Comparative Analysis of Mobile Application Stores in Different Charging Modes

This paper describes the platformisation of the mobile services domain,which in recent years has become a successful strategy for some hardware manufacturers and software companies.While having different platform strategies and business models,they have succeeded in creating a demand for mobile software and content with end-users.This paper proposes a way to determine the optimum platform-charging mode that an operator should adopt to play a meaningful role in the mobile service domain and with respect to content with end-users.Four charging modes employed by mobile application stores are studied in this paper,namely the one-sided paid-by-users charging mode,the one-sided paid-by-advertisers charging mode,the two-sided differential paid charging mode and the two-sided paid and free access charging mode.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of the four modes is also presented.

Design of the Mobile Phone Charging Device based on Human Motion Energy and Light Energy

This paper designs a mechanical swing of placementing mobile phone, which is inspired by the mechanical watch automatic winding process. The use of the kinetic energy generated by human body motion drives the wheel swing and the generator, it can carry out mobile phone additional charge through the electronic components rectifier and DC/DC converter regulator, the use of human motion and light energy can extend a fixed charge mobile phone standby time. The human motion power uses electromagnetic coupling technique and collects energy by using foot swing, solar power generation uses DSP chip in TMS320F28927 control a plurality of charging circuit, inverter circuit and solar maximum power point tracking by sampling and multiple output PWM wave. Finally, charging process has the basic constant current process discovered by device testing, the design of human motion and light energy mobile phone charger can satisfy the need of mobile phone rechargeable lithium batteries.

Collaborative Charging Scheduling in Wireless Charging Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have the trouble of limited battery power, and wireless charging provides apromising solution to this problem, which is not easily affected by the external environment. In this paper, we studythe recharging of sensors in wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) by scheduling two mobile chargers(MCs) to collaboratively charge sensors. We first formulate a novel sensor charging scheduling problem with theobjective of maximizing the number of surviving sensors, and further propose a collaborative charging schedulingalgorithm(CCSA) for WRSNs. In the scheme, the sensors are divided into important sensors and ordinary sensors.TwoMCs can adaptively collaboratively charge the sensors based on the energy limit ofMCs and the energy demandof sensors. Finally, we conducted comparative simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithmcan effectively reduce the death rate of the sensor. The proposed algorithm provides a solution to the uncertaintyof node charging tasks and the collaborative challenges posed by multiple MCs in practical scenarios.

Potential Impact of Mobile Phone Charger Standardization in China

The standardization of mobile phone charger is proceeding steadily in Europe. This paper makes a quantitative analysis on the potential impact of this move in China. The demands for mobile handset and phone charger in China after the introduction of standardization are predicted based on Bass diffusion model. The results indicate that the standardization would have little influence on mobile phone producers, but may charger makers face a fierce turbulence. Standardization would not only reduce the size of charger market, but also change the stable demand to a fluctuating pattern. Standardization of mobile phone charger can contribute to green economy greatly and provide the ICT industry a directive signal for green innovation in the future. Finally, suggestions for policy makers are provided based on the analysis.

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their Charge Carrier Mobilities in Field-Effect Transistors

Two-dimensional(2D) materials have attracted extensive interest due to their excellent electrical, thermal,mechanical, and optical properties. Graphene has been one of the most explored 2D materials. However, its zero band gap has limited its applications in electronic devices. Transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDC), another kind of 2D material,has a nonzero direct band gap(same charge carrier momentum in valence and conduction band) at monolayer state,promising for the efficient switching devices(e.g., field-effect transistors). This review mainly focuses on the recent advances in charge carrier mobility and the challenges to achieve high mobility in the electronic devices based on 2DTMDC materials and also includes an introduction of 2D materials along with the synthesis techniques. Finally, this review describes the possible methodology and future prospective to enhance the charge carrier mobility for electronic devices.

First-principles hybrid functional study of the electronic structure and charge carrier mobility in perovskite CH_3NH_3SnI_3

We calculate the electronic properties and carrier mobility of perovskite CH3NH3SnI3as a solar cell absorber by using the hybrid functional method. The calculated result shows that the electron and hole mobilities have anisotropies with a large magnitude of 1.4 × 104cm2·V-1·s-1along the y direction. In view of the huge difference between hole and electron mobilities, the perovskite CH3NH3 Sn I3can be considered as a p-type semiconductor. We also discover a relationship between the effective mass anisotropy and electronic occupation anisotropy. The above results can provide reliable guidance for its experimental applications in electronics and optoelectronics.

