Comparative outcomes of Inferior Vena Cava filters placed at bedside using digital radiography versus conventional fluoroscopy

Purpose:To retrospectively assess the outcomes of Inferior Vena Cava(IVC)filters placed in critically ill patients in the ICU at bedside using digital radiograph(DR)guidance with previous cross-sectional imaging for planning,compared to IVC filters placed by conventional fluoroscopy(CF).Method and materials:The cohort consisted of 129 IVC filter placements;48 placed at bedside and 81 placed conventionally from July 2015 to September 2016.Patient demographics,indication,radiation exposures,access site,procedural duration,dwell time,and complications were identified by the EMR.IVC Filter positioning with measurements of tip to renal vein distance and lateral filter tilt were performed when cavograms or post placement CTs were available for review.Statistical analysis was performed using Stata IC 11.2.Results:Technical success of the procedure was 100% in both groups.Procedural duration was longer at the bedside lasting 14.5+/-10.2 versus 6.7+/-6.0 min(p<0.0001).The bedside DR group had a median radiation exposure of 25 mGy(15-35)and the CF group had mean radiation exposure of 256.94 mGy+/-158.6.There was no significant difference in distance of IVC tip to renal vein(p=0.31),mispositioning(p=0.59),degree of filter tilt(p=0.33),or rate of complications(p=0.65)between the two groups.Conclusion:IVCF placement at the bedside using DR is comparable to CF with no statistical difference in outcomes based on IVCF positioning,degree of lateral tilt or removal issues.It decreased radiation dose,but with overall increased procedural time.

Successful management of infected right iliac pseudoaneurysm caused by penetration of migrated inferior vena cava filter:A case report

BACKGROUND Indwelling inferior vena cava(IVC)filters might cause various complications,including filter penetration,filter fracture,filter migration,and thrombosis of the IVC.Penetration and migration complications are common,while a caudal migrated double-basket filter with associated infected iliac pseudoaneurysm has seldom been reported.CASE SUMMARY We report a 64-year-old female admitted for sudden onset of severe right abdominal pain after IVC filter placement for 3 mo.The patient had a history of failed endovascular IVC filter retrieval.Computed tomography showed that the retrieval hook of the filter penetrated the right common iliac artery and vein,leading to right iliac artery pseudoaneurysm accompanied by right ureteral obstruction with ipsilateral hydronephrosis,and bilateral iliac veins were occluded.Emergency open repair was performed to remove the IVC filter,the right iliac pseudoaneurysm,and the compromised segments of the iliac veins and IVC with right common iliac artery reconstruction.Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the tissue culture.The patient was discharged on postoperative day 12 with anticoagulation therapy and antibiotic therapy after discharge.Six-month follow-up computed tomography revealed that the right common iliac artery was patent,and only mild hydronephrosis was detected.CONCLUSION An indwelling IVC filter,even‘embedded’within organized thrombus,could still cause life-threatening complications.Open procedures remain the last resort for IVC filters with severe complications.

Thrombus Propagation across an Inferior Vena Cava Filter Resulting in Fatal Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Report

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have since been implanted in the 1970s. The aim of implantation is to prevent the occurrence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE). However, fatal pulmonary embolisms have been occurring after filter insertion. The mechanism is that either a thrombus or an embolus was already located cranial to the site of deployment of the filter within the inferior vena cava. And so after the filter implantation significant embolism can still occur. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman who had an IVC filter but died two weeks later from pulmonary embolism, through an unusual mechanism. The patient had a fracture of the left tibia, had open reduction and internal fixation developed pulmonary embolism secondary to deep vein thrombosis of the left lower limb. Anticoagulation was started, an IVC filter was inserted and she was discharged home with a therapeutic INR. However, she passed away two weeks later from pulmonary embolism, through the unusual mechanism of thrombus propagation across the IVC filter. The clinical significance of this article is to draw clinicians’ attention to the existence of another mechanism of fatal pulmonary embolism after an IVC filter insertion. The thrombus can propagate across the IVC filter leading to fatal pulmonary embolism.

