Origin of tradeoff between movement velocity and attachment duration of kinesin motor on a microtubule

Kinesin-1 motor protein is a homodimer containing two identical motor domains connected by a common long coiledcoil stalk via two flexible neck linkers. The motor can step on a microtubule with a velocity of about 1 μm·s-1and an attachment duration of about 1 s under physiological conditions. The available experimental data indicate a tradeoff between velocity and attachment duration under various experimental conditions, such as variation of the solution temperature,variation of the strain between the two motor domains, and so on. However, the underlying mechanism of the tradeoff is unknown. Here, the mechanism is explained by a theoretical study of the dynamics of the motor under various experimental conditions, reproducing quantitatively the available experimental data and providing additional predictions. How the various experimental conditions lead to different decreasing rates of attachment duration versus velocity is also explained.

用Velocity Verlet积分器改进HMC抽样方法

Hamilton Monte Carlo (HMC)方法是一种常用的快速抽样方法.在对哈密顿方程进行抽样时,HMC方法使用Leapfrog积分器,这可能造成方程的位置及动量的迭代值在时间上不同步,其产生的误差会降低抽样效率及抽样结果的稳定性.为此,本文提出了IHMC(Improved HMC)方法,该方法用Velocity Verlet积分器替代Leapfrog积分器,每次迭代时都计算两变量在同一时刻的值.为验证方法的效果,本文进行了两个实验,一个是将该方法应用于非对称随机波动率模型(RASV模型)的参数估计,另一个是将方法应用于方差伽马分布的抽样,结果显示:IHMC方法比HMC方法的效率更高、结果更稳定.

Feasibility of the 2-point method to determine the load-velocity relationship variables during the countermovement jump exercise

Purpose:This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of load-velocity(L-V)relationship variables obtained through the 2-point method using different load combinations and velocity variables.Methods:Twenty men performed 2 identical sessions consisting of 2 countermovement jumps against 4 external loads(20 kg,40 kg,60 kg,and80 kg)and a heavy squat against a load linked to a mean velocity(MV)of 0.55 m/s(load_(0.55)).The L-V relationship variables(load-axis intercept(L_(0)),velocity-axis intercept(v_(0)),and area under the L-V relationship line(A_(line)))were obtained using 3 velocity variables(MV,mean propulsive velocity(MPV),and peak velocity)by the multiple-point method including(20-40-60-80-load_(0.55))and excluding(20-40-60-80)the heavy squat,as well as from their respective 2-point methods(20-load_(0.55)and 20-80).Results:The L-V relationship variables were obtained with an acceptable reliability(coefncient of variation(CV)≤7.30%;intra-class correlation coefficient>0.63).The reliability of L_(0)and v_(0)was comparable for both methods(CV_(ratio)(calculated as higher value/lower value):1.11-1.12),but the multiple-point method provided Al_(ine)with a greater reliability(CV_(ratio)=1.26).The use of a heavy squat provided the L-V relationship variables with a comparable or higher reliability than the use of a heavy countermovement jump load(CV_(ratio):1.06-1.19).The peak velocity provided the load-velocity relationship variables with the greatest reliability(CV_(ratio):1.15-1.86)followed by the MV(CV_(ratio):1.07-1.18),and finally the MPV.The 2-point methods only revealed an acceptable validity for the MV and MPV(effect size≤0.19;Pearson s product-moment correlation coefficient≥0.96;Lin's concordance correlation coefficient≥0.94).Conclusion:The 2-point method obtained from a heavy squat load and MV or MPV is a quick,safe,and reliable procedure to evaluate the lower-body maximal neuromuscular capacities through the L-V relationship.