Resonant-Inductive Wireless Power Transfer for Autonomous Mobile Robots

Due to the increasing commercial interest in autonomy and sustainability,this paper reviews and presents a comprehensive summary of the resonant-inductive power transmission(RPT)technology for autonomous mobile robots.It outlines historic and recent research activities in wireless power transmission,covering the fundamental operation of microwave,capacitive and inductive power transfer technologies,state-of-the-art developments in RPT for high-power applications,current design and health standards,technological drawbacks,and possible future trends.In this paper,coupling-enhanced pad designs,adaptive tuning techniques,compensation network designs,and control techniques are explored.Major design issues such as coupling variation,frequency splitting,and bifurcation are reviewed.The difference between maximum power transfer and maximum energy efficiency is highlighted.Human exposure guidelines are summarized from documentations provided by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)and the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP).Other standards like WPC’s Qi and Airfuel design standards are also summarized.Finally,the possible trends of the relevant research and development,particularly dynamic charging,are discussed.The intention of this review is to encourage designs that will relieve robot operators of the burden of frequent manual recharging,and to reduce downtime and increase the productivity of autonomous mobile robots in industrial environments.

Apparent Mobilities of Na^+, K^+and Ca^(2+) Ions in Variable Charge Soil Colloid Systems

In this paper a simple method for determination of the apparent mobility of cation in a soil colloid system was described. With this method apparent mobilities of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions in the systems of the ferric luvisol, acrisol, and ferralsol were determined, and the reduction percentages of the mobilities were calculated. The results showed that the apparent mobilities of different cations at the same normality in a given soil system were in the order UNa> UK> UCa; those of the same cations among different soil systems were in the order ferralsol > acrisol > ferric luvisol, but the reduction percentages were in a reverse order, which among different cations at the same normality was Ca2+> K+> Na+ for ferric luvisol and acrisol systems, but was K+> Ca2+> Na+ for farralsol system. These results were interpreted in terms of different amounts of negative charge the clay fraction of different soils carries, and different mechanisms by which the soils adsorb the cations.

Investigation on the passivation,band alignment,gate charge,and mobility degradation of the Ge MOSFET with a GeO/Al;O;gate stack by ozone oxidation

Ge has been an alternative channel material for the performance enhancement of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)technology applications because of its high carrier mobility and superior compatibility with Si CMOS technology.The gate structure plays a key role on the electrical property.In this paper,the property of Ge MOSFET with Al_(2)O_(3)/GeO_(x)/Ge stack by ozone oxidation is reviewed.The GeO_(x)passivation mechanism by ozone oxidation and band align-ment of Al2O3/GeO_(x)/Ge stack is described.In addition,the charge distribution in the gate stack and remote Coulomb scatter-ing on carrier mobility is also presented.The surface passivation is mainly attributed to the high oxidation state of Ge.The en-ergy band alignment is well explained by the gap state theory.The charge distribution is quantitatively characterized and it is found that the gate charges make a great degradation on carrier mobility.These investigations help to provide an impressive un-derstanding and a possible instructive method to improve the performance of Ge devices.

Model-Based Quantification of Load Shift Potentials and Optimized Charging of Electric Vehicles

Managing the charging process of a large number of electric vehicles to decrease the pressure on the local electricity grid is of high interest to the utilities. Using efficient mathematical optimization techniques, the charging behavior of electric vehicles shall be optimally controlled taking into account network, vehicle, and customer requirements. We developed an efficient algorithm for calculating load shift potentials defined as the range of all charging curves meeting the customer’s requirements and respecting all individual charging and discharging constraints over time. In addition, we formulated a mixed integer linear program (MIP) applying semi-continuous variables to find cost-optimal load curves for every vehicle participating in a load shift. This problem can be solved by e.g. branch-and-bound algorithms. Results of two scenarios of Germany in 2015 and 2030 based on mobility studies show that the load shifting potential of EV is significant and contribute to a necessary relaxation of the future grid. The maximum charging and discharging power and the average battery capacity are crucial to the overall load shift potential.

