Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2021:An Updated Summary

In 2019,cardiovascular disease(CVD)accounted for 46.74%and 44.26%of all deaths in rural and urban areas,respectively.Two out of every five deaths were due to CVD.It is estimated that about 330 million patients suffer from CVD in China.The number of patients suffering from stroke,coronary heart disease,heart failure,pulmonary heart disease,atrial fibrillation,rheumatic heart disease,congenital heart disease,lower extremity artery disease and hypertension are 13.00 million,11.39 million,8.90 million,5.00 million,4.87 million,2.50 million,2.00 million,45.30 million,and 245.00 million,respectively.Given that China is challenged by the dual pressures of population aging and steady rise in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors,the burden caused by CVD will continue to increase,which has set new requirements for CVD prevention and treatment and the allocation of medical resources in China.It is important to reduce the prevalence through primary prevention,increase the allocation of medical resources for CVD emergency and critical care,and provide rehabilitation services and secondary prevention to reduce the risk of recurrence,re-hospitalization and disability in CVD survivors.The number of people suffering from hypertension,dyslipidemia and diabetes in China has reached hundreds of millions.Since blood pressure,blood lipids,and blood glucose levels rise mostly insidiously,vascular disease or even serious events such as myocardial infarction and stroke often already occured at the time of detection in this population.Hence,more strategies and tasks should be taken to prevent risk factors such as hypertension,dyslipidemia,diabetes,obesity,and smoking,and more efforts should be made in the assessment of cardiovascular health status and the prevention,treatment,and research of early pathological changes.

Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2022:an Updated Summary

In the past 30 years,the accessibility and quality index of medical care have made remarkable progress in China,ranking the first among middle-income countries.Many cardiovascular technologies are at or near the world's leading level,and significant progress has been achieved in China solving the problem of“treatment difficulty”of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).However,due to the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles among Chinese residents,a huge population with CVD risk factors,accelerated population aging,and other reasons,the incidence and mortality rate of CVD are still increasing,and the turning point of the decline in disease burden has not appeared yet in China.In terms of proportions of disease mortality among urban and rural residents,CVD still ranks the first.In 2020,CVD accounted for 48.00%and 45.86%of the causes of death in rural and urban areas,respectively;two out of every five deaths were due to CVD.It is estimated that the number of current CVD patients in China is around 330 million,including 13 million stroke,11.39 million coronary heart disease,8.9 million heart failure,5 million pulmonary heart disease,4.87 million atrial fibrillation,2.5 million rheumatic heart disease,2 million congenital heart disease,45.3 million peripheral artery disease,and 245 million hypertension cases.China has entered a new stage of transformation from high-speed development to high-quality development,and the prevention and control of CVD in China should also shift from previous emphasis on scale growth to strategies focusing more on strategic and key technological development in order to curb the trend of increasing incidence and mortality rates of CVD.

Oral health status of Chinese residents and suggestions for prevention and treatment strategies

Objective:To understand the oral health status of urban and rural residents in China,the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey (FNOHES) was conducted in 2015.Materials and methods:Based on the principles of multi-stage,stratified,equal capacity,and random sampling,the subjects included five groups of residents aged 3-5,12-15,35-44,55-64,and 65-74 years in all 31 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions except Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan.The total sample size was 172,425.The survey covered two areas,namely oral health status and knowledge,attitude and oral health behavior.Results:Residents in China had serious caries and poor periodontal condition.The prevalence of caries was above 50% in all age groups,subjects without periodontal disease accounted for <50%,and fewer than 50% of subjects brushed their teeth twice a day.Based on the results of the FNOHES,the following suggestions were proposed for improving the oral health in China in the future:to establish and improve the comprehensive prevention and control system for oral diseases,implement a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for priority groups,strengthen the oral health education for all people to improve oral health literacy,enhance dynamic monitoring to scientifically evaluate oral health status,and coordinate multi-party resources to establish and improve the oral health service security system.Conclusion:The oral health status of Chinese residents and their oral health behavior habits need to be improved.With the support of the administrative departments of the government and unremitting efforts of the oral health staff,all sectors of society must be coordinated to strengthen oral health education for the whole population.Furthermore,comprehensive prevention and control measures must be implemented for priority groups.

