Multi-layer phenomena in petawatt laser-driven acceleration of heavy ions

Laser-accelerated high-flux-intensity heavy-ion beams are important for new types of accelerators.A particle-in-cell program(Smilei) is employed to simulate the entire process of Station of Extreme Light(SEL) 100 PW laser-accelerated heavy particles using different nanoscale short targets with a thickness of 100 nm Cr, Fe, Ag, Ta, Au, Pb, Th and U, as well as 200 nm thick Al and Ca. An obvious stratification is observed in the simulation. The layering phenomenon is a hybrid acceleration mechanism reflecting target normal sheath acceleration and radiation pressure acceleration, and this phenomenon is understood from the simulated energy spectrum,ionization and spatial electric field distribution. According to the stratification, it is suggested that high-quality heavy-ion beams could be expected for fusion reactions to synthesize superheavy nuclei. Two plasma clusters in the stratification are observed simultaneously, which suggest new techniques for plasma experiments as well as thinner metal targets in the precision machining process.

Oral Fossilization Phenomena of Vocational College Non-English Majors

This thesis sets out to classify the fossilized errors made by the subjects from lexical and syntactic levels respectively,through the empirical experiment and questionnaire.

Lattice Boltzmann modeling of transport phenomena in fuel cells and flow batteries

Fuel cells and flow batteries are promising technologies to address climate change and air pollution problems. An understanding of the complex multiscale and multiphysics transport phenomena occurring in these electrochemical systems requires powerful numerical tools. Over the past decades, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method has attracted broad interest in the computational fluid dynamics and the numerical heat transfer communities, primarily due to its kinetic nature making it appropriate for modeling complex multiphase transport phenomena. More importantly, the LB method fits well with parallel computing due to its locality feature, which is required for large-scale engineering applications. In this article, we review the LB method for gas-liquid two-phase flows, coupled fluid flow and mass transport in porous media, and particulate flows. Examples of applications are provided in fuel cells and flow batteries. Further developments of the LB method are also outlined.

Predictive factors for photic phenomena after refractive,rotationally asymmetric,multifocal intraocular lens implantation

AIM： To investigate the independent factors associated with photic phenomena in patients implanted with refractive,rotationally asymmetric,multifocal intraocular lenses（MIOLs）.METHODS： Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients who underwent unilateral cataract surgery,followed by implantation of rotationally asymmetric MIOLs were included.Distance and near visual acuity outcomes,intraocular aberrations,preferred reading distances,preoperative and postoperative refractive errors,mesopic and photopic pupil diameters,and the mesopic and photopic kappa angles were assessed.Patients were also administered a satisfaction survey.Photic phenomena were graded by questionnaire.Independent-related factors were identified by correlation and bivariate logistic regression analyses.RESULTS： The distance from the photopic to the mesopic pupil center（pupil center shift） was significantly associated with glare/halo symptoms [odds ratio（OR）=2.065,95% confidence interval（CI）=0.916-4.679,P=0.006] and night vision problems（OR=1.832,95% CI=0.721-2.158,P=0.007）.The preoperative photopic angle kappa was significantly associated with glare/halo symptoms（OR=2.155,95% CI=1.065-4.362,P=0.041）.The photopic angle kappa was also significantly associated with glare/halo symptoms（OR=2.155,95% CI=1.065-4.362,P=0.041） and with night vision problems（OR=1.832,95% CI=0.721-2.158,P=0.007） in patients implanted with rotationally asymmetric MIOLs.CONCLUSION： A large pupil center shift and misalignment between the visual and pupillary axis（angle kappa）may play a role in the occurrence of photic phenomena after implantation of rotationally asymmetric MIOLs.

Gas–liquid mass transfer and flow phenomena in the Peirce–Smith converter: a water model study

A water model with a geometric similarity ratio of 1：5 was developed to investigate the gas-liquid mass transfer and flow charac- teristics in a Peirce-Smith converter. A gas mixture of CO2 and Ar was injected into a NaOH solution bath. The flow field, volumetric mass transfer coefficient per unit volume （Ak/V; where A is the contact area between phases, V is the volume, and k is the mass transfer coeffi- cient）, and gas utilization ratio （t/） were then measured at different gas flow rates and blow angles. The results showed that the flow field could be divided into five regions, i.e., injection, strong loop, weak loop, splashing, and dead zone. Whereas the Ak/V of the bath increased and then decreased with increasing gas flow rate, and n steadily increased. When the converter was rotated clockwise, both Ak/F and t/increased. However, the flow condition deteriorated when the gas flow rate and blow angle were drastically increased. Therefore, these para- meters must be controlled to optimal conditions. In the proposed model, the optimal gas flow rate and blow angle were 7.5 m3.h-1 and 10°, respectively.

