病原线虫种类进行鉴定。结果表明,共有64个田块发生根结线虫为害,水稻种植季根结线虫检出率为37.4%,蔬菜轮作季根结线虫检出率为25.7%。广西水稻根结线虫病病原为拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola。说明拟禾本科根结线虫病在广西稻-菜轮作田发生已经相当普遍,应当引起重视。

不同秸秆还田方式对烟稻轮作土壤细菌群落多样性和结构的影响

为探究不同秸秆(烟秆和稻秸)还田方式下烟稻轮作土壤细菌多样性和群落组成的变化特征及其影响因子,设置对照(CK)、改良剂(BP)、烟秆/稻秸直接还田(S0)、烟秆/稻秸-牛粪堆腐物还田(S1)、烟秆/稻秸-菜籽饼堆腐物还田(S2)以及还田物与改良剂配施(S0BP、S1BP、S2BP)处理进行烟草-水稻轮作盆栽试验,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落结构组成进行分析。结果表明:秸秆直接还田与秸秆还田配施改良剂还田能有效改善土壤理化性质;秸秆还田配施改良剂显著提高了细菌群落丰度,S1BP处理的细菌群落丰度最高;各处理对土壤细菌群落多样性指数没有显著影响。土壤中优势菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria,16.42%~26.01%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,15.62%~20.46%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota,8.71%~15.86%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota,7.08%~11.47%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,7.29%~11.74%)。秸秆还田显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度;与秸秆还田相比,秸秆还田配施改良剂显著提高了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)的相对丰度,显著降低了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)的相对丰度。进一步的冗余分析和聚类热图分析表明,土壤pH、最小持水量、孔隙度、速效钾含量、溶解性有机碳含量、微生物生物量碳含量与脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)相对丰度呈正相关关系,与硝化螺旋杆菌门(Nitrospirota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和装甲菌门(Armatimonadota)相对丰度呈负相关关系,是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要环境因子。研究表明,烟草和水稻秸秆直接还田及其与改良剂配施还田均可改善土壤理化性质,并有利于提高土壤细菌群落的丰度。

4种轮作模式下长期连作烟田土壤微生态的响应特征

为探究烤烟与不同作物轮作对长期连作植烟土壤质量调控的效果,以连作10年以上的植烟田块为对照(CK),设置大麦-烤烟(YCDM)、大蒜-烤烟(YCDS)、油菜-烤烟(YCYC)和蚕豆-烤烟(YCCD)共4种不同作物与烤烟轮作,分析不同轮作处理下土壤的理化性质、酶活性及微生物群落结构。基于相关性分析和冗余分析,解析土壤理化性质和酶活性与微生物群落结构间的关系。结果表明,轮作处理的土壤容重较CK降低26.58%~30.29%,总孔隙度增加21.13%~48.26%;其中烤烟-蚕豆(YCCD)轮作模式下土壤的pH、水解氮(available nitrogen,AN)、有效磷(available phosphorus,AP)和速效钾(available potassium,AK)含量较CK显著提高11.84%、30.57%、6.42%和41.51%。轮作处理的土壤过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、蔗糖酶(invertase,INV)、脲酶(urease,URE)和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)的活性较CK分别提高16.81%~42.35%、38.09%~51.48%、7.69%~64.29%和5.82%~76.33%,蚕豆-烤烟(YCCD)轮作模式的提升效果最为显著。高通量测序结果表明,轮作处理下细菌的OTUs数量显著高于CK。α多样性显示,不同轮作处理间的细菌群落丰富度和多样性差异显著;真菌群落的丰富度差异显著,而多样性差异不显著。β多样性分析显示,不同轮作处理之间土壤真菌群落差异较小,细菌群落差异较大。其中,蚕豆-烤烟(YCCD)轮作处理的细菌、真菌群落与CK差异较大。在门水平,烤烟-蚕豆(YCCD)轮作使酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度增加,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度减少。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,URE、AN、AK和pH是影响土壤微生物群落结构的关键因子。综上所述,烤烟与其他作物合理轮作可提高土壤速效养分含量和土壤酶活性,调节土壤微生物群落结构,消减烤烟连作障碍,最终达到烤烟稳产、增产的目的。