Prevalence analysis of hand,foot and mouth disease in China,2008-2018

Objective:To analyze the prevalence of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in China during 2008-2018 and to provide reference for the prevention and control of HFMD.Methods:Literature eligible for selection was retrieved from the China's national knowledge infrastructure project(CNKI),and data from 2008-2018 Chinese HFMD reports were systematically analyzed.Excel and SPSS 20.00 were used for statistical analysis,and GraphPad Prism 6 was used for mapping.Results:The analysis showed that the average incidence rate of HFMD in China from 2008 to 2018 was 123.37±93.14 cases per 100,000 people,with a male-to-female ratio of(1.50±0.15):1,and the vast majority of cases were concentrated in the under-5 age group,mainly in scattered children.The time of onset of HFMD showed obvious seasonal characteristics,in which single-peak provinces were higher than double-peak provinces,with double-peak trends in April-July and October-November,respectively,and single-peak trends mainly in May-July.Based on the spatial distribution study,the incidence pattern showed obvious regional differences(P<0.05),with high incidence concentrated in the southeastern part of the country,and a gradual increase in incidence from west to east and north to south of China.EV71,CA16 and other enteric viruses were the main pathogens of HFMD,with EV71 accounting for 53.5%,CA16 is accounting for 14.3%and other enteric viruses accounting for 32.2%of the pathogens.Conclusions:The incidence of HFMD in China is high,with obvious geographical,seasonal,gender and age distribution characteristics.According to the pattern of HFMD incidence in the region,early prevention and control of key areas and groups is an effective way to cut off the spread of the disease.

Diagnosis and Prevention of Swine Foot-and-mouth Disease

This paper introduces the characteristics of swine foot-and-mouth disease from the aspects of pathogen,epidemiology,clinical symptoms,and anatomical symptoms,and puts forward clinical comprehensive diagnosis and laboratory diagnostic methods.The disease is distinguished with similar diseases,such as swine pox,porcine vesicular stomatitis,and swine vesicular disease.Finally,the prevention and control measures of the disease are proposed.

鸡马立克氏病的诊断及防控

鸡马立克氏病(MD)是由疱疹病毒属的马立克氏病毒引起的一种具有高度传染性鸡淋巴组织增生性疫病。马立克氏病通常影响2月龄以上的鸡群,该疾病以高传染性、广泛流行性以及独特的单核细胞浸润各类器官与组织著称,严重威胁家禽健康。因此,对其准确诊断、有效预防与精确控制显得极其关键且必要,尤其是在提升生产效率与减小经济损失方面,其作用至关重要。本文全面阐述了鸡马立克病的发病状况、临床表现、病理变化以及实验室诊断方法,并着重提出了将加强预防策略与实施疫苗接种作为防治马立克病的基本原则。

2021—2023年鄄城县水痘流行特征分析

目的:为控制鄄城县水痘的暴发和流行及调整水痘防控策略提供参考依据,对2021—2023年水痘流行特征和变化趋势进行分析。方法:收集《中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统》中2021—2023年鄄城县的水痘资料,采用描述流行病学方法分析流行病学特征。应用SPSS软件分析水痘不同时间、地区、人群的分布特征。结果:2021—2023年鄄城县共报告水痘601例,无死亡病例,发病率分别为24.31/10万、32.18/10万、19.46/10万,3年平均发病率为25.63/10万。鄄城县水痘疫情呈现两个高峰,分别为秋季和冬季,秋季发病高峰集中在9—11月,冬季发病高峰集中在12月至次年2月。病例中男女性别比为1.12∶1,男性水痘发病率与发病数均高于女性,男女发病率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=39.92,P<0.05)。0~24岁发病数485例(80.70%),占比高。学生和散居儿童是最主要的发病群体,占所有病例的68.22%。报告病例数较多乡镇为董口镇(21.46%)、旧城镇(8.15%)、陈王街道(7.49%)、临濮镇(5.99%)。结论:水痘主要在冬季、秋季流行,发病人群主要为学生、儿童,发病数高的乡镇为董口镇,学生已成为鄄城县水痘疫情的高发职业。近年来,水痘在学生群体的流行形势愈加严峻,应针对水痘的流行特点,加大在学校内的宣传力度,做好防控工作。