Vena cava thrombosis after vena cava filter placement： Incidence and risk factors

这研究的目的是估计静脉 cava 的临床的安全和功效的背景过滤器(VCF ) 放置，与发生和在 VCF 以后的劣等的静脉 cava 血栓(VCT ) 的风险因素上的特别强调放置。有静脉的 thromboembolism (VTE ) 的病人的方法临床的数据，与或没有 VCF 的放置，从 2005 年 1 月在医药记录的回顾的单个中心的审计被分析到 2009 年 6 月。收集了数据包括的人口分布，程序的细节，过滤器类型，指示，和复杂并发症。VTE 的 168 个盒子全部的结果 A (82 与 VCF；86 没有 VCF ) 被检验。在 24.2 个月的中部的后续上， VCT 与 VCF 发生在 82 个病人中的 18 个(11 男性， 7 女性，意味着年龄 55.4 年) 。在没有 VCF 的 86 个病人， VCT 发生在仅仅 6 个个人(4 男性， 2 女性) 在学习时期期间。VCT 在没有 VCF (22% 对 7.0%) ，比在那些与 VCF 适合的病人更经常被观察。在有在 VCF 培植以后的 VTE 的病人的 VCT 的发生近似是 22% 的结论。Anticoagulation 治疗应该与 VCF 放置为所有病人被继续，除非有特定的禁止徵候。在有 VCF 的病人的 VCT 的几乎所有例子在我们的学习植入发生在停止 anticoagulation 治疗以后。VCF 的使用正在增加，并且更多的试用被需要证实他们的利益并且精确地估计他们的安全。

A first attempt of inferior vena cava filter successfully guided by a mixed-reality system: a case report

Pulmonary embolism(PE)is one of the fatal heart attacks,and lower limbs deep vein thrombosis(DVT)is the most common reason for PE.Inferior vena cava filter(IVCF)implantation is a most prevention for PE.But it may carry a high risk of injury because of the radiation and contrast agent.Patients with nephrotic syndrome(NS)or some other renal diseases may prone to thrombosis due to the excretion of protein C and protein S overmuch.So,it is necessary to develop a new therapy without contrast agent.Mixed-reality(MR)is a new technology as a guidance of inferior vena cava filter implantation exposed under no X-ray and required no contrast agent.

Fracture Rate and Serious Complications of Vena Cava Filters

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the prevalence of fracture and fragment embolization of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. Methods: Electronic medical records and imaging studies of all Kaiser Permanente patients who received IVC filters from August 2000 until August 2010 were retrospectively reviewed for filter complications. Results: 283 patients received an IVC filter during the study period. 143 patients were deceased, while 140 are living. Among deceased patients, the average age at the time of death was 69.8 ± 15.3 [range: 24.7 - 99.2] years;55.9% were men;the mean implantation-to-image time was 13.6 ± 20.6 [range: 0 - 92.4] months, and there were no reported major complications attributable to filter migration or fracture at a mean of 16.8 ± 24.8 [range: 0 - 119.6] months following implantation. One of 14 (7.1%) G2 filters perforated the aorta, which already had a stent graft in place. Among those patients still living, the average age was 67.3 ± 15.2 [range: 15.2 - 97.3] years, 47.1% were men, the mean implantation-to-image time was 33.3 ± 36.5 [range: 0.1-141.7] months, and there were no reported major complications at a mean of 35.3 ± 36.5 [range: 0 - 141.7] months following implantation. Three of 60 (5.0%) Trapease filters were found to have at least 1 strut fracture. There were no cases of filter migration or fragment embolization. The overall fracture rate of all filters with an implantation-to-image-time greater than two years (mean implantation-to-image time 4.7 ± 2.7 [range: 2.0 - 11.8] years) was 3 of 67 (4.5%). Bard G2 and G2X filters had a 0% fracture and embolization rate at a mean of 19.0 ± 16.6 [range: 0.07 - 49.5] months after implantation. Conclusions: IVC filters, regardless of type, have a low prevalence of fracture and we found no cases of fragment embolization.