SELF-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS AND BLOW-UP PHENOMENA FOR A TWO-COMPONENT SHALLOW WATER SYSTEM

In this article, we consider a two-component nonlinear shallow water system, which includes the famous 2-component Camassa-Holm and Degasperis-Procesi equations as special cases. The local well-posedess for this equations is established. Some sufficient conditions for blow-up of the solutions in finite time are given. Moreover, by separation method, the self-similar solutions for the nonlinear shallow water equations are obtained, and which local or global behavior can be determined by the corresponding Emden equation.

Numerical simulation of flow phenomena and optimum operation of tundish

To enhance the quality of grade 20 carbon-steel on the continuous casting production line, the mechanism of forming blowholes and non-metallic inclusions in billets and numerical simulation of flow phenomena about liquid steel in tundish were studied. The results show that the configuration and operation of tundish play an important part in quality assurance of grade 20 carbon-steel products. By optimizing the configuration of the tundish, the depth of liquid bath in tundish is enhanced, the impact of liquid steel is decreased, and the residence time of liquid steel is lengthened, which is useful for eliminating inclusions and blowholes and improving the service life of tundish. Improving the pouring and tapping operation of liquid steel can avoid the contact of liquid steel with air, and decrease re-oxidation. Strict control of the superheat degree of casting liquid steel can decrease the non-metallic inclusion content of the re-oxidation in billets and reduce the erosion of tundish. The inclusions and blowholes in the continuous casting grade 20 steel billets are reduced to a great extent and qualification rate is enhanced from 60% to 80%.

The high-latitude ionospheric phenomena observed by DPS-4 at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

Ionograms, which were obtained from February 1995 to January 1999 by a Digisonde Portable Sounder-4 (DPS-4) at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, have been scaled. The ionograms interpretation has shown various ionosphcric phcnomena occurred in the cusp region. They are particle precipitation effects in the E region. F region magnetic noon phenomena, slant Es phenomena and lacuna. F layer irregularity zone (FLIZ) phenomena, and auroral oval identification. Typical examples of ionograms and ionogram sequences observed at Zhongshan Station are displayed in this paper.

Gas-dynamic phenomena caused by rock mass tremors and rock bursts

Similar to coal, rock and gas ejections, rock mass tremors and rock bursts are among the most serious natural hazards accompanying the underground extraction of coal. Gas-dynamic phenomena caused by rock mass tremors and rock bursts observed as transient states of air parameters in mining headings,are usually generated as a result of a change in the geometry of headings and the release of considerable amounts of gases. Particular significance is attributed to transient states caused by disasters, which are often accompanied by rapid incidents, presenting threats to the life and health of the underground crew.In Polish mining there are known examples of transient states of air parameters recorded during gasdynamic phenomena, e.g. tremors and rock bursts. The paper presents the case studies of rapid seismic incidents to show how records in mine monitoring systems broaden the knowledge about the transient states of air parameters in mining headings generated because of them.

INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICO METALLURGICAL PHENOMENA FOR THE CC FORMING OF WCP/Fe C COMPOSITES

Theinvestigation of physicometallurgicalphenomena forthe CC formingof WCP/ Fe Ccom posites wasperformed. Resultsshow that underthe patentcondition, WCP/ Fe Ccomposite surfacelayerof16 20 m m heavycross sectioncan beacquiredintheoutsideofa hollow cylin der. The surface of CTC particlescould be partially dissolved by Fe containing melt. Thefineshortstick like WCcrystallitesarein situseparated neartothesurfaceof CTC particles.Far from the CTC particles,someseparated, finetungsten carbidecrystallitesand Fe, W,Mo and Cretc. containing web composite carbides, are distributed on the matrix of WCP/ Fe Ccomposite. Fe Calloy matrix of the hollow composite cylinder is alloyed in differenthigh levels.