德州市居民2020年传染病防治素养水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解德州市居民2020年传染病防治素养水平并分析其影响因素,为针对性开展传染病防治健康教育工作提供参考。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取德州市11个监测点的15~69岁常住居民进行问卷调查。结果 德州市居民传染病防治素养水平为40.64%。其中,女性居民为40.25%,男性居民为41.07%;25~34岁年龄组最高(50.57%),65~69岁年龄组最低(33.87%)。多因素回归分析结果显示:年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度和职业是居民传染病防治素养水平的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 德州市居民的传染防治素养水平较以往有所提高,但仍存在薄弱环节;下一步传染病健康教育工作应重点关注高龄、丧偶、低学历和农民群体。

2022年省、市、县疾控机构106项水质指标检测能力调查与分析

目的了解2022年省、市、县疾控机构(Center for Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)对《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)中规定的106项指标的检测能力,分析省、市、县各指标检测能力不足的主要原因。方法收集2022年度全国各级CDC水质检测能力数据,对省级、地市级CDC的42项常规指标、64项非常规指标和对县级CDC的42项常规指标不具备检测能力的机构占比及不能检测的原因占比进行分析。结果省级CDC检测能力不足主要体现在总α放射性、总β放射性(4个省级,占比14%)和贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫(6个省级,21%),主要原因均为设备配置不到位(100%),其次是无检测人员(50%~75%)。地市级CDC常规指标检测能力不足主要体现在总α放射性和总β放射性,占比均为47%;其次是消毒剂指标和消毒副产物指标(臭氧、总氯、ClO_(2)、甲醛、溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐),占比为6%~22%,不具备检测能力的原因包括无设备、无标准品、无试剂和无检测人员;非常规指标中,除了氨氮(1%)外的63项指标不具备检测能力的机构占比均≥19%,其中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫不具备检测能力的机构占比最高(65%),主要原因为无设备(88%),其次为无检测人员(42%~43%)、无试剂(40%)和无标准品(38%);其余61项指标不能检测的原因为无设备、无标准品、无试剂和无检测人员(占比分别为60%~76%、45%~62%、42%~53%、51%~67%)。县级CDC常规指标中,放射性指标检测能力最弱(总α放射性和总β放射性,占比均为85%),其次是消毒剂指标和消毒副产物指标(臭氧、总氯、ClO_(2)、甲醛、溴酸盐、氯酸盐、亚氯酸盐、四氯化碳和三氯甲烷),不具备检测能力的主要原因以无设备(83%~94%)和无检测人员(53%~76%)为主。结论省、市、县CDC常规指标检测能力不足主要体现在放射性指标(省、市、县CDC),消毒剂指标(臭氧、总氯、ClO_(2))、消毒副产物指标(甲醛、溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐)(市、县CDC),以及四氯化碳、三氯甲烷(县CDC);非常规指标中氨氮检测能力较好(省、市CDC),检测能力不足主要体现在贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫(省、市CDC),及其他指标(市CDC)。检测能力不足的主要原因是设备配置不到位,今后应该重点从增配设备着手,增强水质检测能力。

新冠疫情防控下手足口病肠道病毒的流行特征及变迁趋势

针对2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情,在早期缺乏有效药物干预的情况下,大多数国家都采取了疫情防控措施,该措施的实施导致人们生活及行为方式的改变,减轻了COVID-19的传播.然而,这一策略对其他常见传染病的影响尚不清楚.本文通过分析疫情防控下手足口病肠道病毒的流行及变迁趋势,阐明实施疫情防控措施在减少手足口病肠道病毒流行方面非常有效,并对其基因变迁产生明显影响;探讨免疫力缺失和传染性疾病暴发之间的关系,提示疫情期间由于人们缺乏暴露于各种传染性病原体的机会导致免疫力缺失,未来可能出现多种传染病的共同流行,可为疫情大流行后常见及新发传染病的监测和防控、抗病毒药物和疫苗的研究提供启发.

