A Random Fusion of Mix 3D and Polar Mix to Improve Semantic Segmentation Performance in 3D Lidar Point Cloud

This paper focuses on the effective utilization of data augmentation techniques for 3Dlidar point clouds to enhance the performance of neural network models.These point clouds,which represent spatial information through a collection of 3D coordinates,have found wide-ranging applications.Data augmentation has emerged as a potent solution to the challenges posed by limited labeled data and the need to enhance model generalization capabilities.Much of the existing research is devoted to crafting novel data augmentation methods specifically for 3D lidar point clouds.However,there has been a lack of focus on making the most of the numerous existing augmentation techniques.Addressing this deficiency,this research investigates the possibility of combining two fundamental data augmentation strategies.The paper introduces PolarMix andMix3D,two commonly employed augmentation techniques,and presents a new approach,named RandomFusion.Instead of using a fixed or predetermined combination of augmentation methods,RandomFusion randomly chooses one method from a pool of options for each instance or sample.This innovative data augmentation technique randomly augments each point in the point cloud with either PolarMix or Mix3D.The crux of this strategy is the random choice between PolarMix and Mix3Dfor the augmentation of each point within the point cloud data set.The results of the experiments conducted validate the efficacy of the RandomFusion strategy in enhancing the performance of neural network models for 3D lidar point cloud semantic segmentation tasks.This is achieved without compromising computational efficiency.By examining the potential of merging different augmentation techniques,the research contributes significantly to a more comprehensive understanding of how to utilize existing augmentation methods for 3D lidar point clouds.RandomFusion data augmentation technique offers a simple yet effective method to leverage the diversity of augmentation techniques and boost the robustness of models.The insights gained from this research can pave the way for future work aimed at developing more advanced and efficient data augmentation strategies for 3D lidar point cloud analysis.

Development of vehicle-recognition method on water surfaces using LiDAR data:SPD^(2)(spherically stratified point projection with diameter and distance)

Swarm robot systems are an important application of autonomous unmanned surface vehicles on water surfaces.For monitoring natural environments and conducting security activities within a certain range using a surface vehicle,the swarm robot system is more efficient than the operation of a single object as the former can reduce cost and save time.It is necessary to detect adjacent surface obstacles robustly to operate a cluster of unmanned surface vehicles.For this purpose,a LiDAR(light detection and ranging)sensor is used as it can simultaneously obtain 3D information for all directions,relatively robustly and accurately,irrespective of the surrounding environmental conditions.Although the GPS(global-positioning-system)error range exists,obtaining measurements of the surface-vessel position can still ensure stability during platoon maneuvering.In this study,a three-layer convolutional neural network is applied to classify types of surface vehicles.The aim of this approach is to redefine the sparse 3D point cloud data as 2D image data with a connotative meaning and subsequently utilize this transformed data for object classification purposes.Hence,we have proposed a descriptor that converts the 3D point cloud data into 2D image data.To use this descriptor effectively,it is necessary to perform a clustering operation that separates the point clouds for each object.We developed voxel-based clustering for the point cloud clustering.Furthermore,using the descriptor,3D point cloud data can be converted into a 2D feature image,and the converted 2D image is provided as an input value to the network.We intend to verify the validity of the proposed 3D point cloud feature descriptor by using experimental data in the simulator.Furthermore,we explore the feasibility of real-time object classification within this framework.

Filtering of Airborne Lidar Point Clouds for Complex Cityscapes

A novel filtering algorithm for Lidar point clouds is presented, which can work well for complex cityscapes. Its main features are filtering based on raw Lidar point clouds without previous triangulation or rasterization. 3D topological relations among points are used to search edge points at the top of discontinuities, which are key information to recognize the bare earth points and building points. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can preserve discontinuous features in the bare earth and has no impact of size and shape of buildings.

