Operating Parameters of the District Heating Substation Cooperating With the Installation of Technological Air Conditioning With High Efficiency of Heat Recovery

The article analyses the problem of determining the operating parameters of the district heating substation cooperating with the air heating system in technological air conditioning systems equipped with heat exchangers with high efficiency of heat recovery.Attention was paid to the correct selection of heat exchangers for the heat output balance depending on the heat recovery protection algorithms against a drop in the temperature of the heat transfer surface below 0℃.Critical parameters were determined in Polish climatic conditions,at which the operation of the heat recovery exchanger in the air conditioning system is switched off or limited.It has been proven that the proper functioning of the district heating substation cooperating with the installation of air conditioning with high heat recovery efficiency requires the use of two heat exchangers with different characteristics,equipped with properly selected temperature control systems.The optimal model of cooperation between the technological air conditioning system and the heating substation was also indicated.

Numerical Analysis on Ventilating and Air Conditioning Scheme of Shenyang Subway Station

Different cities have different climate conditions and outdoor temperature and humidity, so the scheme of an environment control in subway should be analyzed by considering objective conditions, project cost and operating status. In this paper, a physical and mathematical model is built according to the design of Shenyang subway (line 1), the boundary conditions of the model are defined by the design and experiments, the numerical analysis of ventilating scheme and air conditioning scheme is introduced individually, and the temperature field and air flow field of the two schemes are compared, so that the feasibility of using a ventilating scheme in subway of northeast cities is discussed. Considering comfort and economy, it can be concluded that mechanical ventilation is feasible in subway of northeast cities because the air temperature there is not very high in summer.

Practice and analysis of recycling non-drinking water from air-condition and reverse-osmosis system into rainwater collection system

This paper is based on the rainwater collection project in the retrofit of the Dongyi teaching block in Zhejiang University Xixi Campus.The analysis incorporates the local meteorological data, recycling water utilization, and precipitation adjustment.The rainwater collection system in this program also adds the condensation water from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning （ HVAC） system and the concentration from the reverse-osmosis system used for watering greens and supplying waterscapes.By calculating, the quantity of the HVAC condensation water in summer is 3.48 m3/d, and the quantity of the reverse-osmosis concentrated water is 198 to 396 L/d.This method solves the water shortage caused by high evaporation in summer and low precipitation in winter.Supported by empirical monitoring data, the proposed method significantly increases the economic efficiency of the system during the summer period.

Alternative ventilation strategies in U.S.offices:Comprehensive assessment and sensitivity analysis of energy saving potential

Mature technologies exist to reduce the heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC) energy associated with ventilation and use ventilation proactively to save energy.This study investigated the energy use impacts in U.S.office buildings of multiple alternative ventilation strategies that combined:economizing,demand controlled ventilation(DCV),supply air temperature reset(SR),and/or a doubled ventilation rate.We used energy simulations in a Monte Carlo analysis,sampling 17 building inputs and varying locations to match the climate zone distribution of the U.S.office stock.Results indicated the possibility for significant savings compared to a baseline that ventilated constantly at a minimum rate in both a small office type with a constant air volume(CAV) HVAC system and a medium office type with a variable air volume(VAV) system.In 95%of instances,HVAC source energy savings were 5-25%in the small-CAV office(median:11%) and 6-42%in the medium-VAV office(median:27%).In the small-CAV office,DCV typically saved the most energy,usually from heating,and heating degree days and occupant density were decisive influences.In the medium-VAV office,economizing and SR were most important,DCV usually only had minor impacts,and zone temperature setpoints,along with climate indicators,were the critical influences.Other than infiltration,envelope characteristics did not strongly influence energy impacts.The untapped primary energy savings of alternative ventilation strategies over the 74%of U.S.office floorspace reasonably represented by our modeling was estimated at 36 TWh per year,with an annual value of U.S.$ 1.25 billion.

Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.

Optimal Scheduling of Residential Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) provides important demand response resources for the new power system with high proportion of renewable energy. Residential HAVC scheduling strategies that adapt to realtime electricity price signals formulated by demand response program and ambient temperature can significantly reduce electricity costs while ensuring occupants' comfort. However, since the pricing process and weather conditions are affected by many factors, conventional model-based method is difficult to meet the scheduling requirements in complex environments. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive optimal scheduling strategy for residential HVAC based on deep reinforcement learning(DRL) method. The scheduling problem can be regarded as a Markov decision process(MDP). The proposed method can adaptively learn the state transition probability to make economical decision under the tolerance violations. Specifically, the residential thermal parameters obtained by the leastsquares parameter estimation(LSPE) can provide a basis for the state transition probability of MDP. Daily simulations are verified under the electricity prices and temperature data sets, and numerous experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

日本HEAS-02-2022《医院设施设计指南(空调设备篇)》介绍

日本HEAS-02《医院设施设计指南(空调设备篇)》已经持续应用了30多年,对我国医院建设影响较大。历经4次修订,最新颁布的2022版是由医学主席在疫情中主持修订的,鉴于气溶胶新的传播特性提出了相应的合适措施。在医疗环境控制方面提出了许多新的思路与措施,局部修订了空气洁净度级别和各医疗科室的通风要求。依据感染管理风险评估及推荐强度与证据质量实施合理的医疗环境控制,并对一些关注点进行了澄清。