2021-2022年洛阳市涧西区作业场所职业病危害因素的监测结果及具体防控策略研究

目的统计洛阳市涧西区各作业场的职业病危害因素,分析职业病发生的主要原因,并探讨具体防控策略。方法收集洛阳市涧西区内2021年1月—2022年12月期间针对各作业场的职业病危害因素监测信息,录入Excel 2010进行数据统计;随机抽取辖区内200名重点职业从业人员,开展回顾性分析,结合职业健康检查结果,将确认存在职业病的115名从业人员列为病例组,其余未发生职业病的85名从业人员列为对照组,比较2组一般资料、临床资料,经统计学单因素、Logistic多因素回归分析归纳可导致职业病发生的影响因素,结合分析结果,探讨具体防控措施。结果针对辖区内15家厂矿企业,2021年共设立584个监测点,共测得68处锰及其化合物危害、48处矽尘危害、4处苯及其苯系物危害、12处噪声危害,超标率为22.60%(132/584);2022年共设立1575个监测点,共测得158处粉尘危害、154处锰及其化合物危害、10处矽尘危害、13处噪声危害,超标率为21.27%(335/1575);单因素分析结果显示,2组从业人员的年龄、工作年限、职业类型、体检频率、体检结果等比较差异均存在统计学意义;Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄≥50岁,工作年限≥10年,从事制造业、采矿业,未规律体检,血常规异常,免疫力差,X线胸片异常,双耳高频听力阈值≥40 dB均是发生职业病的重要原因(均P<0.05)。结论洛阳市涧西区的职业危害因素以粉尘、锰及其化合物为主,高龄、工作年限长的制造业、采矿业人员发生职业病的风险相对较高,优化职业病防治措施并规范上述重点人群的职业健康体检能实现对职业病的有效防控。

我国疾病预防控制机构考核评价政策沿革、问题及对策

通过梳理总结我国针对疾控机构/工作开展考核评价相关的政策文件及文献,总结当前疾控机构考核评价关键点,梳理现存问题,并提出改进的对策建议,为新时代下疾病预防控制中心考核评价相关政策文件的制定提供借鉴。

口腔HPV感染的研究现状

流行病学证据表明口腔是人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomaviruses,HPV)的储存库,水平传播和垂直传播等多种途径促进了口腔HPV感染的流行。低危型HPV感染可能导致口腔黏膜良性病变,而高危型HPV的持续感染是诱发头颈部鳞状细胞癌的重要危险因素。目前,我国关于口腔HPV感染的研究工作并不深入,国人对相关知识的认知不足,这不利于相关疾病防治工作的开展。在此背景下,本文对口腔HPV感染的研究现状进行综述,以期为我国口腔HPV感染的防治工作提供参考。

牛结节性皮肤病的研究进展

牛结节性皮肤病(lumpy skin disease,LSD)是一种由痘病毒科、山羊痘病毒属中的结节性皮肤病病毒(lumpy skin disease virus,LSDV)导致的牛传染病,该病会引起牛体温升高、皮肤黏膜及内脏结节样病变等,进而导致牛生产性能下降,甚至死亡,给畜牧业造成严重的经济损失。该文从牛结节性皮肤病的病原学、流行病学、临床症状及病理变化、诊断方法、防治措施等多个方面进行综述,以期对牛结节性皮肤病的防控提供参考。

基于五运六气理论探讨常见肿瘤患者的禀赋特征与发病的关系

【目的】探讨个体出生当年的五运六气特征与常见肿瘤发生之间的联系,评估五运六气理论应用于现代肿瘤流行病学研究的潜力。【方法】利用SEER(Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results)数据库(1975~2020年)及广州中医药大学惠州医院肿瘤科近3年收治的肿瘤病例数据,将出生年份转换为五运六气的相关要素,如中运、客气、主气及运气相合等,并通过LASSO回归、单因素和多因素逻辑回归分析探讨这些要素与不同类型肿瘤发病风险之间的关系。【结果】(1)共涵盖了2215896例病例,其中来源于SEER数据库的病例为2215024例,包括男性1158019例(占52.28%),女性1057005例(占47.72%);本院病例为872例,包括男性527例(占60.44%),女性345例(占39.56%)。涉及乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌和肝癌等多种类型。(2)研究发现,某些五运六气特征与特定肿瘤类型的发生存在显著相关性,如肺癌的发生与“土运不足”有关,而乳腺癌的发生则与“水运不足”的年份有关等,表明出生时的五运六气特征可能与肿瘤发病风险之间存在潜在联系。【结论】该研究的初步发现支持了五运六气理论在预测不同肿瘤发生风险中的应用前景。然而,五运六气特征与肿瘤发生之间的关系非常复杂,需要进一步的深入研究来探索其背后的机制。未来的工作可通过涵盖更大的人群样本,以及更详细的出生时间,并考虑家族遗传、地理因素和环境因素等,以验证这些观察结果,为风险预测模型的建立以及中医“治未病”理念在肿瘤预防和治疗中的实际应用提供科学依据。

