Simulation of three-phase flow and lance height effect on the cavity shape

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model was developed to simulate a 150-t top-blown converter. The ef-fect of different lance heights on the cavity shape was investigated using the volume of fluid （VOF） method. Numerical simulation results can reflect the actual molten bath surface waves impinged by the supersonic oxygen jets. With increasing lance height, the cavity depth de-creases, and the cavity area, varying like a parabola, increases and then decreases. The cavity area maximizes at the lance height of 1.3 m. Under the three different lance heights simulated in this study, all of the largest impact velocities at the molten bath surface are between 50 m/s and 100 m/s.

Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Gas Entrainment for the Ventilated Cavity in Vertical Pipe

A semi-empirical gas entrainment model was proposed for the ventilated cavity in vertical pipe, based on which, a complete numerical scheme was established by coupling with the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model to predict the multiscale flow field created by ventilated cavity. Model predictions were validated against experimental measurements on void fraction and bubble size distributions. Simulations were carried out to explore the effect of ventilation rate and inlet turbulence intensity on the macroscale cavity shape and the bubbly flow downstream of the ventilated cavity. As the ventilation rate increasing, a reverse trend was observed for the void fraction and bub-ble size distributions. It is concluded that the average void fraction in the pipe flow region is determined by the vo-lumetric ratio between liquid and gas. However, the bubble size evolution is dominated by the breakage effect induced by turbulence in the vortex region. Furthermore, simulations were conducted to analyze geometric scale effect based upon Froude similitude. The results imply that the velocity distributions were properly scaled. Slight scale effect was seen for the void fraction caused by faster dispersion of bubbles in the larger size model. The comparatively greater bubble size was predicted in the smaller model, implying significant scale effects in terms of tur-bulence and surface tension effect. It reveals that empirical correlations valid in wide range are required for the extrapolation from small-size laboratory models.

Influence of Cavity Shape on Hydrodynamic Noise by A Hybrid LES-FW-H Method

The flow past various mechanical cavity, which is a common structure on the surface of the underwater vehicle, and generating hydrodynamic noise has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, a hybrid method is presented to investigate the hydrodynamic noise induced by mechanical cavities with various shapes. With this method, the noise sources in the near wall turbulences or in the wake are computed by the large eddy simulation （LES） and the generation and propagation of the acoustic waves are solved by the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings （FW-H） acoustic analogy method with acoustic source terms extracted from the time-dependent solutions of the unsteady flow. The feasibility and reliability of the current method was verified by comparing with experimental data （Wang, 2009）. The 2D cavity models with different cross-section shapes and 3D cavity models with different cavity mouth shapes （rectangular and circular） are developed to study the influence of cavity shape on the hydrodynamic noise. By comparing the flow mechanisms, wall pressure fluctuations, near-field and far-field sound propagation distributions, it is found that the quadrangular cavity with equal depths of leading-edge and trailing-edge is preferred for its inducing lower hydrodynamic noise than the cylindrical cavity does.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ARTIFICIAL VENTILATED CAVITY

In order to determine artificial ventilated cavity shape and provide design reference for engineering applications, the shape of ventilated cavity and the drag of underwater body have been numerically simulated with commercial code in this work. Empirical formulas between ventilated cavity shape and cavitation number are obtained under the conditions of zero incidence and similarity shapes of ventilated cavity and vapor cavity have been validated under the same cavitation number. In addition, the relations between change of cavitator incidence and cavity unsymmetry and the relations of between drag and cavity shape have been primarily analysed. Furthermore, the numerical results fit well with the experimental results.

Unsteady numerical simulation on helium cooldown process for the 650 MHz two-cell superconducting cavity

Background Superconducting cavity is usually needed to be gradually cooled from room temperature to the superconducting temperature zone(4.2 K and below)in the testing and sophisticated operation process of superconducting cavity.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the cooling law on the helium cooldown process for the 650 MHz two-cell superconducting cavity with the unsteady numerical simulation.Method A three-dimensional coupled heat-flow model of 650 MHz two-cell superconducting cavity was established.The unsteady numerical simulation of different inlet temperatures,flow rates and pressure conditions was carried out.The equiva-lent convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature distribution of 650 MHz two-cell superconducting cavity during cooldown process were obtained.The effects of cooling time and entrance parameters on the cooldown process were analyzed.Results The temperature distribution of the lower intersection lines has a large drop in the initial stage of cooldown process(120 s),while the temperature near the flanges at the both ends is still higher(remaining at the initial temperature of 300 K).With the passage of time,the temperature of the upper and lower intersection lines decreases.The maximum temperature difference on the lower intersections is within 2 K in the final stage of cooldown process(3600 s).The maximum temperature difference increases by 180%,and the difference between the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature(dT)at the end of a cooldown stage increases by 130%after 1 h,respectively,when the inlet temperature drops from 290 to 270 K(under the condition of the initial temperature of 300 K).Conclusions The maximum temperature difference and the dT at the end of a cooldown stage increase with the decrease in the inlet temperature.The maximum temperature difference increases with the increase in the inlet flow rate,while the dT at the end of a cooldown stage decreases with the increase in the inlet flow rate.The effect of changing the inlet flow rate on the cooling rate is not as obvious as changing the inlet temperature.Once there is a certain flow rate,the advantage of further increasing the flow rate to reduce the temperature of the superconducting cavity is not so great.

