Study of Material Evaluation Probe Using a Longitudinal Wave and a Transverse Wave

Transmitting a longitudinal wave and a traverse wave into a composite material in a molten state has been studied in the online control of the composite material which cannot be evaluated by a conventional ultrasonic sensor as a final analysis, using the difference in the propagation characteristics of both modes. It is especially expected that measurement of the physical quantity which was not able to be conventionally measured can be performed by carrying out coincidence measurement of the ultrasonic wave in both modes. Therefore, in this research study, an ultrasonic probe, which can simultaneously transmit and receive a longitudinal wave and a traverse wave has been developed using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) because it has the advantage of measuring high temperature samples. In this study, two methods have been compared. The 1st method uses a traverse wave EMAT that travels in a vertical direction and a bar wave by which the low order mode is equivalent to longitudinal wave vibration. The other method is to carry out the mode conversion of the traverse wave by a traverse wave-EMAT. The longitudinal converted from the transverse wave are spread in the axis direction. As the experimental results of both optimizations of the drive conditions, it has been confirmed that the 2nd mode conversion method was promising. This paper reports about the trial process and the experimental results.

Propagation of wave at the boundary surface of transversely isotropic thermoelastic material with voids and isotropic elastic half-space

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of voids on the surface wave propagation in a layer of a transversely isotropic thermoelastic material with voids lying over an isotropic elastic half-space. The frequency equation is derived after developing a mathematical model for welded and smooth contact boundary conditions. The dispersion curves giving the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient via wave number are plotted graphically to depict the effects of voids and anisotropy for welded contact boundary conditions. The specific loss and amplitudes of the volume fraction field, the normal stress, and the temperature change for welded contact are obtained and shown graphically for a particular model to depict the voids and anisotropy effects. Some special cases are also deduced from the present investigation.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Torsional Surface Waves in a Transverse Isotropic Elastic Solid Semi-Infinite Medium with Varying Rigidity and Density under a Rigid Layer

In this paper, mathematical modeling of the propagation of torsional surface waves in a transverse isotropic elastic medium with varying rigidity and density under a rigid layer has been considered. The equation of motion has been formulated in the elastic medium using suitable boundary conditions. The frequency equation containing Whittaker’s function for phase velocity due to torsional surface waves has been derived. The effect of rigid layer in the propagation of torsional surface waves in a transverse isotropic elastic medium with varying rigidity and density has been discussed. The numerical results have been shown graphically. It is observed that the influence of transverse and longitudinal rigidity and density of the medium have a remarkable effect on the propagation of the torsional surface waves. Frequency equations have also been derived for some particular cases, which are in perfect agreement with some standard results.

Shear Flow Dispersion Under Wave and Current

The longitudinal dispersion of solute in open channel flow with short period progressive waves is investigated. The waves induce second order drift velocity in the direction of propagation and enhance the mixing process in concurrent direction. The 1-D wave-period-averaged dispersion equation is derived and an expression for the wave-current induced longitudinal dispersion coefficient （WCLDC） is propased based on Fiscber＇ s expression （1979） for dispersion in unidirectional flow. The result shows that the effect of waves on dispersion is mainly due to the cross-sectional variation of the drift velocity. Furthermore, to obtain a more practical expression of the WCLDC, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient due to Seo and Cheong （1998） is modified to incluee the effect of drift velocity. Laboratory experiments have been conducted to verify the propased expression. The experimental results, together with dimensional analysis, show that tbe wave effect can be reflected by the ratio between the wave amplitude and wave period. A comparative study between the cases with and without waves demonstrates that the magnitude of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is increased nnder the presence of waves.

Effect of relaxation times on circular crested waves in thermoelastic diffusive plate

The propagation of circularly crested thermoelastic diffusive waves in an infinite homogeneous transversely isotropic plate subjected to stress free, isothermal/insulated and chemical potential conditions is investigated in the framework of different thermo- elastic diffusion theories. The dispersion equations of thermoelastic diffusive Lamb type waves are derived. Some special cases of the dispersion equations are also deduced.