Incidental echocardiographic finding:Fractured inferior vena cava filter

Inferior vena cava filters have gained increasing popularity in recent decades and knowledge on rare complications becomes vital to practicing physicians. A 30-year-old African American male with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, end-stage renal disease, history of deep venous thrombosis and placement of venacaval filter who was seen in the cardiology clinic for cardiac risks stratification prior to renal transplant. Patient denied any cardiac symptoms. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed and showed two linear echoes bright densities in the right atrium and right ventricle embedded which was later found to be fractured filter struts by computed tomography. We discuss the various outcomes associated with nonretrieval of retrievable inferior vena cava filters.

A new type of inferior vena cava filter and its animal experiment

This article explains the definition of pulmonary embolism as well as its causes and elaborates on a new type of inferior vena cava filter(VCF)we have developed. Shaped like a waistdrum, the VCF is mainly made of TiNi shape memory alloy-wire. It has a subulate wire frame which can intercept the thrombus on each side. Its medial body is made up of straight shape memory alloy-wire . Every pillar is bound by several shape memory alloy springs. This type of inferior vena cava filter has a good resistance to fatigue and is hard to be broken. Through animal experiments its framework has been proved to be lasting. Neither deformation nor fragmentation happened when the VCF had been kept in the body for a long time. The thrombus interception efficiency of our VCF is higher than imported VCFs. The filter is unfavorable for thrombosis. After implantation, the IVC was completely unimpeded and no displacement occurred. Moreover the VCF did little damage to the Wall of vein. Neither IVC perforation nor haematoma occurred after the operation.

Clinical outcomes of Angio Jet pharmacomechanical thrombectomy versus catheter-directed thrombolysis for the treatment of filter-related caval thrombosis

BACKGROUND The inferior vena cava filter is utilized worldwide to intercept thrombi and to reduce the risk of fatal pulmonary embolism(PE).However,filter-related thrombosis is a complication of filter implantation.Endovascular methods such as AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy(ART)and catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT)can treat filter-related caval thrombosis,but the clinical outcomes of both treatment modalities have not been determined.AIM To compare the treatment outcomes of AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy vs catheter-directed thrombolysis in patients with filter-related caval thrombosis.METHODS In this single-center retrospective study,65 patients(34 males and 31 females;mean age:59.0±13.43 years)with intrafilter and inferior vena cava thrombosis were enrolled between January 2021 and August 2022.These patients were assigned to either the AngioJet group(n=44)or the CDT group(n=21).Clinical data and imaging information were collected.Evaluation measures included thrombus clearance rate,periprocedural complications,urokinase dosage,incidence of PE,limb circumference difference,length of stay,and filter removal rate.RESULTS Technical success rates were 100%in the AngioJet and CDT groups.In the AngioJet group,grade II and grade III thrombus clearance was achieved in 26(59.09%)and 14(31.82%)patients,respectively.In the CDT group,grade II and grade III thrombus clearance was accomplished in 11(52.38%)patients and 8(38.10%)patients,respectively(P>0.05).The peridiameter difference of the thigh was significantly reduced in patients from both groups after treatment(P<0.05).The median dosage of urokinase was 0.08(0.02,0.25)million U in the AngioJet group and 1.50(1.17,1.83)million U in the CDT group(P<0.05).Minor bleeding was shown in 4(19.05%)patients in the CDT group,and when it was compared with that in the AngioJet group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).No major bleeding occurred.Seven(15.91%)patients in the AngioJet group had hemoglobinuria and 1(4.76%)patient in the CDT group had bacteremia.There were 8(18.18%)patients with PE in the AngioJet group and 4(19.05%)patients in the CDT group before the intervention(P>0.05).Computed tomography angiopulmonography(CTA)showed that PE was resolved after the intervention.New PE occurred in 4(9.09%)patients in the AngioJet group and in 2(9.52%)patients in the CDT group after theintervention(P>0.05).These cases of PE were asymptomatic.The mean length of stay was longer in the CDT group(11.67±5.34 d)than in the AngioJet group(10.64±3.52 d)(P<0.05).The filter was successfully retrieved in the first phase in 10(47.62%)patients in the CDT group and in 15(34.09%)patients in the AngioJet group(P>0.05).Cumulative removal was accomplished in 17(80.95%)out of 21 patients in the CDT group and in 42(95.45%)out of 44 patients in the ART group(P>0.05).The median indwelling time for patients with successful retrieval was 16(13139)d in the CDT group and 59(12231)d in the ART group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with catheter-directed thrombolysis,AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy can achieve similar thrombus clearance effects,improve the filter retrieval rate,reduce the urokinase dosage and lower the risk of bleeding events in patients with filter-related caval thrombosis.