打造数据业务链,迎接Mobile Data 2.0时代

在介绍移动数据业务链发展趋势的基础上,从无线接入、分组核心、计费系统、增值应用和服务保障等5个方面着重阐述了移动数据业务链中的5个重要环节。

Innovative Services for Electric Mobility Based on Virtual Sensors and Petri Nets

About 60%of emissions into the earth’s atmosphere are produced by the transport sector,caused by exhaust gases from conventional internal combustion engines.An effective solution to this problem is electric mobility,which significantly reduces the rate of urban pollution.The use of electric vehicles(EVs)has to be encouraged and facilitated by new information and communication technology(ICT)tools.To help achieve this goal,this paper proposes innovative services for electric vehicle users aimed at improving travel and charging experience.The goal is to provide a smart service to allow drivers to find the most appropriate charging solutions during a trip based on information such as the vehicle’s current position,battery type,state of charge,nearby charge point availability,and compatibility.In particular,the drivers are supported so that they can find and book the preferred charge option according to time availability and the final cost of the charge points(CPs).To this purpose,two virtual sensors(VSs)are designed,modeled and simulated in order to provide the users with an innovative service for smart CP searching and booking.In particular,the first VS is devoted to locate and find available CPs in a preferred area,whereas the second VS calculates the charging cost for the EV and supports the driver in the booking phase.A UML activity diagram describes VSs operations and cooperation,while a UML sequence diagram highlights data exchange between the VSs and other electromobility ecosystem actors(CP operator,EV manufacturer,etc.).Furthermore,two timed Petri Nets(TPNs)are designed to model the proposed VSs,functioning and interactions as discrete event systems.The Petri Nets are synchronized by a single larger TPN that is simulated in different use cases and scenarios to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VSs.

Analytical model of non-uniform charge distribution within the gated region of GaN HEMTs

A physics-based analytical expression that predicts the charge,electrical field and potential distributions along the gated region of the GaN HEMT channel has been developed.Unlike the gradual channel approximation(GCA),the proposed model considers the non-uniform variation of the concentration under the gated region as a function of terminal applied volt-ages.In addition,the model can capture the influence of mobility and channel temperature on the charge distribution trend.The comparison with the hydrodynamic(HD)numerical simulation showed a high agreement of the proposed model with numerical data for different bias conditions considering the self-heating and quantization of the electron concentration.The ana-lytical nature of the model allows us to reduce the computational and time cost of the simulation.Also,it can be used as a core expression to develop a complete physics-based transistorⅣmodel without GCA limitation.

Transport Characteristics of Charge Carriers in Normal State Superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_{7-<i>&delta;</i>}

The general expressions based on the Fermi distribution of the free charge carriers are applied for estimation of the transport characteristics in superconductors at the temperature well above the superconducting phase transition temperature TC. The Hall-effect experimental results in the normal state of the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-δ are not finally explained. On the ground of the randomly moving charge carriers, the transport characteristics of the randomly moving charge carriers for both single type and two types of the charge carriers are presented. The particular attention has been pointed to the Hall-effect measurement results of the high-TC superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-δ. It is at the first time derived the Hall coefficient expression for two type of highly degenerate charge carriers (electrons and holes) on the ground of the randomly moving charge carriers at the Fermi surface. It is shown that the Hall coefficient and other transport characteristics are determined by the ratio between the electron-like and hole-like densities of states at the Fermi surface.

电动汽车集中型充电站选址定容模型

针对充电和换电等单一模式的盲目建设,规划不集中带来的资源利用率低与部分充电需求得不到满足等问题,本文提出一种考虑充电和换电与移动充电的多种充电模式下集中型充电站选址与定容方法。首先,分析不同类型电动汽车的充电行为特性,模拟得到规划区域的充电需求分布;然后,基于最近距离原则采用排队论方法计算电动汽车充电损耗成本,优化移动充电设备自充电时刻,求得电动汽车自充电成本;最后,以集中型充电站建设维护成本、用户损失成本及设备自充电成本总和最小为目标建立选址定容模型,结合某城市部分实际道路网为研究区域,采用遗传算法求解模型,确定规划区域内集中型充电站建设数量、位置及不同设备的配置数量。结果表明:规划区域内建设8座集中型充电站总成本达到最低,充电需求车辆数量与充电功率变化对集中型充电站成本均有较大影响,且优化移动充电设备自充电调度管理,可降低集中型充电站高峰时期32.62%的电网负荷,提高了电网稳定性。

移动充放电设施技术及其规划与运营研究综述

目前,充放电需求区域性、时段性短缺,固定充电设施存在总量不足、扩容难、利用率低等问题,移动充电设施因其移动便捷性,受到广泛关注。阐明移动充放电设施的8种典型应用场景,阐述了“智能插座+移动充电桩”、不带储能装置的移动充电车、带储能装置的移动充放电车3种移动充放电设施类型。分析规划布局、调度运行、运营模式与价格机制、关键组件以及安全等关键技术。针对移动模式选取等7个关键方面对移动充放电设施的发展模式进行总结和展望。