Comparative Analysis of the Digital Terrain Models Extracted from Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds Using Different Filtering Approaches in Residential Landscapes

Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is a well-established active remote sensing technology that can provide accurate digital elevation measurements for the terrain and non-ground objects such as vegetations and buildings, etc. Non-ground objects need to be removed for creation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) which is a continuous surface representing only ground surface points. This study aimed at comparative analysis of three main filtering approaches for stripping off non-ground objects namely;Gaussian low pass filter, focal analysis mean filter and DTM slope-based filter of varying window sizes in creation of a reliable DTM from airborne LiDAR point clouds. A sample of LiDAR data provided by the ISPRS WG III/4 captured at Vaihingen in Germany over a pure residential area has been used in the analysis. Visual analysis has indicated that Gaussian low pass filter has given blurred DTMs of attenuated high-frequency objects and emphasized low-frequency objects while it has achieved improved removal of non-ground object at larger window sizes. Focal analysis mean filter has shown better removal of nonground objects compared to Gaussian low pass filter especially at large window sizes where details of non-ground objects almost have diminished in the DTMs from window sizes of 25 × 25 and greater. DTM slope-based filter has created bare earth models that have been full of gabs at the positions of the non-ground objects where the sizes and numbers of that gabs have increased with increasing the window sizes of filter. Those gaps have been closed through exploitation of the spline interpolation method in order to get continuous surface representing bare earth landscape. Comparative analysis has shown that the minimum elevations of the DTMs increase with increasing the filter widow sizes till 21 × 21 and 31 × 31 for the Gaussian low pass filter and the focal analysis mean filter respectively. On the other hand, the DTM slope-based filter has kept the minimum elevation of the original data, that could be due to noise in the LiDAR data unchanged. Alternatively, the three approaches have produced DTMs of decreasing maximum elevation values and consequently decreasing ranges of elevations due to increases in the filter window sizes. Moreover, the standard deviations of the created DTMs from the three filters have decreased with increasing the filter window sizes however, the decreases have been continuous and steady in the cases of the Gaussian low pass filter and the focal analysis mean filters while in the case of the DTM slope-based filter the standard deviations of the created DTMs have decreased with high rates till window size of 31 × 31 then they have kept unchanged due to more increases in the filter window sizes.

智航无人机载LiDAR系统在轨道交通建设中的应用分析

为了减少轨道交通建设外业勘测的工作量,提高制图的效率和精度,本文首先基于实际项目,选用智航SF1650六旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统对济南新东站片区进行航摄,利用获取的LiDAR点云和影像数据制作DEM、DOM,然后再进行大比例尺地形图和片区断面图的制作。通过外业勘测核实,DEM和DOM精度完全满足轨道交通建设工程制作大比例尺地形图的要求,且相较于传统立体航测,精度和数据利用率得到很大的提升,极大减少了外业勘测工作量,验证了智航SF1650无人机载LiDAR系统的可行性,为今后的工程应用提供了参考方案。

基于RS-Conv的多尺度神经网络LiDAR点云断裂带提取方法

断裂带与地震、滑坡等自然灾害的发生有着密切关系,精准提取断裂带不仅可为地震断层的定量化研究提供指导,还可为地震灾害风险评估及防震减灾决策的制定提供科学依据。针对现有方法中LiDAR点云断裂带提取不完整、连续性差及错误率高等问题,文中提出了一种基于RS-Conv的多尺度神经网络LiDAR点云断裂带提取方法,以便更好地解决复杂地形区域的断裂带自动提取问题。该方法首先构建不同空间尺度的邻域点集,从而更全面地考察点云的局部几何结构特征。考虑到RS-Conv算子能够很好地表征中心点与邻域点的空间关系,文中以RS-Conv算子作为卷积模块构建了多尺度神经网络模型,以提取出LiDAR点云不同尺度的深层次特征,对其进行堆叠并输入到全连接层,以完成对断裂带点的提取。最后,在ISPRS点云数据集、川滇点云数据集和鲜水河数据集上对文中所述方法与张量分解方法和Deep Neural Networks(DNN)方法进行了对比实验,结果表明,文中方法的分类精度最高,分类总误差最低仅为0.3%,较其他方法降低了0.91%~2.79%,证实了该方法在点云断裂带提取方面的优越性。

