Critical load position for cavities beneath CRCP slab under vehicle loading

In order to study the critical load position that causes cavities beneath the continuously reinforced concrete pavement（ CRCP） slab under vehicle loading, the elliptical load is translated into the square load based on the equivalence principle.The CRCP slab is analyzed to determine the cavity position beneath the slab under vehicle loading. The influences of cavity size on the CRCP slab＇s stress and vertical displacement are investigated. The study results showthat the formation of the cavity is unavoidable under traffic loading, and the cavity is located at the edge of the longitudinal crack and the slab corner.The cavity size exerts an obvious influence on the largest horizontal tensile stress and vertical displacement. The slab corner is the critical load position of the CRCP slab. The results can be used to assist the design of CRCP in avoiding cavities beneath slabs subject to vehicle loading.

Reflective cracking viscoelastic response of asphalt concrete under dynamic vehicle loading

In order to investigate the mechanical response of reflective cracking in asphalt concrete pavement under dynamic vehicle loading, a finite element model is established in ABAQUS. The viscoelastic behavior is described by a prony series which is calculated through nonlinear fitting to the creep test data obtained in the laboratory. Based on the viscoelastic theory, the time-temperature equivalence principle, fracture mechanics and the dynamic finite element method, both the Jintegral and the mix-mode stress intensity factor are utilized as fracture evaluation parameters, and a half-sine dynamic loading is used to simulate the vehicle loading. Finally, the mechanical response of the pavement reflective cracking is analyzed under different vehicle speeds, different environmental conditions and various damping factors. The results indicate that increasing either the vehicle speed or the structure damping factor decreases the maximum values of fracture parameters, while the structure temperature has little effect on the fracture parameters. Due to the fact that the vehicle speed can be enhanced by improving the road traffic conditions, and the pavement damping factor can become greater by modifying the components of materials, the development of reflective cracking can be delayed and the asphalt pavement service life can be effectively extended through both of these ways.

Analysis of permanent deformations of railway embankments under repeated vehicle loadings in permafrost regions

By large-scale dynamic tests carried out on a traditional sand-gravel embankment at the Beilu River section along the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad, we collected the acceleration waveforms close to the railway tracks when trains passed. The dynamic train loading was converted into an equivalent creep stress, using an equivalent static force method. Also, the creep equation of frozen soil was introduced according to the results of frozen soil rheological triaxial tests. A coupled creep model based on a time-hardening power function rule and the Druker-Prager yield and failure criterion was estab- lished to analyze the creep effects of a plain fill embankment under repeated train loads. The temperature field of the embankment in the permafrost area was set at the current geothermal conditions. As a result, the permanent deformation of the embankment under train loading was obtained, and the permanent deformation under the train loads to the total embankment deformation was also analyzed.

Dynamic thermo-mechanical responses of road-soft ground system under vehicle load and daily temperature variation

A complete road-soft ground model is established in this paper to study the dynamic responses caused by vehicle loads and/or daily temperature variation.A dynamic thermo-elastic model is applied to capturing the behavior of the rigid pavement,the base course,and the subgrade,while the soft ground is characterized using a dynamic thermo-poroelastic model.Solutions to the road-soft ground system are derived in the Laplace-Hankel transform domain.The time domain solutions are obtained using an integration approach.The temperature,thermal stress,pore water pressure,and displacement responses caused by the vehicle load and the daily temperature variation are presented.Results show that obvious temperature change mainly exists within 0.3 m of the road when subjected to the daily temperature variation,whereas the stress responses can still be found in deeper places because of the thermal swelling/shrinkage deformation within the upper road structures.Moreover,it is important to consider the coupling effects of the vehicle load and the daily temperature variation when calculating the dynamic responses inside the road-soft ground system.

Deflection and stress of hollow CRCP slab under concentrated vehicle load

Based on the equivalence principle of deflection and stress, the concentrated vehicle load which acts on the center of continuously reinforced concrete pavement （CRCP） is translated into the equivalent half-wave sine load by the Fourier transform. On the basis of this transform and the small deflection theory of elastic thin plates, the deflection and stress formulae of CRCP under the concentrated vehicle load with a hollow foundation are put forward. The sensitivity of parameters is analyzed. The results show that maximum deflection is directly proportional to the concentrated vehicle load and the slab width, and inversely proportional to the lateral bending stiffness and slab thickness. The effects of slab width and thickness are significant with regard to maximum deflection. Maximum stress is directly proportional to the concentrated vehicle load and the slab width as well as inversely proportional to slab thickness. The effect of slab thickness is significant with regard to maximum stress. According to the calculation results, the most effective measure to reduce maximum deflection and stress is to increase slab thickness.

