电动汽车动力电池采用V2G的有序充放电策略研究

本文针对电动汽车充电站现状问题,介绍了动力V2G有序充放电技术的背景并提出了相应的控制方法。通过建立仿真模型,验证了本文提出的有序充放电控制方法的有效性。研究结果表明,该控制方法可以提高充电站的服务质量和效率,为电动汽车的普及和推广提供有力支持。

Development Status and Application Analysis of Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

With the shortages of resources,environmental pollution,climate change,and other issues becoming more and more serious,it is extremely urgent to vigorously develop new energy vehicles.As the cost of batteries decrease year by year,the production and quantity of sales of electric vehicles(EVs)in the world,especially in China,increased substantially.In order to make vehicles to grid(V2G)technology better developed and applied in China.The brief introduction to V2G is given at first.Then the development status and specific cases of V2G at home and abroad are summarized.Finally,the problems that V2G may encounter during promotion and application in China are analyzed.Based on the development of the United States and Japan,specific policy recommendations are given in line with the basic national conditions of China.

An Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Plugin Electric Vehicles Joining to Charging/Discharging Station in Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G) Networks

Incorporating electric vehicles into smart grid,vehicle-to-Grid(V2G) makes it feasible to charge for large-scale electric vehicles,and in turn support electric vehicles,as mobile and distributed storage units,to discharge to smart grid.In order to provide reliable and efficient services,the operator of V2 G networks needs to monitor realtime status of every plug-in electric vehicle(PEV) and then evaluate current electricity storage capability.Anonymity,aggregation and dynamic management are three basic but crucial characteristics of which the services of V2 G networks should be.However,few of existing authentication schemes for V2 G networks could satisfy them simultaneously.In this paper,we propose a secure and efficient authentication scheme with privacy-preserving for V2 G networks.The scheme makes the charging/discharging station authenticate PEVs anonymously and manage them dynamically.Moreover,the monitoring data collected by the charging/discharging station could be sent to a local aggregator(LAG)in batch mode.In particular,time overheads during verification stage are independent with the number of involved PEVs,and there is no need to update the membership certificate and key pair before PEV logs out.

Vehicle-to-Grid Technology： State-of-the-Art and Future Scenarios

An overview of V2G （vehicle-to-grid） technology is presented in this paper, it aims to highlight the main features, opportunities and requirements of V2G. Thus, after briefly resuming the most popular charging strategies lbr PEVs （plug-in electric vehicles）, the V2G concept is introduced, especially highlighting its potentiality as a revenue opportunity ｜br PEV owners： this is mainly due to the V2G ability to provide ancillary services, such as load leveling, regulation and reserve. Such solutions have been thoroughly investigated in the literature from both the economic and technical points of view and are here reported. In addition, V2G requirements such as mobility needs, charging stations availability and appropriate PEV aggregative architectures are properly taken into account. Finally, future developments and scenarios have also been reported.

A Multi-Objective Coordinated Charging and Discharging Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Stackelberg Game

For the negative impact of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) disorderly charging on the power grid, a multi-objective optimization strategy for coordinated charging and discharging of EVs based on Stackelberg game is proposed. As the leader, the grid company aims to stabilize load fluctuations and formulate a reasonable electricity price strategy to guide EVs to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G);As followers, EV users optimize their charging plans based on electricity price information with the objective of reducing costs and obtaining good comfort. This paper uses the MOPSO algorithm to solve the proposed multi-objective Stackelberg problem, and calculates the optimization results under various preferences, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed model and method.

Charging infrastructure planning for electric vehicle in India:Present status and future challenges

The challenge to deal with environmental contamination along with national goals such as energy security,reliability,and self-dependency due to depleting fossil fuel resources has motivated researchers to find an alternate solution in the transport sector.Due to this,electrification of the transport sector has become an achievable solution that has caught attention with increasing penetration in the market share.India is a participant in the Paris Agreement which aims to curtail the production of greenhouse gases and limit the escalating temperature.Public intervention and changes in policy and regulations are the key aspects of technological transition.Compared to internal combustion engine(ICE)-based vehicles,the consumers’frame of mind concerns about adapting to e-mobility is anxiety over charging times and driving range.Thus,the development of charging stations plays a crucial role in promoting electric vehicles(EVs).This study investigates to identify different barriers that exist in the Indian context related to the adoption of e-mobility.Furthermore,this work emphasizes the recent developments in charging infrastructure planning in India.Also,the status of installed charging stations is examined.Developing appropriate charging stations are associated with several challenges,which are also highlighted to provide guidance to public and private entities that can be adopted in their respective business model.As India has the second largest population and is the seventh largest country in the world,the EV adoption rate of India is considerably low compared to other countries;for India,there is a long way to match the growth rate of EV adoption.Hence it becomes essential to develop a robust and suitable charging infrastructure to promote the sale and use of EVs in India.