主动配电网-充换电站群-智慧社区群分层优化调度策略

为解决配电网、社区、充换电站3个利益主体之间难以保障能量最优交换和信息安全问题,提出一种主动配电网充换电站群智慧社区群的分层优化调度策略。首先,结合用户侧的储能需求和电动汽车充换电站的运行优化需求,在满足配电网经济运行的前提下建立电动汽车充换电站、配电网和社区共同参与的共享储能模式,上层为主动配电网运行模型,下层为社区和充换电站运行模型;其次,考虑各储能充换电站之间的交通流、能量流的时空特性,利用卡车对各电动汽车充换电站间的电池进行灵活调度,建立基于移动式储能车的电池时空共享模型;然后,为解决多主体(即充换电站、配电网、社区)参与的调度框架难以实现总体最优的问题,引入交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)设计了社区充换电站配电网的3层能量共享模型;最后使用MATLAB对模型仿真编码求解。仿真结果表明:所提出的策略能够保障共享储能系统中各个主体隐私的安全性和用能的经济性,使能量共享形式更加多样化;可提高储能电池的使用效率和用能经济性,系统总成本降低了18%。

改进灰狼算法的移动充电机器人路径规划

移动充电机器人的出现解决了老旧停车场内电动汽车充电的问题,但停车场内复杂与随机的障碍物环境对其路径规划与避障功能提出了更高的要求。通过对传统灰狼算法的改进,对停车场内的电动汽车移动充电机器人的路径规划问题进行了仿真与分析。灰狼算法迭代速度快,但优化精度低,且容易陷入局部最优,在对停车场地图进行栅格化处理后,从适应度函数、收敛因子以及位置更新函数3个方面对传统灰狼算法进行了改进,并利用MATLAB软件进行了仿真。结果表明改进灰狼算法的平均迭代次数较传统灰狼算法减少了39.4%,路径长度缩短了4.7%,在与其他典型改进灰狼算法对比中路径长度最短。对同一停车场不同车位占用率的移动充电机器人的路径规划利用该算法进行了仿真,结果表明该算法在随机地图与不同目标位置的情况下均可以成功运行,验证了算法的稳定性。

基于信息间隙决策理论的卡车式移动充电站协同调度策略

卡车式移动充电站(TMCS)由于具有良好的移动储能及调度灵活性已经引起国内外业界的高度关注,而其潜在的应用价值尚未得到充分挖掘。为此,提出一种基于信息间隙决策理论(IGDT)的TMCS协同优化调度策略,以协调其在为电动汽车充电服务和电网能量套利之间的协同运行。根据运营商对风险的偏好程度,分别建立鲁棒IGDT模型和机会IGDT模型,在不同风险态度下,探讨了电动汽车充电需求以及电网注入功率的不确定性对运营商优化调度方案的影响。算例分析表明,所提方法能够为考虑多重不确定因素的TMCS优化调度决策提供有效支撑,在兼顾充电服务质量的同时保障充电设施运营商的收益。

结合电子束辐照与压电压力波法空间电荷分布实时测量的空间电荷包迁移行为的研究

空间电荷包现象是一种特殊的空间电荷现象,具体表现为空间电荷以包的形态沿着极化电场的方向进行迁移.目前针对空间电荷包现象的研究还存在一些不足,研究的对象通常集中在聚乙烯及其交联产物中的正极性空间电荷包.本文提出了一套用于负极性空间电荷包特性研究的一体化实验系统,可进行电子束辐照与压电压力波法空间电荷分布实时测量相结合的实验研究,并简要介绍了该系统的结构与功能.该系统适用于不同厚度范围的各类绝缘电介质样品在不同电场下的实验研究.本文使用该实验系统初步研究了在不同外加电场(15,20,2.5,30 kV/mm)下聚丙烯与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯样品内负极性空间电荷包的迁移行为,并从实验结果中提取了负极性载流子;(电子)的迁移特性.聚丙烯与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯样品中电子的迁移速率均存在随着电场的增加而减小的负微分迁移率现象,聚丙烯中该现象出现的阈值电场约为26.0 kV/mm,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中该现象出现的阈值电场约为19.5 kV/mm,消失的截止电场约为27.5 kV/mm.