锅炉扁钢用免退火12Cr1MoV盘条控轧控冷工艺优化

为开发免球化退火扁钢用12Cr1MoV热轧盘条,基于形变诱导相变机理,采用830℃终轧温度和800℃的吐丝温度。通过抑制形变奥氏体晶粒回复和再结晶过程增加形变储能,促进奥氏体分解为铁素体和珠光体组织。同时配合轧后风冷辊道速度调节,实现分段控制冷却,延长盘条在630~750℃区间停留时间,可完全消除盘条中马氏体和贝氏体组织。试验结果为:热轧盘条抗拉强度从576 MPa降至520 MPa,断面收缩率从66%提高至74%,淬火组织的消除使盘条变形能力明显优化,避免少量或极少量马氏体组织无法协同变形而产生的心部孔洞或拉拔断裂,经用户多规格批量使用,未发生塑性开裂问题。

Velocity equation for grenades while impacting on dry sand media

This paper deals with the collision of sphere shape grenades with sand media.The central issue of the article is the establishing of an empirical velocity equation of the grenade while impacting on sand that is used to solve motion equations of the mechanical mechanism inside the impact grenade fuze.The paper focuses on impact velocities that are lower than 5 m s^(-1).An experiment was conducted to study the velocity of the grenade while impacting on dry sand.A high-speed camera video was used to capture the grenade positions.The grenade velocity in the impact process was generated from these video data.Some types of fitting curves are used to regress the velocity equation of the grenade while interacting with the sand media and the best-fitting model is chosen.The result shows the regression curve has a high correlation with the experiment data for grenade velocities below 5 m s^(-1).The received regression equation is useful for analyzing the working ability of the inertial mechanism inside the impact grenade or analyzing and choosing the appropriate parameters of each part in the inertial mechanism to meet the required characteristics of the mechanism.

In vivo label-free measurement of blood flow velocity symmetry based on dual line scanning third-harmonic generation microscopy excited at the 1700 nm window

Measurement of bloodflow velocity is key to understanding physiology and pathology in vivo.While most measurements are performed at the middle of the blood vessel,little research has been done on characterizing the instantaneous bloodflow velocity distribution.This is mainly due to the lack of measurement technology with high spatial and temporal resolution.Here,we tackle this problem with our recently developed dual-wavelength line-scan third-harmonic generation(THG)imaging technology.Simultaneous acquisition of dual-wavelength THG line-scanning signals enables measurement of bloodflow velocities at two radially symmetric positions in both venules and arterioles in mouse brain in vivo.Our results clearly show that the instantaneous bloodflow velocity is not symmetric under general conditions.

Damage Evolution of Ballastless Track Concrete Exposed to Flexural Fatigue Loads:The Application of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity,Impact-echo and Surface Electrical Resistance Method

In order to clarify the fatigue damage evolution of concrete exposed to flexural fatigue loads,ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV),impact-echo technology and surface electrical resistance(SR) method were used.Damage variable based on the change of velocity of ultrasonic pulse(Du) and impact elastic wave(Di)were defined according to the classical damage theory.The influences of stress level,loading frequency and concrete strength on damage variable were measured.The experimental results show that Du and Di both present a three-stages trend for concrete exposed to fatigue loads.Since impact elastic wave is more sensitive to the microstructure damage in stage Ⅲ,the critical damage variable,i e,the damage variable before the final fracture of concrete of Di is slightly higher than that of Du.Meanwhile,the evolution of SR of concrete exposed to fatigue loads were analyzed and the relationship between SR and Du,SR and Di of concrete exposed to fatigue loads were established.It is found that the SR of concrete was decreased with the increasing fatigue cycles,indicating that surface electrical resistance method can also be applied to describe the damage of ballastless track concrete exposed to fatigue loads.

Dynamic propagation velocity of a positive streamer in a 3 m air gap under lightning impulse voltage

Streamers represent an important stage in the initiation of gap discharge. In this work, we used an eight-frame intensified charge-coupled device camera to capture the streamer development process when a lightning impulse voltage of 95%–100% U50% was applied in a 3 m rod–plate gap and the streamer velocity was analyzed. Analysis of the observations shows that streamer velocity can be defined by three stages: rapid velocity decline(stage 1), rapid velocity rise(stage 2)and slow velocity decline(stage 3). The effects of electrode shape, applied voltage and gap breakdown or withstanding on streamer velocity were analyzed. The electrode with a larger radius of curvature will result in a higher initial velocity, and a higher voltage amplitude will cause the streamer to propagate faster at stage 3. Gap withstanding or breakdown has no obvious effect on streamer velocity. In addition, the experimental results are compared with previous results and the statistical characteristics of the primary streamer discharge are discussed.