Numerical study on the cavity dynamics for vertical water entries of twin spheres

In this study, a three dimensional(3D) numerical model of six-degrees-of-freedom(6DOF) is applied to simulate the water entries of twin spheres side-by-side at different lateral distances and time intervals.The turbulence structure is described using the shear-stress transport k-ω(SST k-ω) model, and the volume of fluid(VOF) method is used to track the complex air-liquid interface. The motion of spheres during water entry is simulated using an independent overset grid. The numerical model is verified by comparing the cavity evolution results from simulations and experiments. Numerical results reveal that the time interval between the twin water entries evidently affects cavity expansion and contraction behaviors in the radial direction. However, this influence is significantly weakened by increasing the lateral distance between the two spheres. In synchronous water entries, pressure is reduced on the midline of two cavities during surface closure, which is directly related to the cavity volume. The evolution of vortexes inside the two cavities is analyzed using a velocity vector field, which is affected by the lateral distance and time interval of water entries.

Application of polynomial chaos on numerical simulation of stochastic cavity flow

In present paper,the mathematic background of intrusive polynomial chaos (IPC) method and coupling process with one dimension Euler equation were introduced. The IPC method was implemented for the 2D compressible stochastic Navier-Stokes equations to simulate the non-deterministic behavior of a lid driven cavity flow under the influence of uncertainties. The driven velocity and fluid viscosity were supposed respectively to be the uncertain variable which has Gaussian probability distribution. Based on the validation with benchmark results,discussions were mainly focused on the statistic properties of velocity distribution. The results indicated the effect of IPC method on the simulation of propagation of uncertainty in the flow field. For the simulated results of 2D cavity flow,influence of the driven velocity uncertainty is larger than that of viscosity.

Upwind Compact Method and Direct Numerical Simulation of Driven Flow in a Square Cavity*

A high-order accurate finite-difference scheme, the upwind compact method, is proposed. The 2-D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are sOlved in primitive variables. The nonlinear convection terms in the governing equations are approximated by using upwind biased compact difference, and other spatial derivative terms are discretized by using the fourth-order compact difference. The upwind compact method is used to solve the driven flow in a square cavity. Solutions are obtained for Reynolds numbers as high as 10000. When Re≤5000, the results agree well with those in literature. When Re=7500 and Re=10000, there is no convergence to a steady laminar solution, and the flow becomes unsteady and periodic.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT OF CAVITY GROWTH DURING SUPERPLASTIC BULGING OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY ZK60

Numerical simulation and experimental studies on cavity growth were carreed out dur-ing the bulging process of saperplastic magnesium Alloy. A three--dimensional rigid-viscoplastic finite element program has been developed and applied to predict the cav-ity radiusand volume fraction of cavity growth. The final prediction on the cavityradius and volume fraction distribution was exhibited as colorful shade pictures. Theexperimental studies wereperformed under similar conditions to the numerical oneand provided for quantitativecomparison. According to the metallography observation,the radius and volume fraction of cavity growth was quantitative achieved by usingProfound--Iron & steel software. The numerical results were in reasonable quantita-tive agreement with the experiment.

Numerical simulation and experimental study on cavity growth in uniaxial tension of superplastic magnesium alloy

The cavity growth was studied in uniaxial tension of superplastic magnesium alloy. An exponentially increasing cavity growth model was introduced into the numerical simulation effectively. A three dimensional rigid visco plastic finite element method (FEM) program was developed to predict the variation of radius and volume fraction of cavity. Experimental radius and volume fraction of cavity were determined based on the optical microscope observation and analyses. The values obtained by numerical simulation are perfectly in agreement with experimental results. The results are potentially helpful to designing the optimal processing parameters for superplastic forming of materials and to enhance their subsequent mechanical properties.