Clinical study of domestic ZQL-type retrievable vena cava filter

Background Pulmonary thromboembolism （PTE） is a serious disease often leading to disability and death. Percutaneous placement of an inferior vena cava （IVC） filter is an effective method to prevent fatal PTE caused by lower extremity deep venous thrombosis （LEDVT）. We developed the ZQL-type retrievable vena cava filter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the ZQL-type filter for prevention of fatal PTE. Methods A total of 144 patients with indications for placement of an IVC filter received insertion of filters via a femoral （n=37） or jugular （n=107） vein approach. Abdominal X-ray and color Doppler ultrasonography of IVC were regularly performed to visualize the position and condition of the IVC filter following filter placement. If thrombi in the lower extremity deep veins were removed within 2 weeks, the filter retrieval procedure was performed after an abdominal radiograph, an inferior vena cavogram and a pulmonary angiography. Otherwise, the filter should be kept permanently in place with regular follow-up inspections. Results One hundred and forty-four filters were implanted at the target sites with a success rate of 98.61% for one-time placement and 100% for two-time placement. Of the 137 patients followed up （follow-up rate, 95.14%）, 43 patients had filters retrieved during a period of between 7 and 14 days （median, 12 days） following filter placement. The remaining 94 patients were followed for 7 days to 39 months （median follow-up period, 17 months）. No filter migration or tilt, filter fracture or IVC perforation was observed. No obstruction of IVC occurred. No symptomatic PTE developed during the follow-up period. Conclusion The ZQL-type retrievable vena cava filter is a safe and effective device to prevent PTE. This filter possesses a distinctive stent-shape, stable design, high capture efficacy, and is easy to insert and retrieve and thus is suitable for clinical application. Chin Med J 2009; 122（2）： 140-144

Comparison of Biomechanical Properties and Hemodynamics of Three Different Vena Cava Filters

The interaction mechanism of three types of vena cava filters(VCFs) with blood vessels and their influence on the bloodstream during the process of implantation are investigated by finite element method and computational fluid dynamics. The VCF models are set up with Solidworks software. Using ABAQUS software,we simulate the working conditions of the VCFs in the vessel to analyze the stress distribution and radial support stiffness of the vessel wall and the filter surface. Using FLUENT software, we simulate and analyze the velocity,pressure and shear stress distributions of blood flow when the VCFs are at their working conditions. For the retrievable VCF(R-VCF), the peak stress at the working conditions of the VCF is the highest, the peak stress toward the vessel wall is the lowest, and the support stiffness is the lowest. For the permanent VCF(P-VCF), the peak stress at the working conditions of the VCF is the highest, the peak stress toward the vessel wall is the lowest,and the support stiffness is the highest. Because of the structure of scaffolding support units and the tendency to form intimal hyperplasia on their support units, both the convertible VCF(C-VCF) and the P-VCF can embed their support units in the hyperplasia skin. This effectively prevents them from harming blood veins through filter damage at the pulse load conditions. As the biomechanical property of the C-VCF is between those of the R-VCF and the P-VCF, it has smaller obstacle to blood flow after conversion and has some fragmentation effects on the thrombus. The results show that different types of VCFs differ in their biomechanical and hemodynamic properties after implantation. Therefore, the simulative analysis can provide a reference basis for filter design and clinical decision making.

High Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis in a 16-year-old Postpartum Patient:A Case Report

Postpartum inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is a rare,but potentially life-threatening disorder.Here we reported one case of the youngest woman to date who presented with massive IVC thrombus extending from deep veins of the right leg to the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra,associated with asymptomatic pulmonary embolism.

Loop技术矫转法对复杂性下腔静脉滤器取出的技巧及应用效果分析

目的在临床实践过程中,我们发明了loop技术矫转法应用于复杂性下腔静脉滤器的取出,本文探讨该技术应用的技巧和优势。方法 回顾2022年1月至2022年12月于山西医科大学第二医院血管外科行下腔静脉滤器取出的417例患者的临床资料。以手术时间和术中辐射量为评判指标,比较标准滤器取出术、loop技术矫转法和loop配合其他技术的优劣。结果 Loop技术矫转法术中辐射剂量及手术时长均显著低于loop联合其他辅助技术(P<0.000 1)。结论 Loop技术矫转法对于复杂性下腔静脉滤器的取出,尤其是严重倾斜、回收钩贴壁的滤器,可缩短手术时间,降低手术辐射剂量,有较高的安全性和实用性,器械简单、可单人操作,利于开展,值得推广。

不同入路放置下腔静脉滤器的效果分析

目的 探讨经颈静脉和经股静脉不同入路置入下腔静脉滤器(Inferior vena cava filter,IVCF)的效果差异。方法 选取我院收治的股静脉穿刺置管后发生急性髂股静脉血栓形成且单纯行IVCF置入术后资料完整患者66例,按IVCF置入的不同入路将以上患者分为经颈静脉入路组和经股静脉入路组,比较两组在出血、IVCF倾斜、排尿困难、腰背疼痛、舒适度、满意度、睡眠质量等方面的效果差异。结果 经颈静脉入路组排尿困难发生率低于经股静脉入路组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经颈静脉入路组腰背疼痛评分和睡眠质量平均评分均低于经股静脉入路组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),舒适度、满意度评分均高于经股静脉入路组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 经颈静脉穿刺IVCF置入可以降低患者术后排尿困难以及腰背疼痛的情况发生,患者具有较高的舒适度、满意度以及睡眠质量。

股静脉途径夹角预测锥形下腔静脉滤器倾斜研究

目的了解髂总静脉与下腔静脉夹角、髂总静脉与髂外静脉夹角与锥形下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)置入时倾斜之间的关系,为临床IVCF置入手术入路选择、IVCF类型选择提供参考。方法回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年9月本院介入科收治的86例行锥形IVCF置入术患者的临床资料,根据术中DSA影像资料,采用ROC分析髂总静脉与下腔静脉之间夹角、髂总静脉与髂外静脉之间夹角以及两者结合对IVCF置入后倾斜的预测价值。结果右股静脉入路,髂总静脉与下腔静脉夹角预测IVCF置入后不倾斜(滤器倾斜角度小于5°)的AUC(0.630)大于髂总静脉与髂外静脉夹角(0.554)、两者结合(0.609)。髂总静脉与下腔静脉角度最佳截断值156.5°;左股静脉入路,髂总静脉与下腔静脉夹角预测IVCF置入后不倾斜AUC(0.908)大于髂总静脉与髂外静脉夹角(0.689)、两者结合(0.852)。髂总静脉与下腔静脉夹角最佳截断值135°。结论IVCF置入时,经左股静脉入路,造影后髂总静脉与下腔静脉角度小于135°或经右股静脉入路,造影后髂总静脉与下腔静脉角度小于156.5°,锥形滤器发生倾斜可能性大,建议选择其他入路或者选择其他类型IVCF。

腔静脉滤器的应用进展

深静脉血栓(DVT)是临床常见的疾病,急性期发生血栓脱落可引起肺栓塞(PE),其病死率极高。应用腔静脉滤器拦截DVT脱落的栓子流向右心房可有效降低PE的发生率及其危害程度。腔静脉滤器可根据放置位置的不同分为下腔静脉滤器和上腔静脉滤器。下腔静脉滤器又可因使用时间的不同分为永久性滤器和非永久性滤器,后者可进一步细分为临时性、可回收性、可转换型滤器等。本文就近年来国内外关于预防PE的滤器种类和治疗效果进行简要综述,旨在为临床医师合理选用腔静脉滤器提供参考。