Pig Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Does Not Attach to Boar Sperm;It Affects Only the Velocity Pattern and the Mobility Pattern

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the sperm viability of semen infected with PRRSV viral particles, observing the effect of the Virus on the motility of boar sperm. The work was carried out at the FMVZ-BUAP Genetics and Reproduction Laboratory. 5 stallions were used. Each sample contained 1 × 106 sperm, the PRRS virus strain was ATCC-VR-2332 (0, 102, 104 and 106 copies of RNA/mL in triplicate), it was observed daily at the CASA;Hamilton Thorne®. Cells with MT (P < 0.05) on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 of evaluation with 201 ± 7.3, 167 ± 10.1, 165 ± 14.6, 134 ± 8.2 and 120 ± 8.8, respectively. The % MP between control and virus concentrations (P ≥ 0.05). The LCV on day 1 and 7 PI at 10X2 and 10X6 (P < 0.05) vs control. In the Correlation Matrix, where it is observed that there is a correlation between VSL and VAP, VSL and VCL, VCL and ALH, VAP with ALH. There is a correlation of VSL and ALH, STR and ALH. In this study there were (P ≤ 0.01) in the VCL, in the concentrations (102) 162.81 ± 10.65 and (106) 177.12 ± 5.77 vs 193.04 ± 4.62 of control. This indicates that altering these parameters would be related to fertility and the PRRS virus affects the LCV. Regarding the VSL, it was observed that the sperm infected with viruses 102, 104 and 106 of 48.00 ± 3.38, 49.88 ± 1.83 and 50.55 ± 2.24 Vs. 56.66 ± 1.68 of control respectively, the control would have greater possibilities of fertilizing the oocyte. In this study, it was found (P ≤ 0.01) in the VAP with 102 of 77.26 ± 5.16, 104 with 83.35 ± 2.41 and 106 with 81.29 ± 3.14 vs the control with 90.56 ± 2.07. Regarding the ALH there is (P < 0.05) a 104 with 8.70 ± .26 and 106 with 9.64 ± 0.23 vs control 8.50 ± 0.27. The presence of different concentrations of PRRSV in boar semen induces changes in different types of sperm motility. Infection of ejaculates with the PRRS virus affects sperm motility on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 post-infections.

Ballistic performance of spherical fragments penetrating PCrNi3MoV target plates

PCrNi3MoV steel is a medium-carbon,low-alloy quenched and tempered steel that finds its applications in military gun barrels due to the high wear resistance and ablation resistance.To study the penetration and failure modes of PCrNi3MoV plates impacted by tungsten spheres,tungsten spheres of various diameters(5 mm,8 mm,and 10 mm)were used to impact PCrNi3MoV steel plates with thicknesses of 6 mm,9 mm,and 14 mm.The penetration performance of the spheres was analyzed for different velocities,and the ultimate penetration velocity of the plate was obtained.It was found that the primary failure modes of the PCrNi3MoV plate were compression pitting failure and shear failure.Using the dimensional analysis method,a relationship between the bulge height of the steel plate and the fragment velocity,an equation for the ultimate penetration velocity,and a relationship between the target penetration energy and the fragment velocity were obtained.Then,a projectile-target action index was proposed to describe the process of tungsten spheres with different velocities impacting target plates.The results suggested that under the same thickness of the target plate,a larger-diameter fragment required more kinetic energy to obtain the same ultimate penetration effect as a smaller-diameter fragment.The equations obtained through dimensional analysis predicted values that agreed well with experimental values,indicating that these equations can be applied to engineering applications.