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on free surface of transversely isotropic generalized thermoelastic diffusion

The present paper is devoted to the study of Rayleigh wave propagation in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic, thermoelastic diffusive half-space, subject to stress free, thermally insulated/isothermal, and chemical potential boundary conditions in the context of the generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory. The Green-Lindsay（GL） theory is used in the study. In this theory, thermodiffusion and thermodiffusion mechanical relaxations are governed by four different time constants. Secular equations for surface wave propagation in the considered media are derived. Anisotropy and diffusion effects on the phase velocity, attenuation coefficient are graphically presented in order to present the analytical results and make comparison. Some special cases of frequency equations are derived from the present investigation.

Wave-induced flow of pore fluid in a cracked porous solid containing penny-shaped inclusions

An aim of current study is to analyze the contribution of reflected longitudinal waves to wave-induced fluid flow(WIFF) in the cracked porous solid.Initially,we investigate the time harmonic plane waves in cracked porous solid by employing the mathematical model proposed by Zhang et al.(2019).The solution is obtained in form of the Christoffel equations.The solution of the Christoffel equations indicates that there exist four(three dilatational and one shear) waves.These waves are attenuated in nature due to their complex and frequency-dependent velocities.The reflection coefficients are calculated at the sealed pore stress-free surface of cracked porous solid for the incidence of P1 and SV waves.It is found that three longitudinal waves contribute to WIFF and the contribution of these waves to the induced fluid in the cracked porous solid is analyzed using the reflection coefficients of these longitudinal waves.We analytically show that the fluid flow induced by these longitudinal waves is linked directly to their respective reflection coefficients.Finally,a specific numerical example is considered to discuss and to depict the impact of various parameters on the characteristics of propagation like phase velocity/attenuation,reflection coefficients and WIFF of longitudinal waves.

Diffraction of Surface Harmonic Viscoelastic Waves on a Multilayer Cylinder with a Liquid

An infinitely long circular cylinder, consisting generally of a finite number of coaxial viscoelastic layers, surrounded by a deformable medium is considered. The dynamic stress—the deformed state of a piecewise-homogeneous cylindrical layer from a harmonic wave is investigated. The numerical results of stress, depending on the wavelength are obtained.

Nonlinear inversion of ultrasonic guided waves for in vivo evaluation of cortical bone properties

Ultrasonic guided waves(UGWs),which propagate throughout the entire thickness of cortical bone,are attractive for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis.However,this is challenging due to the impact of soft tissue and the inherent difficulties related to multiparametric inversion of cortical bone quality factors,such as cortical thickness and bulk wave velocity.Therefore,in this research,a UGW-based multi-parameter inversion algorithm is developed to predict strength-related factors.In simulation,a free plate(cortical bone)and a bilayer plate(soft tissue and cortical bone)are used to validate the proposed method.The inversed cortical thickness(CTh),longitudinal velocity(V_(L))and transverse velocity(V_(T))are in accordance with the true values.Then four bovine cortical bone plates were used in in vitro experiments.Compared with the reference values,the relative errors for cortical thickness were 3.96%,0.83%,2.87%,and 4.25%,respectively.In the in vivo measurements,UGWs are collected from the tibias of 10 volunteers.The theoretical dispersion curves depicted by the estimated parameters(V_(T),V_(L),CTh)match well with the extracted experimental ones.In comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry,our results show that the estimated transverse velocity and cortical thickness are highly sensitive to osteoporosis.Therefore,these two parameters(CTh and V_(T))of long bones have potential to be used for diagnosis of bone status in clinical applications.