TempofilterⅡ滤器在肾癌伴静脉癌栓手术治疗中的应用(附18例报告)

目的总结肾癌合并静脉癌栓行根治手术前,预先植入TempofilterⅡ临时滤器预防肺栓塞的效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年5月18例确诊为肾癌合并静脉癌栓的患者资料,预先植入TempofilterⅡ临时滤器,后行肾癌切除和静脉癌栓取栓术,并于术中或术后取出滤器。肾静脉及下腔静脉癌栓分级：0级4例,Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级2例。结果全部患者先行植入下腔静脉TempofilterⅡ临时滤器,技术成功率100%,无相关围术期并发症发生。术后取出临时滤器时间间隔为0~9天[平均为（4.1±2.5）天]。取出的滤器均形态完整,无滤丝折断、滤器移位发生。1例患者于滤器取出术后3个月发现颈部皮肤转移癌。结论对于肾癌合并静脉癌栓患者,预先植入TempofilterⅡ临时滤器预防肺栓塞是安全、可行的。滤器取出过程需要加以改进,以减少医源性肿瘤脱落种植风险。

下腔静脉滤器植入联合经皮机械性血栓清除术与球囊扩张治疗老年髋骨折合并髂股静脉血栓患者的价值

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器植入联合经皮机械性血栓清除术(PMT)与球囊扩张治疗老年髋骨折合并髂股静脉血栓患者的价值。方法选取2021年6月至2023年1月在乐清市第二人民医院和温州市中心医院治疗的121例老年髋骨折合并髂股静脉血栓患者,按照随机数字表法分为联合组61例和常规组60例,2组均接受一般抗凝治疗,常规组采用下腔静脉滤器植入联合PMT治疗,联合组在常规组的基础上联合球囊扩张。随访2个月后,对比2组静脉通畅评分、血栓清除率、Villalta评分及血栓后综合征(PTS)发生率、实验室指标[红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原(FIB)]、并发症发生情况。结果治疗前常规组与联合组静脉通畅评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);随访2个月后2组静脉通畅评分均下降,且与常规组相比,联合组评分更低(P<0.05);随访2个月后血栓清除率2组相对比,联合组高于常规组(P<0.05)。随访2个月后联合组Villalta评分低于常规组(P<0.05);轻、中度PTS总发生率联合组均低于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗前2组凝血指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),2组治疗后血清D-二聚体及FIB水平均降低,且联合组低于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗期间联合组发生出血、血肿、血尿等并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论下腔静脉滤器植入联合PMT联合球囊扩张可有效清除髋骨折合并髂股静脉血栓患者的静脉血栓,缓解病情,且安全性良好。

一种下腔静脉滤器植入术后加压固定带的设计与应用

下腔静脉滤器植入术后通过对腿部进行施压,有助于减少出血和防止血肿形成。传统的下腔静脉滤器植入术后加压固定方式存在易脱落、难调节等局限性,影响施压效果。本研究介绍一种下腔静脉滤器手术后加压固定带,不仅施压稳定,且可以调整压力大小和施压位置,在确保施压效果的前提下,提升了患者舒适度。

Delayed Lumbar Artery Laceration and Symptomatic Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Following IVC Filter Placement

Inferior vena cava filters are placed in selected patients to protect against potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Generally, filter placement is regarded as a safe procedure although rare complications may arise. Recurrent thromboembolic events are the most common complications assoiated with inferior vena cava filters;however, there are multiple reports of filter fracture, migration, embolization, penetration and perforation. The aim of this report is to illustrate a serious potential complication of inferior vena cava filters. We report a rare case of symptomatic retroperitoneal hemorrhage occurring 3 weeks after filter placement treated successfully with selective arterial embolization of a lumbar artery laceration. This case serves to highlight the importance of retrieving filters when they are no longer beneficial.