Test and numerical investigations on static and dynamic characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under vehicle loads

The present work is aimed at studying the mechanic properties of the extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under static and dynamic vehicle loads. Based on the field test using 12 heavy trucks and finite element simulations, the static deformations of different components, stress increments and distributions of the girder, as well as the vibration characteristics and damping ratio of the Hunan Road Bridge were analyzed, which is the widest self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. The dynamic responses were calculated using the Newmark-β integration method assisted by the simulation models of bridge and vehicles, the influences on the dynamic impact coefficient(DIC) brought by the vehicle parameters, girder width, eccentricity travel and deck flatness were also researched. The spatial effect of the girder is obvious due to the extra width, which performs as the stress increments distribute unevenly along the transverse direction, and the girder deflections and stress increments of the upper plate change as a "V" and "M" shape respectively under the symmetrical vehicle loads affected by the shear lag effect, cross slope and local effect of the wheels, the maximum of stress increments are located in the junctions with the inner webs. The obvious girder torsional deformation and the apparent unevenness of the hanger forces between the two cable planes under the eccentric vehicle loads, together with the mode shapes such as the girder transverse bending and torsion which appear relatively earlier, all reflect the weakened torsional rigidity of the extra-wide girder. The transverse displacements of towers are more obvious than the longitudinal ones. As for the influences on the DIC, the static effect of the heavier vehicles plays a major role when pass through with a higher speed and the changes of vehicle suspension stiffness generate greater impacts than the suspension damp. The values of DIC in the vehicle-running side during the eccentric travel, affected by the restricts from the static effects of the eccentric moving trucks, are significantly smaller than the vehicle-free side, the increase in the road roughness is the most sensitive one among the above influential factors. The results could provide references for the design, static and dynamic response analysis of the similar extra-wide suspension bridges.

Finite Element Modeling and Parametric Analysis of Pavement Dynamic Responses under Moving Vehicle Load

This paper intends to develop finite element models that can simulate vehicle load moving on pavement system and reflect the pavement response of vehicle and pavement interaction.We conduct parametric analysis considering the influences of asphalt concrete layer modulus and thickness,base layer modulus and thickness,and subgrade modulus on pavement surface displacement,frequency,and strain response.The analysis findings are fruitful.Both the displacement basin width and maximum value of dynamic surface displacements are larger than those of static surface displacements.The frequency is positively correlated with the pavement structure moduli,and negatively correlated with the pavement structure thicknesses.The shape of dynamic and static tensile strain is similar along the depth of the pavement structure.The maximum value of dynamic tensile strain is larger than that of static tensile strain.The frequency of entire pavement structure holds more significant influence than the surface displacement and strain do.The subgrade modulus has a significant effect on surface displacement,frequency and strain.

Dynamic Response of Double-Sided Loess Slope under Vehicle Load

In order to verify and study the dynamic response law on the double-sided loess slope under the action of the waves generated by automobile traffic,we select a double-sided loess slope from the long section of Anzi Road as the research object.Both field investigations and on-site monitoring processes are conducted,for the purpose of providing robust basis for road protection in these conditions.In detail,vehicleinduced vibration signals are different according to different vehicle types,speeds,as well as positions,and thus are collected,respectively.Based on the statistical analysis of the signals,the vibration response law and frequency spectrum characteristics of the slope are summarized.The results show that:①The dynamic response of the doublesided loess slope increases as the vehicle load increases,and the strong vibration response area is located in the middle of the side slope;②When the vehicle load is small,the vibration wave amplification effect is obvious.On the contrary,when the vehicle load is large,the vibration wave amplification effect is weakened;③The spectrum distribution of the X-direction wave is single-peak shape,and the dominant frequency is concentrated in 30-50 Hz;the frequency spectrum distribution of the Zdirection wave shows a multi-peak shape,and the dominant frequency is concentrated in 20-180 Hz;④The vibration wave propagates in the slope.The frequency change shows little correlation with the type,speed and position of the vehicle,and instead,it is mainly determined by the slope itself.This study reveals the dynamic response on doubled-sided loess slopes and provides both theoretical and practical significance for the road protection in such situations.

Anti-slip security assessment between main cable and saddle of the middle pylon under extreme vehicle loads

The traffic condition of Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge is obtained to a certain extent, according to the traffic investigation nearby Taizhou Bridge. The statistical characteristics of the traffic conditions are acquired by statistical analysis. Simulation of the extreme vehicle loads and the sensitive analysis of load parameters are carried out based on these data complemented, which would guide the determination of the frictional coefficient between the main cables and the saddle.