传染病传播数据分析与预测方法的研究进展——以Covid-19为例

以新型冠状病毒肺炎(Covid-19)为例,对学术界在疫情传播数据分析与预测方面的研究进展进行综述,以提高传染病的防控和应急管理能力。将统计学分析(回归和拟合分析、时间序列分析及函数型数据分析)、动力学模型分析(SIR模型、SEIR模型和其他拓展模型)和LSTM神经网络模型分析的优缺点进行比较,分析结果可为未来的传染病防控管理与决策提供理论参考。

猴痘合并HIV感染疾病特征的研究进展

猴痘病毒的传播对HIV感染者构成了巨大威胁。一方面,猴痘病毒在HIV感染者中的感染率居高不下,在其他性传播疾病中的感染率也较高,如梅毒、淋病等;另一方面,尽管猴痘是自限性疾病,但与非HIV感染的猴痘患者相比,猴痘合并HIV感染患者的重症和死亡风险显著提升,尤其是在免疫重建不全的HIV感染者中。此外,在猴痘合并HIV感染的患者中,尤其是在CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞计数小于200×10^(3)/L的免疫重建不全的HIV感染者中,其临床症状比普通猴痘患者更加持久和严重,诊疗难度大。因此,全面了解猴痘合并HIV感染患者的疾病特征对于有效预防及减少猴痘传播至关重要。本文对猴痘合并HIV感染患者的病原学特征、流行病学特点、临床特征、诊断治疗和预防等方面进行阐述,旨在增强对猴痘合并HIV感染患者的全面了解,为针对这一类特殊人群制定精准防控策略提供理论支持。

水工建筑物裂缝成因分析及防治研究

在明确裂缝类型的基础上,分析了水工建筑物裂缝产生的主要原因,并从混凝土性能、结构设计、施工管理、裂缝检查处理等方面出发,强调了大体积混凝土裂缝防治的有效措施,有利于提高水工建筑物的设计与施工效果,减少质量和安全隐患。

高速公路湿陷性黄土路基病害及防治措施研究

为研究湿陷性黄土路基病害防治措施,依托湿陷性黄土区高速公路实际工程,分析了湿陷性黄土工程处理方案及施工细节。结合黄土的湿陷性特征分析其水理与力学特性,并探析了公路黄土路基的常见病害及处治措施。基于自然环境和实际施工条件,研究了重锤夯实、冲击碾压、灰土挤密桩三种方式在湿陷性黄土区高速公路路基处理中的应用,总结得出相应的施工细节与质量控制措施。

Trend analysis of noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors in Afghanistan

Background:Afghanistan is suffering from 40-year chronic conflicts,displacement,and demolition of its infrastructure.Afghanistan mortality survey 2010 shows nearly 46%of all deaths in the country were attributed to noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).In this study,we aimed to understand the differences in mortality and premature death due to NCDs by sex and the trend for the next 8 years.Methods:We applied trend analysis using the secondary data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,Global Burden of Diseases 2019.The information on NCD mortality,NCD deaths attributed to its risk factors,NCD percent of total years lived with disability(YLDs)attribution to each risk factor extracted from this database from 2008 to 2019.We investigated the trend from 2008 to 2019 for the mentioned factors and then forecast their trends until 2030.Results:Our study shows that Afghanistan has had an increasing death number due to NCDs from 2008 to 2019(50%for both sexes)and this will reach nearly 54%by 2030.Currently,half of NCDs deaths are premature in Afghanistan.The mortality rate and prevalence of risk factors are higher among women.More than 70%of YLDs will be due to NCDs in Afghanistan till 2030.Five risk factors including high systolic blood pressure(28.3%),high body mass index(23.4%),high blood glucose(20.6%),high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(16.3%),and smoking(12.3%)will have the highest contribution to NCDs death in 2030,respectively.Conclusions:In general,our study indicates that without any specific intervention to address NCDs in Afghanistan,not only the Sustainable Development Goal target for NCDs will not be met,but an increase in almost all risk factors prevalence,as well as NCD mortality,will be seen in Afghanistan.