Power Optimization Strategy Considering Electric Vehicle in Home Energy Management System

With the development of smart grid, residents have the opportunity to schedule their household appliances （HA） for the purpose of reducing electricity expenses and alleviating the pressure of the smart grid. In this paper, we introduce the structure of home energy management system （EMS） and then propose a power optimization strategy based on household load model and electric vehicle （EV） model for home power usage. In this strategy, the electric vehicles are charged when the price is low, and otherwise, are discharged. By adopting this combined system model under the time-of-use electricity price （TOUP）, the proposed scheduling strategy would effectively minimize the electricity cost and reduce the pressure of the smart grid at the same time. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out to show the feasibility of the proposed strategy. The results show that crossover genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm has better convergence properties than traditional particle swarm algorithm and better adaptability than genetic algorithm.

Impact of Electric Vehicles on Travel and Electricity Demand in Metropolitan Area： A Case Study in Nagoya

In this study, we examine the impacts that EVs （electric vehicles） have on vehicle usage patterns and environmental improvements, using our integrated travel demand forecasting model, which can simulate an individual activity-travel behavior in each time period, as well as consider an induced demand by decreasing travel cost. In order to examine the effects that charging/discharging have on the demand in electricity, we analyze scenarios based on the simulation results of the EVs＇ parking location, parking duration and the battery state of charge. From the simulation, result under the ownership rate of EVs in the Nagoya metropolitan area in 2020 is about 6%, which turns out that the total CO2 emissions have decreased by 4% although the situation of urban transport is not changed. After calculating the electricity demand in each zone using architectural area and basic units of hourly power consumption, we evaluate the effect to decrease the peak load by V2G （vehicle-to-grid）. According to the results, if EV drivers charge at home during the night and discharge at work during the day, the electricity demand in Nagoya city increases by approximately 1%, although changes in each individual zone range from -7% to ＋8%, depending on its characteristics.

基于电动汽车V2G技术的多端口集成车载变换器研究

双向功率变换器是实现电动汽车V2G(Vehicle to grid)技术的关键性设备。引入集成技术,利用共享车载驱动电机和驱动电力电子变换装置,提出一种新的集成式双向车载功率变换器。它既可以将电动汽车蓄电池能量回馈给电网,又可完成蓄电池充电功能。集成式功率变换器具有单相、三相充/放电接口,实现了一机多口,增强了车载系统的紧凑性。分析不同充/放电模式下的集成功率变换器拓扑,给出了充/放电模式下的控制策略。最后,给出了仿真和试验结果,验证了多端口集成车载功率变换器的可行性。

Multi-objective capacity allocation optimization method of photovoltaic EV charging station considering V2G

Large-scale electric vehicles(EVs) connected to the micro grid would cause many problems. In this paper, with the consideration of vehicle to grid(V2 G), two charging and discharging load modes of EVs were constructed. One was the disorderly charging and discharging mode based on travel habits, and the other was the orderly charging and discharging mode based on time-of-use(TOU) price;Monte Carlo method was used to verify the case. The scheme of the capacity optimization of photovoltaic charging station under two different charging and discharging modes with V2 G was proposed. The mathematical models of the objective function with the maximization of energy efficiency, the minimization of the investment and the operation cost of the charging system were established. The range of decision variables, constraints of the requirements of the power balance and the strategy of energy exchange were given. NSGA-Ⅱ and NSGA-SA algorithm were used to verify the cases, respectively. In both algorithms, by comparing with the simulation results of the two different modes, it shows that the orderly charging and discharging mode with V2 G is obviously better than the disorderly charging and discharging mode in the aspects of alleviating the pressure of power grid, reducing system investment and improving energy efficiency.

Implementation of Efficient B2G and V2G in Practical Cases

In this paper, building to grid(B2G) and vehicle to grid(V2G) have been defined with clear and practical understanding. Both of them are new generation technologies which are the essential part of smart city living and crowd energy clustering. Firstly, an in-detailed overview has been provided with an introduction to B2G and V2G followed by a historical overview and theoretical analysis in respect to smart city planning. Next, a review is conducted on current and previous smart living research, which deals with B2G and V2G. Efficient B2G and V2G implementations in practical cases then have been discussed. Lastly, both of these technical prospects have been analyzed in crowd energy diagram.