垂直深旋耕下有机物料改良酸性土壤及烤烟产质量的调控效应

为探明深旋耕配施有机物料改良烤烟根际土壤酸化特性和调控烤烟生长、产质量的效应。以烤烟品种‘NC102’为材料,在云南省石林县酸性红壤上,采用双因素裂区设计,研究耕作方式(垂直深旋耕和传统耕作)和施有机改土物料(不施改土物料、酸性有机肥、碱性有机肥和生物质炭)及其互作对烤烟根际土壤理化特性、烟株根系和植株生长形态及产质量的影响。结果表明:植烟土壤理化特性主要受耕作方式、有机改土物料及二者互作的影响,其中垂直深旋耕配施有机肥可显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度及水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、水溶性氯含量,尤其施碱性有机肥、生物质炭更有利于增加土壤速效钾含量,显著降低土壤交换性酸总量、土壤交换性氢(H+)和交换性铝(Al3+),提升土壤硅铝率、阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度,增强酸性土壤调酸效果。烤烟根冠形态及烟叶产量、产值性状主要受深旋耕和碱性改土物料的影响。耕作方式、有机改土物料及其互作对烟叶化学成分可用性指数影响较大,其中施碱性有机肥、生物质炭主要影响总糖、还原糖、钾及水溶性氯;垂直深旋耕显著影响烟叶6项常规化学指标。因此,在云南酸性土壤山地烟区,采用垂直深旋耕结合施碱性有机肥、生物质炭,可较好地协同改良土壤酸度及提升土壤肥力,促进烤烟地上和地下部生长,形成良好根冠关系,提高烟叶产量和产值,改善烟叶化学成分协调性。

烤烟-绿肥轮作对云南烟田土壤质量与微生物养分限制的影响

本研究旨在探讨烤烟轮作绿肥对烤烟产量、土壤质量和微生物养分限制的影响,为云南烟区筛选适宜与烤烟轮作的绿肥种类提供理论与技术支撑。于2017年布置田间定位试验,研究轮作绿肥对烤烟产量、土壤质量、养分循环相关水解酶活性和微生物养分限制的影响。试验设冬闲-烤烟(WF)、肥田萝卜-烤烟(RD)、光叶苕子-烤烟(SV)、黑麦草-烤烟(RG)4个处理。相比WF处理,2019年SV处理烟叶产量增加了6.8%,2022年RD和SV处理烟叶产量分别增加了6.4%和8.4%。2022年较2019年,各处理土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量增加,pH值、全磷含量降低。在2022年,相比WF处理,SV处理土壤全磷含量降低了22.9%,RG处理土壤有机质和速效钾含量增加了9.7%和73.6%,RD、SV和RG处理土壤硝态氮含量分别增加了97.1%、75.9%和26.0%、可溶性有机氮含量增加了228.8%、85.0%和96.7%。总体上,RD、RG处理土壤质量面积指数显著增加了27.0%和15.6%。相比WF处理,轮作绿肥处理碳(α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶)、氮(亮氨酸氨基肽酶)、磷(碱性磷酸酶)相关水解酶活性分别增加了48.8%~262.1%、59.3%~125.0%和312.0%~435.9%。轮作不同绿肥处理较WF处理降低了微生物碳限制,却增加了微生物磷限制。综上,轮作光叶苕子和肥田萝卜可增加烤烟产量、提高烟田土壤质量,是实现云南烟区清洁烟叶生产和可持续土壤管理的有效途径。