Cost Impact of Increasing Heavy Vehicle Loads on Bridges

This study aimed to investigate the cost impact of meeting the increase in freight demand by doubling the truck weight （AS 1 ）, doubling the traffic volume （AS2）, or legalizing a new-proposed-truck of 97-kip weight instead of the currently legal 80-kip truck （AS3）. The State of Michigan＇s average daily traffic database of year 2001 has been used as a case study. The study was applied only on the very common US Bridge with RC （reinforced concrete） deck over steel girder. Sampling criteria also includes the age of the bridges. The study covered the four-cost-impact categories provided by the NCHRP （National Cooperative Research Program）. The current truck weight and double traffic volume （AS2） show the best scenario to meet the increase in freight demand. However, doubling the truck weight with the current traffic volume （AS 1） was the worst scenario. The use of the proposed 97-kip truck with the current traffic volume （AS3） compromises both, meeting the increase in freight demand and the cost impact.

A Heuristic Method for Vehicle Scheduling Problems

This paper presents a sequential optimum algorithm for vehicle schedulingproblem, which includes obtaining initial theoretical solution, adjustingsolution, forming initial routes and adjustins routes. This method can beapplied to general transportation problems with multiple depots and multiplevehicle types on complex network. In comparison with manual scheduling ofChengdu Transportation Company II, the result shows that this method isreasonable, feasible and applicable.

Research on the Dynamic Response of Submerged Floating Tunnels to Wave Currents and Traffic Load

Submerged floating tunnel(SFTs)are typically subjected to complex external environmental and internal loads such as wave currents and traffic load.In this study,this problem is investigated through a finite element method able to account for fluid-structure interaction.The obtained results show that increasing the number of vehicles per unit length enhances the transverse vibrational displacements of the SFT cross sections.Under ultimate traffic load condition,one-way and two-way syntropic distributions can promote the dynamic responses of SFTs whereas two-way reverse distributions have the opposite effect.

Mechanical properties of foamed polyurethane solidified ballasted track

Foamed Polyurethane Solidified Ballasted Track(FPSBT),an innovative railway track,is formed by solidifying ballast bed with foamed polyurethane.Compared with the traditional Discrete Ballasted Track(DBT),FPSBT does not require regular maintenance such as tamping and cleaning.However,limited studies exist on the mechanical properties of FPSBT.In this study,Laboratory experiments are conducted on polyurethane samples to investigate the effects of polyurethane density on the mechanical properties of FPSBT.Furthermore,the performance of DBT and FPSBT with different polyurethane densities are compared,and the recommended polyurethane density is obtained.FPSBT exhibited negligible accumulation of deformation under cyclic loads,indicating excellent performance of FPSBT owing to the anti-deformation properties of polyurethane.Further,a track load vehicle test is conducted.FPSBT exhibited better load-transmitting ability than DBT.Finally,the construction and application of FPSBT in China are introduced.This study is expected to contribute to realizing a more extensive application of FPSBT.

A New Type of Bridge, Mobilebridge^(■);to Super-Quickly Recover a Bridge

Many natural disasters cause not only critical situations for facilities and resident’s residents’ life, but also significant damage to economy. It is obvious that quick rescue action must be undertaken and that there are many problems due to the occurrence of secondary disasters at rescue worksite. Basing Based on the previous study of deployable structures and the concept of the multi-folding micro-structures, we propose a new type of foldable bridge in form of scissor structure called the Mobile-bridge?. In this paper, we discuss the vehicle passing test performed on the real-scale Mobile-bridge in order to evaluate its mechanical characteristics and application limits. Moreover, we verified the compatibility between the result of calculations and experiments by means of theoretical modelling. The results show that it is sufficient to treat the load as equivalent nodal forces applied at the joints without including the stiffness of the deck.

Maximum Probabilistic and Dynamic Traffic Load Effects onShort-to-Medium Span Bridges

The steadily growing traffic load has resulted in lots of bridge collapse events over the past decades, especiallyfor short-to-medium span bridges. This study investigated probabilistic and dynamic traffic load effects on shortto-medium span bridges using practical heavy traffic data in China. Mathematical formulations for traffic-bridgecoupled vibration and probabilistic extrapolation were derived. A framework for extrapolating probabilistic anddynamic traffic load effect was presented to conduct an efficient and accurate extrapolation. An equivalent dynamicwheel load model was demonstrated to be feasible for short-to-medium span bridges. Numerical studies of twotypes of simply-supported bridges were conducted based on site-specific traffic monitoring data. Numerical resultsshow that the simulated samples and fitting lines follow a curve line in the Gumbel distribution coordinate system. Itcan be assumed that dynamic traffic load effects follow Gaussian distribution and the extreme value follows Gumbeldistribution. The equivalent probabilistic amplification factor is smaller than the individual dynamic amplificationfactor, which might be due to the variability of individual samples. Eurocode 1 is the most conservative specificationon vehicle load models, followed by the BS5400 specification. The D60-2015 specification in China and ASSHTOspecification provide lower conservative traffic load models.