Power Quality Improvement and Signal Conditioning of PV Array and Grid Interfaced Off-board Charger for Electric Vehicles with V2G and G2V Capabilities

In this work,we present a photovoltaic(PV)-based off-board charging system integrated with the grid using a voltage source converter(VSC).The control of the grid-tied off-board charger is derived from the joint logarithmic hyperbolic cosine robust sparse adaptive filter(JLHCAF)algorithm.This algorithm effectively tracks the fundamental component of the load current in a short duration,providing a good dynamic response.Due to its robustness against impulsive interference,the JLHCAF outperforms other sparsity-aware robust algorithms The cascaded proportional-integral(PI)controller is used to control the bidirectional buck-boost converter for electric vehicle(EV)charging/discharging,which acts in buck operation if the EV is being charged and in boost operation if it is discharged.The reference DC link voltage for the controller is derived by using adaptive MPPT technique.The bidirectional properties of the system enable various functions,including grid-to-vehicle(G2V),vehicle-to-grid(V2G),PV source-to-grid(PV2G),vehicle-to-home(V2H),and PV source-to-vehicle(PV2V)operations.Additionally,the system can supply power to critical nonlinear loads.The control strategy ensures compliance with the power quality requirements set by the IEEE standard,as demonstrated in the results.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed system,we conducted tests under dynamic conditions by disconnecting and reconnecting household loads.Furthermore,the off-board charging system was subjected to actual conditions,such as variations in solar PV insolation,and its steady-state performance was evaluated through simulation and laboratory experimental prototypes.The results,including total harmonic distortion(THD),support the validation of the developed charging system.

Technical Investigation on V2G,S2V,and V2I for Next Generation Smart City Planning

The paper investigates a few of the major areas of the next generation technological advancement,“smart city planning concept”.The areas that the paper focuses are vehicle to grid(V2G),sun to vehicle(S2V),and vehicle to infrastructure(V2I).For the bi-directional crowd energy single entity concept,V2G and building to grid(B2G)are the primary parts of distributed renewable generation(DRG)under smart living.This research includes an in-depth overview of this three major areas.Next,the research conducts a case analysis of V2G,S2V,and V2I along with their possible limitations in order to find out the novel solutions for future development both for academia and industry levels.Lastly,few possible solutions have been proposed to minimize the limitations and to develop the existing system for future expansion.

A Novel Bidirectional Interaction Model and Electric Energy Measuring Scheme of EVs for V2G with Distorted Power Loads

With the increasing demand for petroleum resources and environmental issues,new energy electric vehicles are increasingly being used.However,the large number of electric vehicles connected to the grid has brought new challenges to the operation of the grid.Firstly,A novel bidirectional interaction model is established based on modulation theory with nonlinear loads.Then,the electric energy measuring scheme of EVs for V2G is derived under the conditions of distorted power loads.The scheme is composed of fundamental electric energy,fundamental-distorted electric energy,distorted-fundamental electric energy and distorted electric energy.And the characteristics of each electric energy are analyzed.Finally,the correctness of the model and energy measurement method is verified by three simulation cases:the impact signals,the fluctuating signals,and the harmonic signals.

The Interaction between the Large-Scale EVs and the Power Grid

With the problem of global energy shortage and people’s awareness of energy saving, electric vehicles receive world-wide attention from government to business. Then the load of the power grid will rapidly increase in a short term, and a series of effects will bring to the power grid operation, management, production and planning. With the large-scale penetration of electric vehicles and distributed energy gradually increased, if they can be effectively controlled and regulated, they can play the roles of load shifting, stabling intermittent renewable energy sources, providing emergency power supply and so on. Otherwise they may have a negative impact, which calls for a good interaction of electric vehicles and power grid. Analyzed the status of the current study on the interaction between the electric vehicles and the power grid, this paper builds the material basis, information architecture and the corresponding control method for the interaction from the aspect of the energy and information exchanging, and then discusses the key issues, which makes a useful exploration for the further research.

Smart Solar Charging： Bi-Directional AC Charging （V2G） in the Netherlands

It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV （photo voltaic）. Together with the change on demand side that comes with the global ＂electrification＂, this can lead to serious grid congestion in low voltage grids and massive grid investments in solving this congestion. Smart charging can partly solve this issue, but with using a connected EV （electric vehicle） as a small distribution unit, combined with bi-directional charging or V2G （vehicle-to-grid） technology, these investments can be reduced to a minimum. In Lombok, Utrecht, the Netherlands, an innovative pilot was initiated with smart solar charging stations, shared electric vehicles and AC （alternating current） V2G technology. This unique combination proves that EVs are an opportunity for the grid rather than a threat. A unique partnership with OEM Renault was established to develop an AC V2G vehicle product line and work on open standardized communication between the EV, the charging station and the grid.