一种DEM辅助下的LiDAR点云PTD滤波改进算法

针对传统渐进加密不规则三角网(PTD)滤波算法在复杂地形环境下需要反复调试地面点判断参数才能获得较好结果的局限性,以往期DEM数据提取的地形高程和地形梯度为辅助,改进PTD中初始地面种子点的选取方法,优化地面点判断参数,并对往期DEM数据和现势LiDAR点云数据之间的地形变化进行检测和处理,适用于不同坡度地形条件的复杂地形,滤波效果较好。对比分析实验数据精度可知,该算法能有效降低I类与II类误差,且样本分类精度均在90%以上,说明DEM辅助可切实提高PTD滤波算法的精度。

改进的密度聚类精确自适应提取LiDAR电力线点云方法

原有邻域半径r_(Eps)与密度阈值p_(MinPts)两个参数的初始赋值导致电力线点云的提取结果存在不确定性,在密度聚类的基础上增添了点云簇类自适应判别方法,该方法避免人员重复测试初始参数的繁琐过程,采用C++语言完成了对该算法电力线精确提取及电力线拟合程序的开发与测试。结果表明:改进后的密度聚类法在电力线点云提取的损失率仅0.02%,三维重建残差为0.213 m;该方法大幅提高了电力线点云提取的准确性与便捷性,适用于高压电力走廊的电力巡检与三维重建等工作。

无人机LiDAR点云与无人机影像匹配点云分析比较

随着无人机技术的不断发展,无人机数码航测技术和无人机LiDAR技术在测量领域的应用越来越广泛。为分析无人机LiDAR点云和无人机影像匹配点云2种点云的差异,该文通过对西南某铁路一个测区在同一飞行高度的情况下同时进行无人机数码航摄及无人机LiDAR航摄2种方式航摄。对2种不同的摄影方式获取的点云进行比较,分析出2种方法获取点云在形态表现、滤波分类,以及利用2种点云制作DEM高程精度方面的差异,为实际工程航飞方式的选择提供一个参考。

基于车载LiDAR的交通标线自动提取方法研究

针对自动驾驶技术对高精度道路信息实时存储分析的需求日渐增大、道路点云数据冗余离散的问题,本文提出了一种从车载LiDAR点云数据中自动提取道路面、分类并矢量化交通标线的有效方法。首先,将点云数据中的非地面点滤除;其次,基于载体车辆的行车轨迹线生成伪扫描线实现道路面的提取;然后,构建一系列二维点云参考影像,利用点云强度等特征信息检测交通标线边界像素点及坐标,并去除离群值对交通标线进行分类细化;最后,对本文方法提取与传统方法提取的交通要素进行对比,实验结果表明,本文提取方法的准确度及效率都有了一定的提升。

协同随机森林方法和无人机LiDAR空谱数据的盐沼植被“精灵圈”识别

“精灵圈”作为一种典型的空间自组织结构,对盐沼植被生态系统及其功能有重要影响。获取“精灵圈”的空间格局及时空变化,可为厘清其生态演化机理提供重要科学支撑。本文基于随机森林机器学习方法,结合无人机激光雷达(LiDAR)点云的空间信息与光谱信息,对盐沼植被“精灵圈”进行智能识别与提取。首先,利用激光雷达方程和Phong模型,消除距离、入射角以及镜面反射效应对强度数据的影响,并且通过校正后强度数据滤波分离植被点云与地面点云。然后,构造系列空间特征及几何变量,利用随机森林算法,对植被点云中的正常植被和“精灵圈”进行分类。结果表明:该方法无需人工经验设置参数,能够精确地从无人机LiDAR三维点云数据中快速自动识别“精灵圈”,总体精度为83.9%。本文为“精灵圈”时空分布反演提供了一种高精度的方法,也为基于机器学习的三维点云数据处理提供了技术借鉴。