Numerical Simulation of Flow over an Open Cavity with Self-Sustained Oscillation Mode Switching

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the self-sustained oscillating flows past an open cavity. The two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved directly by using the finite difference method for cavities with an upstream laminar boundary layer. A series of simulations are performed for a variety of cavity length-to-depth ratio. The results show the switching among some flow modes including non-oscillation mode, shear layer mode and wake mode. The variation of the Strouhal number is in favorable agreement with available experimental data. The results of flow fields in the cavity reveal the relationship between the cavity shear layer oscillation modes and recirculating vortices in the cavity.

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of respiratory airflow in human nasal cavity and its characteristic dimension study

To study the airflow distribution in human nasal cavity during respiration and the characteristic parameters of nasal structure, three-dimensional, anatomically accurate representations of 30 adult nasal cavity models were recons- tructed based on processed tomography images collected from normal people. The airflow fields in nasal cavities were simulated by fluid dynamics with finite element software ANSYS. The results showed that the difference of human nasal cavity structure led to different airflow distribution in the nasal cavities and variation of the main airstream passing through the common nasal meatus. The nasal resistance in the regions of nasal valve and nasal vestibule accounted for more than half of the overall resistance. The characteristic model of nasal cavity was extracted on the basis of characteristic points and dimensions deduced from the original models. It showed that either the geometric structure or the airflow field of the two kinds of models was similar. The characteristic dimensions were the characteristic parameters of nasal cavity that could properly represent the original model in model studies on nasal cavity.

Numerical investigation on the flowfield of “swallowtail” cavity for supersonic mixing enhancement

A ＂swallowtail＂ cavity for the supersonic combustor was proposed to serve as an efficient flame holder for scramjets by enhancing the mass exchange between the cavity and the main flow. A numerical study on the ＂swallow- tail＂ cavity was conducted by solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations implemented with a k-e turbulence model in a multi-block mesh. Turbu- lence model and numerical algorithms were validated first, and then test cases were calculated to investigate into the mechanism of cavity flows. Numerical results demonstrated that the certain mass in the supersonic main flow was sucked into the cavity and moved spirally toward the combustor walls. After that, the flow went out of the cavity at its lateral end, and finally was efficiently mixed with the main flow. The comparison between the ＂swallowtail＂ cavity and the conventional one showed that the mass exchanged between the cavity and the main flow was enhanced by the lateral flow that was induced due to the pressure gradient inside the cavity and was driven by the three-dimensional vortex ring generated from the ＂swallowtail＂ cavity structure.

Research on the Generation Mechanism and Suppression Method of Aerodynamic Noise in Expansion Cavity Based on Hybrid Method

The expansion chamber serves as the primary silencing structure within the exhaust pipeline.However,it can also act as a sound-emitting structure when subjected to airflow.This article presents a hybrid method for numerically simulating and analyzing the unsteady flow and aerodynamic noise in an expansion chamber under the influence of airflow.A fluid simulation model is established,utilizing the Large Eddy Simulation(LES)method to calculate the unsteady flow within the expansion chamber.The simulation results effectively capture the development and changes of the unsteady flow and vorticity inside the cavity,exhibiting a high level of consistency with experimental observations.To calculate the aerodynamic noise sources within the cavity,the flow field results are integrated using the method of integral interpolation and inserted into the acoustic grid.The acoustic analogy method is then employed to determine the aerodynamic noise sources.An acoustic simulation model is established,and the flow noise source is imported into the sound field grid to calculate the sound pressure at the far-field response point.The calculated sound pressure levels and resonance frequencies show good agreement with the experimental results.To address the issue of airflow regeneration noise within the cavity,perforated tubes are selected as a means of noise suppression.An experimental platformfor airflow regeneration noise is constructed,and experimental samples are processed to analyze and verify the noise suppression effect of perforated tube expansion cavities under different airflow velocities.The research findings indicate that the perforated tube expansion cavity can effectively suppress low-frequency aerodynamic noise within the cavity by impeding the formation of strong shear layers.Moreover,the semi-perforated tube expansion cavity demonstrates the most effective suppression of aerodynamic noise.

