Currently, Brazilian buses are divided in three categories： city buses, intercity buses and coaches. That categorization results from the understanding that citizens only need to move around urban perimeters. However...Currently, Brazilian buses are divided in three categories： city buses, intercity buses and coaches. That categorization results from the understanding that citizens only need to move around urban perimeters. However, the current bus models available do not fully meet legal demands or cater for all of society＇s demands. Rural workers and students that live in rural areas also must be conveyed in buses and minibuses. Municipal and state directives prohibit employers to convey them in improper vehicles, such as trucks. Social demands, on the other hand, can be i[llustrated by federal and state programs that provide vehicles to transport students who dwell in rural settings. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new categorization of bus models available in the Brazilian market, which should account for the unique local operating conditions rural buses face, instead of only considering the type of service they provide. Further, a purpose-built vehicle is suggested i[n order to cater for the needs of rural workers and students. Rural students represent, in average, five million rural school bus riders.展开更多
Traffic sector presents a major contributor to air pollution in Palestine. This has been maximized as Israeli closure of major roads resulted in major congestion in most of Palestinian cities in West Bank, which cause...Traffic sector presents a major contributor to air pollution in Palestine. This has been maximized as Israeli closure of major roads resulted in major congestion in most of Palestinian cities in West Bank, which causes high emissions of exhaust gases, such as carbon monoxide （CO）. nitrogen oxides （NOx）. particulate matters （PM）, volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and sulphur dioxide （SO2）. In order that traffic induced pollution can be assessed in Palestine. in this paper, an approach is presented by which the traffic emissions can be estimated relying on the emission factors as input together with vehicle types, annual traveled distance, etc.. The outcomes cover the emission from the various types of vehicles in West Bank.展开更多
文摘Currently, Brazilian buses are divided in three categories： city buses, intercity buses and coaches. That categorization results from the understanding that citizens only need to move around urban perimeters. However, the current bus models available do not fully meet legal demands or cater for all of society＇s demands. Rural workers and students that live in rural areas also must be conveyed in buses and minibuses. Municipal and state directives prohibit employers to convey them in improper vehicles, such as trucks. Social demands, on the other hand, can be i[llustrated by federal and state programs that provide vehicles to transport students who dwell in rural settings. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new categorization of bus models available in the Brazilian market, which should account for the unique local operating conditions rural buses face, instead of only considering the type of service they provide. Further, a purpose-built vehicle is suggested i[n order to cater for the needs of rural workers and students. Rural students represent, in average, five million rural school bus riders.
文摘Traffic sector presents a major contributor to air pollution in Palestine. This has been maximized as Israeli closure of major roads resulted in major congestion in most of Palestinian cities in West Bank, which causes high emissions of exhaust gases, such as carbon monoxide （CO）. nitrogen oxides （NOx）. particulate matters （PM）, volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and sulphur dioxide （SO2）. In order that traffic induced pollution can be assessed in Palestine. in this paper, an approach is presented by which the traffic emissions can be estimated relying on the emission factors as input together with vehicle types, annual traveled distance, etc.. The outcomes cover the emission from the various types of vehicles in West Bank.