Demagnetization Analysis and Velocity Tracking Control of In-wheel Motor

The error caused by irreversible demagnetization damages the accurate velocity tracking of an in-wheel motor in a mobile robot.A current feedforward vector control system based on ESO is proposed to compensate it for the demagnetization motor.A demagnetization mathematical model is established to describe a permanent magnet synchronous motor,which took the change of permanent magnet flux linkage parameters as a factor to count the demagnetization error in velocity tracking.The uncertain disturbance estimation model of the control system is built based on ESO,which eliminates the system error by the feedforward current compensation.It is compared with the vector control method in terms of control accuracy.The simulation results show that the current feedforward vector control method based on ESO reduces the velocity tracking error greatly in conditions of motor demagnetization less than 30%.It is effective to improve the operation accuracy of the mobile robot.

12Cr1MoV珠光体耐热钢连续冷却相变研究

采用热膨胀测试仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、显微硬度仪以及扫描电镜等手段,研究了12Cr1MoV珠光体耐热钢连续冷却相变,绘制了实验钢过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,分析了冷却速率对冷却过程相变组织演变规律的影响。结果表明,冷却速率为0.5~30℃/s时,实验钢CCT曲线中会出现铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体以及马氏体四个相变区域。冷却速率为0.5~1℃/s时,转变产物由铁素体和珠光体组成;冷却速率为1.5~10℃/s时,转变产物主要是上贝氏体和铁素体;冷却速率为10~20℃/s,转变产物主要是上贝氏体、下贝氏体以及马氏体混合组织;冷却速率为30℃/s,转变产物主要由马氏体组成。冷却速率为1.5~20℃/s时,过冷奥氏体转变组织出现上贝氏体,会导致材料机械性能下降,容易导致裂纹形成和扩展。基于上述研究结果,提出降低12Cr1MoV钢连铸坯和热轧线下冷速措施,以减少上贝氏体组织,通过调整后棒材表面裂纹得到有效控制。

Axonal Conduction Velocity: A Computer Study

This paper derives rigorous statements concerning the propagation velocity of action potentials in axons. The authors use the Green’s function approach to approximate the action potential and find a relation between conduction velocity and the impulse profile. Computer simulations are used to bolster the analysis.

12Cr1MoV钢过热器管开裂原因

某公司服役的12Cr1MoV钢过热器管在较短的时间内发生开裂现象,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、氢气含量分析、扫描电镜分析、金相检验等方法分析其断裂原因。结果表明:由于管坯内部存在原始疏松缺陷,穿孔轧制后缺陷位于钢管内壁;在钢管服役过程中,锅炉气中超标氢分子扩散渗入管壁,在内部缺陷处富集,过热管弯管段存在较大的残余应力,使缺陷处发生氢致应力腐蚀开裂,最终导致过热器管开裂。

长时运行过热器12Cr1MoV钢管的内壁氧化层

采用扫描电镜分析、能谱分析、X射线衍射分析、透射电镜分析、X射线光电子能谱分析、力学性能测试等方法对长时运行过热器12Cr1MoV钢管的内壁氧化层进行研究。结果表明:高温服役条件下,12Cr1MoV钢管的晶界析出面心立方结构的Cr23C6碳化物,该碳化物呈弥散分布,使晶界得到强化;钢管基材与内壁氧化层界面未出现明显的分层现象;随着服役时间的延长,晶界Cr23C6碳化物呈链状聚集分布,碳化物逐渐增多,颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,氧化层组织疏松,且与金属基体之间存在明显的分界面。

Mixed convectional and chemical reactive flow of nanofluid with slanted MHD on moving permeable stretching/shrinking sheet through nonlinear radiation,energy omission