Mixed Convection in a Two-Sided Lid-Driven Square Cavity Filled with Different Types of Nanoparticles:A Comparative Study Assuming Nanoparticles with Different Shapes

Steady,laminar mixed convection inside a lid-driven square cavity filled with nanofluid is investigated numerically.We consider the case where the right and left walls are moving downwards and upwards respectively and maintained at different temperatures while the other two horizontal ones are kept adiabatic and impermeable.The set of nonlinear coupled governing mass,momentum,and energy equations are solved using an extensively validated and a highly accurate finite difference method of fourth-order.Comparisons with previously conducted investigations on special configurations are performed and show an excellent agreement.Meanwhile,attention is focused on the heat transfer enhancement when different nano-particles:Cu,Ag,Al2O3,TiO2 and Fe3O4 are incorporated separately in different base fluids such as:Water,Ethylene-glycol,Methanol and Kerosene oil.In this framework,the numerical results related to several mixtures are presented and concern flow pattern and heat transfer curves for various values of Richardson number[Ri=0.1,1 and 10].It turns out that the choice of the efficient binary mixture for an optimal heat transfer depends not only on the thermophysical properties of the nanofluids but also on the range of the Richardson number.Special attention is devoted to shedding light on the effect of the shape of the nanoparticles on the heat transfer in the case of Water-Ag nanofluid.It is concluded that the spherical shape is more suitable for a better heat transfer enhancement in comparison to the cylindrical ones.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF BOTH FLOW INDUCED CAVITY OSCILLATION AND ITS SUPPRESSION BY ACOUSTIC EXCITATION

Flow induced oscillation in a cavity and its suppression by means of acoustic excitation were studied both experimentally and numerically. In the experiment it was found that with the leading edge pure tone excitation at some frequencies and intensities. the flow-induced oscillation in the cavity could be greatly suppressed. Cavity flows both with and without acoustic excitation were studied by solving the 2-D time-dependent Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations using explicit predictor-corrector difference algorithm of MacCormack. Effects of turbulence were simulated via Cebeci-Smith turbulence mode with relaxation modification. The computational and experimental results are compared. and good agreement is obtained.

Numerical investigation of cavity flow at subsonic and transonic speeds

Based on finite volume method, subsonic and transonic flow in 3-D cavity of different length-to-depth ratios are numerically investigated by using Navier-Stokes equations with k-ε SST two-equation turbulence model and coupled implicit algorithm. The cavity streamline patterns and the static pressure coefficient distributions on the cavity floor are shown, and the flow characteristics of the cavity and the floor pressure coefficient distributions are analyzed. Numerical results demon- strate that the flow characteristics of the cavity at subsonic and transonic speeds are different from that of supersonic ones; length-to-depth ratio is the main factor that affects the flow characteristics of the cavity at subsonic and transonic number has a neglectable effect on the cavity floor pressure distributions. speeds and causes changes of the cavity flow type; Mach cavity flow fields at subsonic and transonic speeds and the

Numerical Simulation for Ventilated Supercavitation High Speed Underwater Vehicle

Supercavitation is a revolutionary technique to achieve high drag reduction for underwater vehicle.It can help us to break through the conventional speed barrier.This article presents a numerical algorithm for ventilated supercavitation flow field based on mixture multiphase flow model,briefs the calculation results and compares them with that tested in high-speed water tunnel and towing tank.The mathematical model,its numerical calculation method,computational region and boundary conditions are discussed in detail.Some pertinent nondimensional parameters about the ventilated supercavitation,such as geometrical configuration of supercavity,drag coefficient and ventilation rate are investigated.Reynolds number is selected to predict gas ventilation rate instead of Froude number.Finally,based on the test and simulation results,a semi-empirical formula of the ventilation rate estimation suitable for different conical angle caritators is proposed.

Numerical simulation of LWD resistivity response of carbonate formation using self-adaptive hp-FEM

Most of the carbonate formation are highly heterogeneous with cavities of different sizes, which makes the prediction of cavity-filled reservoir in carbonate rocks difficult. Large cavities in carbonate formations pose serious threat to drilling operations. Logging-whiledrilling （LWD） is currently used to accurately identify and evaluate cavities in reservoirs during drilling. In this study, we use the self-adaptive hp-FEM algorithm simulate and calculate the LWD resistivity responses of fracture-cavity reservoir cavities. Compared with the traditional h-FEM method, the self-adaptive hp-FEM algorithm has the characteristics of the self-adaptive mesh refinement and the calculations exponentially converge to highly accurate solutions. Using numerical simulations, we investigated the effect of the cavity size, distance between cavity and borehole, and transmitted frequency on the LWD resistivity response. Based on the results, a method for recognizing cavities is proposed. This research can provide the theoretical basis for the accurate identification and quantitative evaluation of various carbonate reservoirs with cavities encountered in practice.

Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes

The cavity formation and propagation process of stress wave from parallel hole cut blasting was simulated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D nonlinear dynamic finite element software. The distribution of element plastic strain, node velocity, node time-acceleration history and the blasting cartridge volume ratio during the process were analyzed. It was found that the detonation of charged holes would cause the interaction of stress wave with the wall of uncharged holes. Initial rock cracking and displacement to neighboring uncharged holes become the main mechanism of cavity formation in early stage.2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.