COASTAL PHENOMENA AND ISOSTATIC UPLIFT AROUND FILDES PENINSULA OF KING GEORGE ISLAND, SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS, ANTARCTICA

After a field work on recently raised coastal features in South Shetland Islands, we conclude that there are three kinds of recent coastal features, i. e, fragmental coast, rock coast, and ice cliff coast. The processes and forms of the fragmental cost formed by wave action with floating ice are studied. Systematic study of the raised coasts enables us to distinguish two groups of the coasts by an elevation of 20m a. s. 1. The raised coasts above 20m a. s. 1. belong to older group and those below 20m a. s. 1. belong to younger group. Mean uplift rate of coast in this area is 6. 7 mm/a.

Soliton Solutions to the Coupled Gerdjikov-Ivanov Equation with Rogue-Wave-Like Phenomena

Bilinear forms of the coupled Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation are derived. The $N$-soliton solutions to the equation are obtained by Hirota＇s method. It is interesting that the two-soliton solutions can generate the rogue-wave-like phenomena by selecting special parameters. The equation can be reduced to the Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation as well as its bilinear forms and its solutions.

Elucidating Ion Transport Phenomena in Sulfide/Polymer Composite Electrolytes for Practical Solid-State Batteries

Despite the enormous interest in inorganic/polymer composite solid-state electrolytes(CSEs)for solid-state batteries(SSBs),the underlying ion transport phenomena in CSEs have not yet been elucidated.Here,we address this issue by formulating a mechanistic understanding of bi-percolating ion channels formation and ion conduction across inorganic-polymer electrolyte interfaces in CSEs.A model CSE is composed of argyrodite-type Li_6PS_5Cl(LPSCl)and gel polymer electrolyte(GPE,including Li~+-glyme complex as an ion-conducting medium).The percolation threshold of the LPSCl phase in the CSE strongly depends on the elasticity of the GPE phase.Additionally,manipulating the solvation/desolvation behavior of the Li~+-glyme complex in the GPE facilitates ion conduction across the LPSCl-GPE interface.The resulting scalable CSE(area=8×6(cm×cm),thickness~40μm)can be assembled with a high-mass-loading LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.15)Mn_(0.15)O_(2)cathode(areal-mass-loading=39 mg cm~(-2))and a graphite anode(negative(N)/positive(P)capacity ratio=1.1)in order to fabricate an SSB full cell with bi-cell configuration.Under this constrained cell condition,the SSB full cell exhibits high volumetric energy density(480 Wh L_(cell)~(-1))and stable cyclability at 25℃,far exceeding the values reported by previous CSE-based SSBs.

Three-Dimensional Bursting Phenomena in Meander Channel

Experiments were conducted in a U-shaped open-channel flume with the intention of investigating the bursting phenomena in the meander channel. The experimental results of the secondary flow fields and the Reynolds shear stress distributions show that the velocity and velocity fluctuation in the transverse direction are not negligible. Moreover, the bursting process is investigated using the three-dimensional quadrant analysis, which is more accurate than using the traditional two-dimensional quadrant analysis for the meandering channel. It is obtained from the experimental results that the internal group of events occurs more frequently than the external group, particularly the internal ejection and internal sweep events. In addition, the transition probabilities of the movements, which are defined as the changes of events from the current situation to the next situation in a time series, show that the stable organizations of events are the most possible movements, whereas the cross organizations of events have the least possible movements.

An Analysis of the Cultural Phenomena in Translation of Public Signs

This research focuses on several aspects of the translation of public signs from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.It discusses the existing problems and possible causes for Chinese-English translation of public signs and offers some suggestions to establish standard translation of public signs.