Research on the Relationship between Shallow Shear Wave Velocity and Basement Structure in the Tianjin Coastal Area

Shear wave velocity is one of the important dynamic characteristics of soil layers and applied widely in aseismic engineering. In this paper, 500 drill logging data are used to make a linear interpolation based on 0. 01° x 0. 01°x lm grid. A shallow 3-D shear wave velocity structure of Tianjin coastal area is obtained. According to the data and geological background, we selected two typical velocity profiles to try to introduce and explain its relationship to basement structure. The results show that the shear wave velocity structure clearly presents the characteristic of stratification and lateral inhomogeneity. Furthermore, the difference of the shear wave structure between tectonic elements is clear and the velocity structure between the two sides of the local or border fault in the Quaternary is disturbed or affected significantly. It intuitively shows that the basement structure and fault activity of this region had good control of sedimentation development and strata formation in the Quaternary period which would have an important effect on engineering seismic and geological condition evaluation.

Theoretical dispersion curves for borehole real-valued wave modes in vertically transverse isotropic formations

The dispersion curves of real-valued modes in a fluid-filled borehole are widely used in acoustic well logging.The accurate dispersion curves are the precondition of theoretical analysis and inversion process.Generally,these curves can be obtained by solving the conventional dispersion equation for isotropic formations and most vertically transverse isotropy(VTI)formations.However,if the real-valued solutions exist when the radial wavenumbers for the formation quasi-P and quasi-S equals to each other,the existed methods based on the conventional dispersion equation could lead to incorrect results for some VTI formations.Few studies have focused on the influence of these real-valued solutions on dispersion curve extraction.To remove these real-valued solutions,we have proposed a modified dispersion equation and its corresponding solving process.When solving the dispersion equation,the Scholte wave velocity of VTI formation at high frequency is used as the initial guess.The two synthetic examples including fast and slow VTI formations validate that these real-valued solutions do not contribute to the wavefield,and the new dispersion curve extraction method is suitable for all kinds of VTI formations.Consequently,the method can provide reliable dispersion curves for both theoretical analysis and anisotropic parameters inversion in VTI formations.

A Classical Explanation for Relativistic Longitudinal and Transverse Mass Increase

In this paper, I show that the Special Relativistic effect of mass increase that occurs within objects when they move at high speed can be explained using Classical Physics principles. In my analysis, the wave nature of condensed matter and energy/mass equivalence are taken into consideration. The wave nature of particles is modelled as the particle structure comprising three-dimensional standing waves. When this is done, the difference in the energy sum of the component waves that comprise a particle moving at a high speed, when compared to those of a stationary particle, completely accounts for the mass increase. Furthermore, the additional momentum of the wave components in the direction of motion (the Longitudinal direction) is the cause of the inertia, or effective mass, of the object being greater than that in the Transverse direction (orthogonal to the direction of motion).

Detection of Frost-Resistance Property of Large-Size Concrete Based on Impact-Echo Method

The dynamic elasticity modulus(Ed)is the most commonly used indexes for nondestructive testing to represent the internal damage of hydraulic concrete.Samples with a specific size is required when the transverse resonance method was used to detect the Ed,resulting in a limitation for field tests.The impact-echo method can make up defects of traditional detection methods for frost-resistance testing,such as the evaluation via the loss of mass or strength.The feasibility of the impact-echo method to obtain the relative Ed is explored to detect the frost-resistance property of large-volume hydraulic concretes on site.Results show that the impact-echo method can replace the traditional resonance frequency method to evaluate the frost resistance of concrete,and has advantages of high accuracy,easy to operate,and not affecting by the aggregate size and size effect of samples.The dynamic elastic modulus of concrete detected by the impact-echo method has little difference with that obtained by the traditional resonance method.The one-dimensional elastic wave velocity of concrete has a good linear correlation with the transverse resonance frequency.The freeze-thaw damage occurred from the surface to the inner layer,and the surface is expected to be the most vulnerable part for the freeze-thaw damage.It is expected to monitor and track the degradation of the frost resistance of an actual structure by frequently detecting the P-wave velocity on site,which avoids coring again.