Hybrid nanofluids are remarkable functioning liquids that are intended to reduce the energy loss while maximizing the heat transmission.In the involvement of suction and nonlinear thermal radiation effects,this study attempted to explore the energy transmission features of the inclined magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)stagnation flow of CNTs-hybrid nanofluid across the nonlinear permeable stretching or shrinking sheet.This work also included some noteworthy features like chemical reactions,variable molecular diffusivity,quadratic convection,viscous dissipation,velocity slip and heat omission assessment.Employing appropriate similarity components,the model equations were modified to ODEs and computed by using the HAM technique.The impact of various relevant flow characteristics on movement,heat and concentration profiles was investigated and plotted on a graph.Considering various model factors,the significance of drag friction,heat and mass transfer rate were also computed in tabular and graphical form.This leads to the conclusion that such factors have a considerable impact on the dynamics of fluid as well as other engineering measurements of interest.Furthermore,viscous forces are dominated by increasing the values ofλ_(p),δ_(m)andδ_(q),and as a result,F(ξ)accelerates while the opposite trend is observed for M andφ.The drag friction is boosted by the augmentation M,λ_(p)andφ,but the rate of heat transfer declined.According to our findings,hybrid nanoliquid effects dominate that of ordinary nanofluid in terms of F(ξ),Θ(ξ)andφ(ξ)profiles.The HAM and the numerical technique(shooting method)were found to be in good agreement.

高温高压蒸汽系统12Cr1MoV部件材质老化分析及剩余寿命评估

通过试验和理论分析,对高温高压蒸汽系统12Cr1MoV部件材质老化进行分析,并对材质严重老化的部件剩余寿命进行评估,及时掌控高温高压蒸汽系统12Cr1MoV部件的质量情况,采取合理的措施,防止因设备长期带病运行等各种不利因素而引起各类事故,从而提高设备安全运行的可靠性。

1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢轴承盖表面线性缺陷分析

对多个1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢轴承盖出现的线性缺陷进行研究,从宏观和微观角度对缺陷进行检测分析,结果表明:轴承盖零件出现的线性缺陷为锻造折叠缺陷,形成原因主要与多火次成形过程中毛坯毛刺被挤入以及捶打位置偏离有关。在此基础上,对锻造折叠的形成机理、危害和预防措施进行相关阐述。

水平集法模拟PCrNi_(3)MoV钢奥氏体晶粒长大组织演变

为了探索PCrNi_(3)MoV钢加热或高温下晶粒长大规律,采用水平集法进行数值模拟,研究其在不同加热条件下的晶粒长大组织演变行为,同时使用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对PCrNi_(3)MoV钢进行1000~1100℃下保温10~2000 s的一系列等温条件下奥氏体晶粒长大试验。采用Burke-Turnbull晶粒长大模型,利用反算法求得材料参数中间变量M_(b)γ_(b)终值在1000℃、1050℃和1100℃时分别为7.51×10^(-6)mm^(2)s^(-1)、2.03×10^(-5)mm^(2)s^(-1)和4.26×10^(-5)mm^(2)s^(-1),时间指数n终值分别为0.5324、0.8026和0.7711,这表明1000℃下晶粒长大趋势显著低于1050℃和1100℃的长大趋势。为了解决n值不一致的问题,改进了Burke-Turnbull晶粒长大模型,改进模型的决定系数R 2为0.9932。采用改进的模型进行水平集法晶粒长大数值模拟,最后分析了水平集法模拟的奥氏体晶粒组织长大规律。结果表明:在2000 s的范围内,1000℃近似长大70%仍然属于细晶、1050℃近似长大500%(1000℃的7倍)、1100℃近似长大600%(1000℃的9倍),后两者属于粗晶,水平集法模拟的晶粒长大结果与试验结果均相吻合。

不同载荷和转速对真空淬火Cr12MoV钢磨损性能的影响

在干摩擦条件下,研究了真空淬火Cr12MoV模具钢在不同载荷和转速情况下的滑动摩擦磨损性能。利用摩擦试验机、电子天平、OM和SEM对试样的摩擦系数、磨损量、显微组织和磨痕形貌进行分析。结果表明:随着载荷增大,试样摩擦系数整体呈先上升后下降趋势,磨损量增加原因为摩擦面黏着撕裂及碳化物硬质颗粒脱落引起;随着转速增大,试样摩擦系数整体呈先上升后下降趋势,磨损量增大原因为摩擦面氧化膜不断形成与剥落引起。低载荷下,试样磨损方式为磨粒磨损,随着载荷增加磨损方式变为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损的混合形式;低转速下,试样磨损方式为磨粒磨损,随着转速增加,试样磨损方式转变为摩擦界面氧化膜不断形成与脱落而引起的剥层磨损。