The Structure of Low Frequency Phenomena in the Tropics and Its Interaction with the Extratropics

The structure of planetary scale low freonency phenomena in the tropics is studied, and an attempt is made to determine its influence and interactions with phenomena at higher latitudes.In the tropics, it is found that the majority of the variance in the zonal wind structure is made up in wave numbers I and 2. During warm events in the Pacific Ocean, when the Southern Oscillation Index is negative, almost all of the variance resides in the gravest mode which undergoes a 40° eastward phase shift. Meanwhile, the second logitudinal mode almost disappears. On the other hand, the meridional wind field possesses maximum amplitude at higher wave numbers. However, near the equator,the amplitude is small with extreme values occurring in the subtropics. The difference in scale and the location of cxtrcma of the meridional and zonal wind components indicate that the tropical atmosphere is responding to two different driving mechanisms.Correlation analyses between variations of the zonal wind at reference points along the equator with variations of component elsewhere show that there are strong logitudinal connections. The strongest correlations between the tropics and higher latitudes exist in the region of the equatorial westerlies. In fact, stronger correlations occur between variations in U anywhere along the equator and the middle latitudes to the north and south of the equatorial westerlies than to the latitudes immediately to the north and south of the reference points. We interpret this 'remote' correlation pattern as indicating a two-stage teleconnection process which emphasizes the importance of the equatorial tropical westerlies of the Pacific Ocean as a 'corridor' of communication between the low and high latitudes. The regionality of the correlations confirms, to some extent, recent theoretical development regarding trapped equatorial modes. Finally, time lagged correlations from plus and minus six months between variations of U and OLR indicate that the interactions between the extratropics and low latitudes possess an organized sequence. The extratropical influence appears to propagate into the tropics followed by an eastward propagation along the equator. Finally, a propagation from the tropics to the extratropics in the upper troposphere occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The time-lagged correlation sequence does not appear to be symmetric about the equator.

Cocrystal Phenomena of DABCO with Phenol Derivatives

It has been reported that 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane(DABCO) can form complexed crystals with lithium alkals. Our experimental results show that DABCO can also form cocrystals with phenol derivatives such as phenol(2), o-cresol(3), m-cresol(4), p-cresol(5), p-chlorophenol(6), and p-nitrophenol(7). The separa-

Role of the Bandgaps on Some Interfacial Phenomena with Ionocovalent Oxides

Many ionocovalent oxide materials are either semiconducting or insulating in nature.One of the most im- portant quantities characterising these materials,therefore,is the bandgap energy.The thermodynamic ap- proaches to the bandgaps of oxides are briefly described and some interracial phenomena with oxides are pres- ented.The standard electrode potentials of oxide electrodes and the heterogeneous catalytic behaviours of the oxides as well as the wetting and adhesion in liquid metal/oxide systems can be closely related to the bandgap energies of the oxides.The interfacial phenomena involving the ionocovalent oxides are associated with the electronic processes.

Photo-induced Phenomena in GeS_4 Glasses

GeS4 bulk glasses were prepared by the melt-quench technique and the samples were irradiated by 532-nm linearly polarized light. After the laser treatment, the photo-induced changes of the samples were investigated by UV-1601 speetrophotometer and optical second-order nonlinear tester. The results show that the transmittance of the samples around 532 nm obviously decreases and Bragg reflector forms, which is due to the production of photon-generated carriers. With the increase of laser pulse energy or the extension of irradiation duration, the Bragg reflector increases and gradually tends to be stable. These can be ascribed to the excitation- capture process of the carriers. After irradiation, the relaxation phenomenon results from the release of part of the absorbed energy in the glass matrix. And the fitting equation of the relaxation process is consistent with a conventional Kohlrausch stretched exponential function. The origin of the second harmonic generation （SHG） is because of the dipole reorientation caused by the photo-induced anisotropy in the glass.

Collapses-revivals phenomena induced by weak magnetic flux in diamond chain

We investigate the quantum dynamical behaviors of bosons in a diamond chain with weak magnetic flux(WMF),including Landau–Zener tunnelling,Bloch oscillations,localization phenomenon,and collapses-revivals phenomena.We observed that collapses-revivals phenomena can occur in diamond chain with WMF and cannot exist in the strong magnetic flux case as the previous study(Chang N N and Xue J K,2018,Chin.Phys.B 27105203).Induced by WMF,the energy band for the system varies from gapless to gapped structure.The position of the extrema of probability amplitude for ground state can also be altered by WMF within a single diamond plaquette.As a consequence,the transitions between different dynamical behaviors of bosons in diamond chain can be manipulated by WMF,depending on its initial configurations.