四川芦山地区农村典型民居LiDAR点云背景值分析

使用地基三维激光扫描仪,采集了2013年四川芦山7.0级地震灾区农村典型民居基本完好砌体建筑物140个独立墙面的高精度LiDAR点云数据。根据标准差原理,采用统计回归分析方法,对LiDAR数据进行了处理,分析和验证LiDAR点云数据背景值区间。结果表明:芦山地区农村典型民居砌体结构建筑物墙面的LiDAR点云数据背景值区间为0~0.45 cm,并证实其合理性。

基于MLS LiDAR点云提取桃树结构参数

为构建数字化果园并提高智能化管理水平,探索基于MLS LiDAR提取桃树结构参数的方法。使用背包搭载多平台激光雷达采集展叶期桃园点云数据,采用改进K-Means聚类算法分割单棵桃树点云;对部分存在空洞的枝条点云上采样,得到较高密度枝条点云数据;使用不同直径的圆柱拟合重建桃树定量结构模型(QSM),提取桃树5项结构参数。结果表明:该方法能实现桃树精准三维模型重建,重建后提取的冠幅值、株高、主干直径、一二级枝条长度与实测值决定系数分别为0.779、0.939、0.978、0.965、0.986,均方根误差分别为0.280 m、0.076 m、0.003 m、0.066 m、0.068 m;平均相对误差为8.6%、2.5%、3.2%、2.6%、8.4%。研究结果可为桃园智能化管理提供数据支撑。

Modeling and analyzing point cloud generation in missile-borne LiDAR

The missile-borne LiDAR has an essential prospect in precise guidance.However,the instability of the missile has a significant impact on the precision of LIDAR point cloud,thus modeling and analyzing the influencing factors of point cloud generation is necessary.In this investigation,the authors modeled the point cloud calculation process of missile-borne linear array scanning LiDAR under ideal conditions and analyzed the effect of position change on the fleld of view(FOV) in the course of platform motion.Subsequently,the authors summarized that the stability concerning the field of view and the target tracking are dependent on three limiting conditions.Finally,the authors derived an error formula and analyzed several typical errors in missile platform flight,including scanner error,POS error,system integration error,and platform vibration error.Based on theo retical analysis and simulation experiments,the model proposed in this papier can provide a theoretical basis for the design of the missile-borne LiDAR system and the selection of related instruments in practice.

基于径向梯度的车载LiDAR点云路面点提取

针对大规模车载LiDAR点云数据量庞大,以及因障碍物遮挡或道路起伏导致提取结果准确度欠佳且存在噪声等问题,本文采用一种基于径向梯度的车载LiDAR点云路面点提取方法。首先对点云数据进行预处理,包括直通滤波和体素滤波降采样;然后根据车载激光雷达的设备参数,将极坐标系下的点云投影至扇形格网内;最后以扇形格网为基础,提取基于移动窗口的径向梯度路面点,并利用最小二乘法对提取的路面进行平面拟合,优化提取结果。试验选取KITTI数据集用于提取路面点,结果表明,相较于其他路面点提取方法,本文方法稳健性强、准确度高,其中,路面点提取的平均准确度可达91.85%,平均完整度可达80.63%,平均精度可达75.25%。

基于三角面元的海岸带机载/船载LiDAR点云配准方法研究

机载LiDAR系统与船载LiDAR系统是获取海岸带点云数据的常用方式。两种测量系统所测数据具有空间差异性和互补性,对这两类非同源点云数据进行配准具有重要意义。本研究提出一种基于三角面元的LiDAR点云配准算法,根据空间分布将目标点云分割成若干不规则的三角面元作为配准基元,利用点-面变换模型,最小化源点云中的测量点与其平面位置处的三角面元间的距离,最终实现海岸带区域点云配准。实验结果表明,配准前后的样本点距离平均误差和点-面距离均方根误差分别从3.30和1.51 m降低到0.76和0.17 m,本研究基于三角面元的点云配准方法可以有效消除海岸带非同源点云数据测量空隙、角度偏差等现象。