长江中下游降雨侵蚀力时空变化及其与植被覆盖的关系

充分掌握大尺度流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征对流域水土保持、防洪减灾和生态环境保护至关重要。基于长江中下游的119个气象站点57a逐日降雨资料,通过Xie模型计算各站降雨侵蚀力,使用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)法对降雨侵蚀力进行区域划分;结合Mann-Kendal检验、重标极差(R/S)法和相关性分析方法分析长江中下游降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,并揭示其与植被覆盖度之间的关系。结果表明:(1)长江中下游降雨侵蚀力整体呈上升趋势,年均降雨侵蚀力为5643MJ mm hm^(-2)h^(-1)。(2)不同季节降雨侵蚀力空间分布存在差异。冷季降雨侵蚀力空间分布不均,高值区主要集中在流域的西部和东北部,而暖季降雨侵蚀力则表现为以江西省为中心沿西北方向递减的空间分布格局,最大值和最小值出现在鄱阳湖环湖区(III区)和长江干流武汉以下段及太湖水系(IV区)。(3)长江中下游相邻地理分区间降雨侵蚀力变化速率差异较大,降雨侵蚀力区域性差异显著。其中III区、湘江及赣江流域(I区)和IV区年均降雨侵蚀力呈显著增长趋势(P<0.05)且未来将保持该趋势,为水土保持重点关注区域。(4)研究所发现的长江中下游水土保持重点关注区域的降雨侵蚀力与植被覆盖度存在负相关。但值得注意的是I区在冷季呈现正相关,而且其中的湘江上游流域出现显著正相关。研究表明降雨侵蚀力是影响地表侵蚀过程的关键因素,侵蚀性降水会影响植被覆盖情况,进而影响地表的侵蚀过程。因此在重点关注高降雨侵蚀力地区的同时还需加强植被保护工作。研究结果可为长江中下游区域水土保持及生态环境保护工作提供科学依据。

湘中烟稻轮作区2种水稻土团聚体稳定性及有机碳组分比较研究

选择湘中烟稻轮作区2种典型水稻土,比较分析了土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性、有机碳组分及其相关关系,旨在揭示烟稻轮作的2种土壤团聚体稳定性的差异及有机碳的影响。结果表明:红壤性水稻土(RPS)>0.25 mm大团聚体含量、团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于紫色水稻土(PPS),分形维数(D)则较小,因此烟稻轮作的红壤性水稻结构及团聚体稳定性显著好于PPS;RPS总有机碳(TOC)及颗粒有机碳(POC)含量均显著高于PPS,而易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量变化不明显;RPS和PPS的MWD及GMD均与TOC、EOC和POC呈显著正相关关系,D则与前者呈显著负相关;>0.25 mm团聚体含量虽均与TOC、EOC和POC呈显著正相关关系,但RPS有机碳对>0.25 mm团聚体影响大于PPS,且2种土壤的POC对>0.25 mm团聚体的影响均大于EOC。在培育烟稻轮作的RPS和PPS团聚体和改善其结构中,需提高土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组分含量。

高碳基肥对烟稻轮作系统烟田氮肥利用率和氮效益的影响

高碳基肥是一种以生物炭为主要原料的新型有机肥,具有碳封存的效果。本研究在烟稻轮作生态系统下采用大田试验法,设置不施氮肥(CK0)、仅施化肥(CK1)、饼肥替代13%化肥氮(N1)、饼肥替代26%化肥氮(N2)、高碳基肥替代13%(N3)和26%化肥氮(N4)共6个处理,研究饼肥和高碳基肥替代不同比例化肥对郴州烤烟肥料利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,(1)与CK1相比,饼肥替代26%化肥氮时,烤烟整株干物质积累量、氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和施氮效益分别提高13.19%、6.80个百分点、12.82%和10.41%;高碳基肥替代比例为26%时,各指标值分别提高11.01%、9.27个百分点、20.76%和19.69%。两种有机肥均显著提高烟叶氮肥利用率和施氮经济效益,在同等施用比例下,高碳基肥的效果优于饼肥。施用同种有机肥时,替代比例为26%的氮肥利用率高于替代比例13%,说明有机肥配施化肥替代比例较高更有利于烟株生长。(2)单施化肥,氮素在烤烟根、茎、叶和花中的分配比例分别是26%、27%、23%和24%,饼肥或者高碳基肥部分替代化肥显著增加氮素在烤烟茎中的分配比例,略微降低了氮素在根和叶片中的分配比例。综上,化肥配施高碳基肥明显提高烟稻轮作系统下烤烟氮肥利用率和经济效益,其作用效果优于饼肥,且替代化肥氮比例为26%效果更好。