对电磁波从辐射近区到远区特性的分析

在大学物理关于电磁波辐射的教学中,重点讲解了电磁场在辐射近区和远区的特点。同学们认识到,对电偶极辐射,在辐射源附近,电场是与静场类似的纵波,而在远离辐射源的区域电磁波是横波。电场是怎样从纵波过渡到横波的呢?这个过渡区较为复杂,一般教科书上都没有仔细讲解,但这又是同学们非常关注的一个问题。因此,本文对电偶极、磁偶极和电四极辐射作了较完整的分析,并详细计算了电偶极辐射的电场从近区到远区的过程中,电场的纵向分量与横向分量的比值的变化,清晰地显示了从近场到远场的过渡过程。

冻融循环下秸秆纤维混凝土损伤特性及动态力学性能研究

为研究冻融循环对不同纤维掺量的秸秆纤维混凝土动态力学性能的影响,采用非金属超声波检测仪测量不同冻融循环次数下秸秆纤维混凝土试件纵波波速,利用直径74 mm变截面分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置对试件开展动态单轴压缩试验,分析试件纵波波速、峰值应力、劣化度、韧性及破碎耗能密度与冻融循环次数及秸秆纤维掺量间的关系。结果表明:纤维的掺入能够提高混凝土材料的纵波波速及整体性,随着冻融循环次数的增加,秸秆纤维混凝土纵波波速随之降低,冻融循环会对试件造成损伤;秸秆纤维的掺入会增强混凝土材料的力学性能,掺量为0.2%时效果最佳,冻融循环作用试件峰值应力不断降低,劣化度不断增加,相较于冻融循环0次素混凝土试件,冻融循环30、60、90、120次试件峰值应力分别降低6.96%、19.4%、34.2%、53.3%,冻融循环后期应力降幅显著增加,纤维的掺入在一定程度上减缓了冻融作用下试件劣化程度;纤维掺量为0.2%时试件的韧性与破碎耗能密度提升最大,冻融循环会对试件造成劣化,降低其韧性及吸能效果。秸秆纤维的掺入使混凝土材料力学性能大幅增加,秸秆纤维的绿色可再生性对秸秆纤维混凝土的推广具有重大意义。

一种列车制动信号无线传输通讯系统设计

在铁路运输趋于高速和重载的背景下,重载列车传统空气制动系统仅能适用于单元式重载列车,并且后期维护相对不便,且在制动时会带来过大的车钩纵向力,影响行车安全,因此具有高带宽、低延迟、维护便捷等优点的无线制动系统应运而生。为了解决上述问题,立足于制动系统制动信号的无线传输,基于嵌入式技术设计了一套制动信号无线传输通讯系统。硬件方面,以STC8H8K64U作为主控芯片完成通讯系统的原理图设计,主要包括电源模块、CAN(Controller Area Network,控制器局域网)网络模块、GPRS(General Packet Radio Service,通用分组无线服务技术)模块、无线网络LoRa(Long Range Radio,远距离无线电)模块等,并且对硬件进行抗干扰处理。软件方面,完成STC8的外设驱动程序设计、LoRa无线网络模块的程序设计以及装置与系统之间通讯协议的自定义。基于以上设计,完成通讯系统的调试与测试工作,对无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离进行测试,通过建立动力学模型和线路试验来对比使用传统空气制动方案制动与使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统制动方案下的制动波速以及车钩纵向力。测试和试验结果表明:系统各模块功能正常,能有效完成与车辆控制装置和远程控制平台之间的数据交互;有行人、树木、建筑等遮挡物时,无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离为400 m;使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统在列车制动时可有效提升制动波速,减小车钩纵向力。研究结果可为重载列车的制动系统设计提供参考。