Investigation of Micro-mechanical Response of Asphalt Mixtures by a Three-dimensional Discrete Element Model

The micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures was studied using the discrete element method. The discrete element sample of stone mastic asphalt was generated first and the vehicle load was applied to the sample. A user-written program was coded with the FISH language in PFC3 D to extract the contact forces within the sample and the displacements of the particles. Then, the contact forces within the whole sample, in asphalt mastic, in coarse aggregates and between asphalt mastic and coarse aggregates were investigated. Finally, the movement of the particles in the sample was analyzed. The sample was divided into 15 areas and a figure was drawn to show how the balls move in each area according to the displacements of the balls in each area. The displacements of asphalt mastic balls and coarse aggregates were also analyzed. The experimental results explain how the asphalt mixture bears vehicle load and the potential reasons why the rutting forms from a micro-mechanical view.

Assessment of Long-Time Behavior for Bridge Girders Retrofitted with Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Maintaining both the safety and serviceability of deteriorating highway bridge networks necessitates suitable BMS （bridge maintenance system） tools that can maximize cost effectiveness. Numerous experiments have been conducted to detect the long-term mechanical properties of the epoxy resin materials used in FRP （fiber reinforced polymers） strengthening and maintenance technique. Experiments were used to develop a short-term test and construct a model that can reliably predict the long-term behavior of epoxy resin. Furthermore, FEA （finite element analysis） models were developed, using the ANSYS software, to simulate three unstrengthened and FRP strengthened prestressed concrete girder bridges of different configurations. Models simulate the original and aged properties of construction and retrofitting materials under the application of AASHTO （American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials） fatigue truck and a site-specific fatigue truck in different scenarios. These models were used to develop the bridge performance chart for the capacity of the bridge, with and without strengthening interventions, as a BMS tool. The results show an immediate significant improvement in the concrete tensile stress with the intervention of FRP strengthening.

Approaches for a 3D assessment of pavement evenness data based on 3D vehicle models

Pavements are 3D in their shape. They can be captured in three dimensions by modern road mapping equipment which allows for the assessment of pavement evenness in a more holistic way as opposed to current practice which divides into longitudinal and transversal evenness. It makes sense to use 3D vehicle models to simulate the effects of 3D surface data on certain functional criteria like pavement loading, cargo loading and driving comfort. In order to evaluate the three criteria mentioned two vehicle models have been created： a passenger car used to assess driving comfort and a truck-semitrailer submodel used to assess pavement and cargo loading. The vehicle models and their application to 3D surface data are presented. The results are well in line with existing single-track （planar） models. Their advantage over existing 1D/2D models is demonstrated by the example of driving comfort evaluation. Existing ＂geometric＂ limit values for the assessment of longi- tudinal evenness in terms of the power spectral density could be used to establish corre- sponding limit values for the dynamic response, i.e. driving comfort, pavement loading and cargo loading. The limit values are well in line with existing limit values based on planar vehicle models. They can be used as guidelines for the proposal of future limit values. The investigations show that the use of 3D vehicle models is an appropriate and meaningful way of assessing 3D evenness data gathered by modern road mapping systems.

Temperature-induced structural static responses of a long-span steel box girder suspension bridge

Temperature is a significant load on bridges,particularly for long-span steel box girder bridges.This study investigates the temperature-induced static responses of a long-span suspension bridge under real service environmental conditions using numerical simulations and field measurements.Detailed 2 D finite element(FE)models of a typical section for the box girder,main cable,hanger,tower column,and crossbeam are constructed.The thermal boundary conditions are determined strictly according to the surrounding environments of a typical sunny day and applied to the FE models.A transient heat-transfer analysis is performed and the time-dependent temperature and its distribution on the bridge are obtained.In addition,a fine,3 D FE model of the bridge is developed for a structural analysis.The calculated temperatures are applied to the 3 D model and the temperature-induced structural responses are simulated.The simulated temperatures and the associated static responses have good agreement with the measured counterparts and support the numerical simulation method.The main cable and bridge deck make the greatest contributions to the temperature effects on the suspension bridge.The static responses of bridge caused by the design vehicle load are also calculated.The daily variation of the temperature-induced static responses is comparable with,even higher than,that of the design vehicle load.