基于去除土壤效应的烤烟叶面积指数及烟碱含量的无人机高光谱监测研究

[目的]土壤背景在无人机遥感监测中存在干扰作用,本文旨在对烟草长势和品质无人机高光谱监测进行去土壤效应的研究。[方法]通过实施2个品种、4个施氮水平互作处理的烤烟田间试验,利用无人机平台搭载的高光谱相机获取大田关键生育期的烤烟冠层反射光谱数据,并分别使用土壤植被组分光谱分解(3SV)算法与植被指数阈值法去除土壤效应后的各小区平均光谱,利用植被指数优化算法进行全生育期烤烟叶面积指数和烟碱含量的高光谱监测模型构建。[结果]在使用3SV算法后,波段组合与烟叶烟碱相关关系较高的区域分布在λ1:450~500 nm和λ2:580~660 nm组合以及λ1:630~670 nm和λ2:680~700 nm;波段组合与叶面积指数相关关系较高的区域分布于λ1:730~770 nm和λ2:750~800 nm组合以及λ1:510~600 nm和λ2:680~700 nm。基于3SV算法的烟叶烟碱含量与叶面积指数监测模型验证精度均较植被指数阈值算法处理后有不同程度提高,‘云烟87’烟碱的模型验证决定系数R 2从0.64提高到0.88,RMSE从0.71%降低至0.29%,效果最为明显。利用3SV算法与波段优化算法,筛选出与‘云烟87’和‘K326’叶面积指数关系最佳的指数分别为NDLI_(515,691)和NDLI_(764,799);与‘云烟87’和‘K326’烟碱含量关系最佳的指数分别为NDNI_(450,658)和NDNI_(456,654),并建立了适用于监测大田生育期的叶面积指数与叶片烟碱含量的模型。[结论]通过比较不同去除土壤背景算法,发现3SV算法提高了烟草叶面积指数与烟碱监测模型的精度,为无人机高光谱大面积监测烟草长势与品质提供了技术支持。

烟草-薏苡轮作对土壤养分、薏苡产量及品质的影响

本试验以薏苡品种兴仁小白壳为材料,采用完全随机区组设计,以薏苡连作处理为对照,设置烟草-薏苡轮作处理,探究烟草-薏苡轮作对土壤养分、薏苡根系形态、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与薏苡连作相比,烟草-薏苡轮作可使土壤有机质、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别上升11.47%、4.94%、7.49%、26.05%和129.81%,土壤全氮和全钾含量分别下降5.37%和1.89%,其中速效钾含量处理间差异达到显著水平。烟草-薏苡轮作后薏苡总根长、根表面积、根体积、平均根直径、根尖数和根系分支数等根系形态特征均显著高于连作,分别高出38.71%、37.54%、34.78%、20.08%、45.62%和45.85%。烟草-薏苡轮作后薏苡平均产量达5484.3 kg/hm^(2),较连作增产34.80%;其可溶性总糖、淀粉和赖氨酸含量分别显著上升24.34%、9.77%、17.57%,粗脂肪含量提高6.14%,粗蛋白含量下降3.65%。综上,烟草-薏苡轮作改善土壤养分状况,显著提高速效钾含量,同时可以促进薏苡根系生长发育,进而提高薏苡产量及品质。

烟区不同类型油菜秸秆腐解及养分释放特性研究

本研究旨在探讨山东和四川烟区适合与烟草轮作的油菜品种,并分析其秸秆腐解及养分释放特性。通过采用尼龙网袋法,在室内模拟田间条件下对2种类型(白菜型和甘蓝型)的4个冬油菜品种进行培养,观察秸秆的腐解过程和养分释放情况。结果显示,培养前10 d,油菜秸秆快速腐解,各养分也快速释放,养分最终释放率表现为K>N>P>C;腐解进程中,秸秆碳氮比有所波动,但大致呈上升趋势;白菜型油菜秸秆的腐解程度、碳和氮的释放率高于甘蓝型油菜,而钾的释放率低于甘蓝型油菜,磷的释放率表现出地区差异;四川烟区油菜秸秆的腐解程度及碳、氮、磷素的释放率高于山东烟区,钾的释放率高于山东白菜型油菜;油菜秸秆腐解可显著提高供试土壤中有机质、氮、磷和钾素的含量,但不同烟区、不同类型油菜秸秆的增效程度有所差异。从秸秆还田利用的角度来看,2烟区中的白菜型油菜品种更适合与烟草轮作种植。