基于矿物溶解理论的砂岩化学损伤动态模型

酸腐蚀环境下岩石物理力学性质的劣化本质上由岩石矿物的溶解引发的孔隙微裂隙的扩展贯通所致。为研究酸性环境下砂岩矿物的溶解特性,选择pH=1、3的盐酸溶液为腐蚀环境,借助X射线衍射试验鉴定砂岩矿物成分及含量,测试不同浸泡周期下溶液的pH值、阳离子浓度、岩样的质量及其纵波波速,并通过矿物溶解理论与化学动力学原理,建立反映整个腐蚀过程的砂岩化学损伤动态模型。研究结果表明:酸性环境下砂岩的损伤主要由长石和方解石的溶解所致,矿物溶解反应分为界面吸附、界面交换、解吸附三个步骤,且步骤最慢者对整个反应起控制作用。矿物溶解速率与H+浓度的n次幂成正比,且0<n≤1,其数值与矿物自身特性和溶液pH值有关。酸-岩反应具有较强的时间依赖性,其速率随腐蚀时间的延长逐渐减小而后趋于稳定,且溶液pH值越小,腐蚀时间越长,砂岩劣化越严重。pH=1、3的盐酸溶液作用下,通过化学损伤模型得到的砂岩孔隙度与通过纵波波速得到的孔隙度随腐蚀时间的变化规律具有较好的一致性,验证了模型的有效性与合理性。研究结果可为酸化学环境下岩体工程的安全性评估与灾害防治提供理论参考。

二维Offset平面波有限差分法叠前时间偏移

在岩性油气藏勘探中,保振幅或保波形成像是进行储层特征分析和参数估计的基础。由于Kirchhoff积分叠前时间偏移、F-K域波动方程叠前时间偏移不适应弱横向变速介质情形,因此,基于偏移距(Offset)域平面波偏移思想,提出了Offset平面波有限差分法叠前时间偏移方法。讨论了CMP道集平面波分解原理,推导了Off- set平面波方程及其有限差分解法,给出了角度道集生成方法。利用大庆油田的一个横向缓变的速度模型,对Offset平面波有限差分法叠前时间偏移方法的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,该方法适应缓横向变速介质情形,波场外推算子保幅,计算效率高,可以为AVP/AVA分析提供较好的基础数据。

冻融循环作用下的花岗岩边坡岩体强度研究

以伊春鹿鸣钼矿发育的花岗岩边坡岩体为例,开展不同风化程度的花岗岩岩石样品的冻融循环单轴抗压强度试验和纵波波速试验,得到不同风化程度的花岗岩冻融循环单轴抗压强度和纵波波速损失程度不同,风化程度高的花岗岩冻融系数较低;冻融循环作用下的花岗岩单轴抗压强度冻融系数与纵波波速损伤变量之间为线性关系,对于不同风化类型的花岗岩,其线性关系高度相近。从边坡稳定性分析的角度出发,提出了2种获取冻融循环花岗岩边坡岩体强度参数的方法,并进行了计算验证。结果显示:采用单轴抗压强度冻融系数直接折减抗剪强度,或采用纵波波速冻融系数折减RMR值后推导抗剪强度,所得结果均可进行边坡稳定性计算;相对来讲,后者计算的安全系数与边坡体实际稳定状态更为接近。

单轴压缩下不同饱和度红砂岩横波特征研究

为了研究饱和度对岩石超声波横波传播规律影响,以红砂岩为研究对象,开展不同饱和度下入射频率分别为50、100、200 kHz的超声波横波传播实验,分析饱和度及入射频率对横波声学参数变化规律。结果表明:干燥至饱和状态,横波波速随饱和度增大呈非线性下降趋势,幅值衰减系数随饱和度增大呈非线性递增趋势,均满足三次函数关系,属于高度相关;整体分析发现横波波速受饱和度变化影响大于幅值衰减系数,幅值衰减系数拟合参数能较好反映岩样物理量的变化;基于敏感性及决定系数的综合考虑,建议今后采用100 kHz作为含水砂岩超声波横波测试优势频率。研究成果可为不同饱和度下岩石超声波测试技术发展提供参考。