Operation-area-constrained Adaptive Primary Frequency Support Strategy for Electric Vehicle Clusters

Due to their fast response and strong short-term power throughput capacity, electric vehicles(EVs) are promising for providing primary frequency support to power grids. However, due to the complicated charging demands of drivers, it is challenging to efficiently utilize the regulation capacity of EV clusters for providing stable primary frequency support to the power grid. Accordingly, this paper proposes an adaptive primary frequency support strategy for EV clusters constrained by the charging-behavior-defined operation area. First, the forced charging boundary of the EV is determined according to the driver's charging behavior, and based on this, the operation area is defined. This ensures full utilization of the available frequency support capacity of the EV. An adaptive primary frequency support strategy of EV clusters is then proposed. The output power of EV is adaptively regulated according to the real-time distance from the EV operating point to the forced charging boundary. With the proposed strategy, when the EV approaches the forced charging boundary, its output power is gradually reduced to zero. Then, the rapid state-of-charge declines of EVs and sudden output power reductions in EV clusters caused by forced charging to meet the driver's charging demands can be effectively avoided. EV clusters can then provide sustainable frequency support to the power grid without violating the driver's charging demands. Simulation results validate the proposed operation-area-constrained adaptive primary frequency support strategy, which outperforms the average strategy in terms of stable output maintenance and the optimal utilization of regulation capacities of EV clusters.

Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles for Economic Benefits:A Review

Emissions from the internal combustion engine(ICE) vehicles are one of the primary cause of air pollution and climate change. In recent years, electric vehicles(EVs) are becoming a more sensible alternative to these ICE vehicles. With the recent breakthroughs in battery technology and large-scale production, EVs are becoming cheaper. In the near future,mass deployment of EVs will put severe stress on the existing electrical power system(EPS). Optimal scheduling of EVs can reduce the stress on the existing network while accommodating large-scale integration of EVs. The integration of these EVs can provide several economic benefits to different players in the energy market. In this paper, recent works related to the integration of EV with EPS are classified based on their relevance to different players in the electricity market. This classification refers to four players: generation company(GENCO), distribution system operator(DSO), EV aggregator, and end user. Further classification is done based on scheduling or charging strategies used for the grid integration of EVs. This paper provides a comprehensive review of technical challenges in the grid integration of EVs along with their solution based on optimal scheduling and controlled charging strategies.

Possible role of power-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid asstorages and flexible loads in the German 110 kV distributiongrid

The sectoral coupling of road traffic (in form of E-Mobility) and electrical energy supply (known as power-to-vehicle (P2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is discussed as one of the possible development concepts for the flexible system integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the support of the objectives of the German energy transition (aka. Energiewende). It is obvious that E-mobility, which shall produce as few emissions as possible, should be based on the exclusive use of renewable energies. At the same time, the E-mobility can help to reduce the negative effects of the grid integration of RES to the distribution grids. However, this assumes that the electric vehicles are smart integrated to the grids where they charge, meaning that they must be able to communicate and be controllable. Because per se unplanned and uncontrollable charging processes are harmful for the grid operation, especially if they occur frequently and unexpected in similar time periods, the effects can hardly be controlled and can lead to serious technical problems in practical grid operation. This paper provides an insight into the current development of E-mobility in Germany. The insight will be matched with the German development of the RES. By the combination of both sectors, the possible role of the E-mobility for the distribution grid will be depicted, which can have positive and negative aspects.

Short-term interaction between electric vehicles and microgrid in decentralized vehicle-to-grid control methods

In this paper,a particular standard MicroGrid(MG)is accurately simulated in the presence of the Electric Vehicles(EVs)participating in decentralized primary frequency control service.It examines effect of number of the participating EVs on the short-term dynamic behaviour.The simulation results confirm that frequency deviation will not definitely become zero even though an unlimited number of the EVs participate.The output power of each EV is determined according to the frequency deviation.On the other hand,the output power of each EV affects the value of the frequency deviation,especially in small-scale MGs and MGs with predominant inductance behaviour.Eventually,an equilibrium point is reached after a new EV is added that depends on the characteristics of the MG and the functions executed in the MG central controller during such a service.Additionally,effect of Reflex method,an advanced charging technique for EVs,on the frequency deviation is examined.