一种改进的机载LiDAR数据构建DEM地面种子点选取方法

针对机载激光雷达(LiDAR)数据使用传统方法获取的地面种子点密度低,种子点之间空白区域的地形信息缺失,不利于后续提取地面点和构建高质量数字高程模型(DEM)的问题,本文提出了一种基于新的网格遍历规则的地面种子点选取方法。与传统方法中的起始网格在X和Y方向上每次移动1个规则网格宽度不同,该方法每次移动1/2个网格宽度,增加规则网格数量,获取的地面种子点个数相较于传统方法提高约200%,可补充种子点之间空白区域的地形信息,有利于提高后续点云数据处理的精度和相关产品的可靠性。

基于LiDAR的道路景观需求研究——以郑州市三环内主干道为例

为研究人行、车行对城市主干道景观需求满足度,选择郑州市主干道为研究对象,通过背包式激光雷达获取道路景观三维点云数据,利用层次分析法构建评价体系并利用熵值法确定评价体系指标权重,在此基础上,采用k-means聚类分析划分道路评价等级。得出不同基础条件下,郑州市三环内主干道景观需求满足度及评价等级,并对道路景观结构进行相似性和差异性分析。该体系能够衡量城市主干道中蕴含的生态及安全风险,为今后城市主干道绿化景观改善提供科学依据。

基于LiDAR多维点云优化的垄作菊花采摘机器人自主导航方法研究

[目的]针对田间作业环境复杂导致金丝皇菊采摘机器人行走不稳定、生产效率低的问题,本文设计了一种基于LiDAR多维点云优化的菊花采摘机器人自主导航系统,以实现机器人在农田中的精准作业与高效生产。[方法]通过履带式底盘搭载的Velodyne 16线激光雷达获取田间三维点云信息,并对其进行坐标校正和体素滤波预处理。提出了一种多维点云优化算法,可按照金丝皇菊植株生长特性获取不同坐标轴下的有效点云特征,生成左右两侧垄沟线;并采用改进纯跟踪控制算法对最小二乘法拟合得到导航基准线进行跟踪导航。[结果]通过对Stanley控制算法和改进纯跟踪控制算法进行仿真试验,改进纯跟踪算法表现出更高效的跟踪性能。利用金丝皇菊采摘机器人在南京市湖熟菊花园进行实地试验。试验结果表明,基于LiDAR多维点云优化的自主导航算法横向平均绝对误差为0.0474 m,标准差值为0.0306 m,位置偏差绝对值为0.0789 m,航向平均绝对误差为2.177°,标准差值为2.589°,横向平均绝对误差减小67.13%,离散程度降低48.34%。[结论]本文提出的基于LiDAR多维点云优化算法和改进纯跟踪算法可以有效提高导航精准度,改善系统抗干扰性,导航效果较好,从而保证金丝皇菊采摘机器人的精准作业。

无人机LiDAR在输电线路平断面测绘中的应用

传统输电线路平断面测绘方法工作量大、野外危险性高,难以测量植被覆盖区域地面点高程及交叉跨越导线。针对该问题,本文提出了将无人机LiDAR技术应用于输电线路平断面测绘的方法。首先分析了无人机LiDAR的原理及优势;然后对无人机LiDAR外业数据采集、激光点云滤波构建DEM、三维地物采集、断面提取及平断面快速成图等关键技术进行了深入研究。结果表明,该方法可以实现高精度、智能化地测绘平断面图,效率大大提高,为输电线路路径优化提供了技术支撑,具有巨大的经济和社会效益,值得推广与借鉴。