烤烟与作物轮(间)作的研究现状

烤烟是我国重要的经济作物,但在栽培过程中存在连作障碍问题。连作导致烟田病害增加,影响烟叶的品质,进一步影响农田产出。生产实践发现,通过与其他作物轮(间)作可以减轻烤烟连作障碍。本文从作物、土壤、微生物组成的根际微生态系统视角,综述了烤烟与不同作物轮(间)作的现状,分析了不同轮(间)作模式下土壤理化性质和土壤生物学性状变化情况以及烟叶产量和内在品质的变化,对烤烟与作物的轮(间)作机制进行了展望,以期为烤烟轮(间)作种植模式提供科学依据。

特优蔬菜苏芡与多类旱生蔬菜优质高效轮作新模式

由于芡实全生育期仅为半年左右,扣除育苗期,在田生长期较短,为解决种植芡实的土地利用效率低的问题,探索了苏芡与小白菜、菜薹、甘蓝、花椰菜等多类旱生蔬菜进行水旱轮作的高效种植模式,在苏芡采收后,通过合理安排后茬旱生蔬菜种植,包括选择适宜种植的作物种类、明确播种时间、整地及精确水肥管理等技术,不仅可以减少病虫害的发生,改善土壤结构,提高土地利用率;同时,可以增加土地单位面积产出率,实现平均每667 m^(2)产值2万元左右,每667 m^(2)平均增收3870元的效益,比传统单茬种植芡实平均增收24.6%,实现了“减肥减药”和“增效增收”,市场发展前景十分广阔。

烟-稻轮作下减氮配施生物炭对水稻茎鞘同化物转运和产量形成的影响

【目的】在烟-稻复种连作系统中,探讨烟后作水稻茎鞘物质转运及其产量对减氮配施生物炭处理的响应,以期为复种连作土壤改良提供科学依据。【方法】以杂交水稻甬优1540为材料,常规施氮栽培为对照(T0),在烤烟收获后全土层施用30t/hm2生物炭的前提下,设置纯氮不减施(T1)、纯氮减施10%(T2)、纯氮减施20%(T3)和纯氮减施30%(T4)处理,分析了水稻产量变化与茎鞘同化物积累、转运的关系及其调控机制。【结果】结果表明,2年田间试验各处理产量均表现为T1>T2>T3>T0>T4,其中减氮10%~20%处理(T2和T3)与未减氮处理(T1)之间差异不显著,但均显著高于T0和T4,T2与T3处理2年平均实际产量分别比对照提高了13.94%和13.46%。收获指数方面,T2和T3处理均显著高于其他处理,各处理谷草比表现为T3>T2>T4>T1>T0。生物炭处理并适当减氮下抽穗期叶片净光合速率及SPAD值均显著高于对照。T1处理分蘖数峰值最高,但其分蘖成穗率却显著低于T2和T3处理。在茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转化率上,T3与T2处理差异不显著,但均显著高于其他处理;茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(Non-StructuralCarbohydrate,NSC)转运量、转运率及籽粒贡献率与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转化率表现一致。茎鞘蔗糖相关酶活性分析表明,T3和T2处理水稻灌浆早中期α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性均最高,但抽穗后20d这些酶活性则以T1处理最高。【结论】生物炭可改善水稻灌浆期叶片光合性能,减施10%~20%氮肥有利于提高水稻抽穗期茎鞘蔗糖合成与转运酶活性,促进茎鞘物质的积累与转运,提高水稻收获指数,实现“减氮保产”的栽培目标。