某有机化学实验室项目通风空调系统设计

有机化学实验往往会产生对人体有害的气体,有效的通风空调系统可以避免有害物泄漏,以保证实验人员在工作环境里的安全和健康。不同的有机化学实验室要求不同,其通风空调系统设计也有相应的不同要求。合成实验室通风量大,但对房间温湿度要求不高;分析仪器实验室中仪器设备较多,发热量较大,且对环境温湿度有一定的要求。本文结合某实际工程,对不同功能化学实验室通风量的确定、新风送风温度及空调设置情况和通风系统控制进行了介绍。

暖通空调给排水管道的表面改性与性能研究

为提升暖通空调铜合金排水管的表面性能,采用化学镀的方法在铜合金排水管表面制备了Ni-P/TiN镀层,研究镀液中TiN质量浓度对化学镀层物相组成、表面及截面形貌、硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,无镀层的铜合金基体主要物相为CuZn和CuZn5,表面镀层主要由非晶Ni组成;在基础镀液中适当添加TiN会形成镀层质量较好的含有胞状颗粒的镀层,而过量的TiN添加会使得镀层质量恶化。相较铜合金基体,表面镀层的硬度明显更高,且表面镀层硬度会随着镀液中TiN质量浓度的增加而增大;当TiN质量浓度为10 g/L时,表面镀层的硬度和磨损率分别为633 HV0.1和0.93×10^(-8)g/(r·N),具有相对较好的耐磨性,此时的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损。

海洋平台HVAC系统减噪技术研究

文章结合海洋平台供热通风与空气调节(HVAC)系统噪声控制的现状,重点介绍了平台HVAC系统噪声对人员和设备的影响;分析了HVAC系统噪声的来源,包括机组本身运行时产生的噪声、管线内流体流动噪声等;提出了设计和安装阶段HVAC系统噪声控制的要点,如选择低噪声设备、合理布置管线、采用隔振器和消声器等。

基于多平台混合教学模式在通风空调工程课程中的应用探讨

为提升通风空调工程课程教学效果,探讨了一种混合教学模式在通风空调工程课程中的应用。该模式融合翻转课堂与多平台构成。开展翻转课堂教学、建立基于互联网的“小范围”知识获取平台,以及研究生与本科生互动平台,三者融合以提升学生课程参与度,提高课程知识转化率,增强本科学生与土木水利专业学位硕士互动,完善课程教育体系。最终达到学生在通风空调工程领域的专业素养和实际应用能力逐步提高的目的,为通风空调工程课程的教学改革提供有效的经验。

核电通风空调系统故障检测与诊断

通风空调系统为核电厂系统设备的稳定安全运行和人员安全操作提供可靠的保障,实现通风空调系统的稳定运行对核电厂房的平稳运行具有重要意义。该文针对核电厂通风空调系统的典型故障进行具体介绍,并综述现有通风空调系统故障检测诊断的具体方法、特点与不足,最后深入分析核电通风空调系统故障诊断未来的研究方向。

市域车客室空调通风系统仿真与优化研究

以某市域车客室空调通风系统为研究对象,提出了将客室、送风系统、回风系统、废气排风系统和新风系统整体耦合的新仿真模型,使仿真边界条件设置贴合实际工程。利用ANSYS Fluent软件,对市域车空调通风系统的气流组织和传热状况进行了仿真计算与优化。结果表明:优化前2台空调机组4个回风口的回风量分别为0.24、0.26、0.35、0.19 kg/s,回风量分布不均匀;废气排风道过于窄小,导致废气排风系统阻力高达629 Pa。鉴于此,对客室回风结构与废气排风结构进行了优化研究,优化后最大回风量与最小回风量仅相差0.05 kg/s,客室到废气排风出口流动阻力降低至120 Pa。客室内大部分区域温度范围为24~26℃,客室内部人员主要活动范围处于微风速,乘坐舒适性提升显著。本研究可以为市域车空调通风系统的优化设计提供依据。

骨髓移植病房净化空调系统配置探讨

目的 探讨骨髓移植病房的净化空调系统如何科学、合理配置。方法 以四川大学华西医院新建骨髓移植病房为例,从病房环境要求、通风系统、冷热源、空气处理、气流组织等设备配置方面进行举例、图示、计算总结和说明。结果 通过研究和探讨,得出了骨髓移植病房净化空调系统科学配置的具体参数标准。结论 骨髓移植病房净化空调通风系统的科学配置和合理布局能有效减轻建设施工难度、降低工程造价、方便后期运维,为避免和降低应急处置风险及难度提供了理论依据和可行方案。

高等级生物安全实验室多核心工作间空调通风控制模式探索

简要介绍了高等级生物安全实验室的空调通风系统及消毒模式,同时为满足一组空调系统多核心工作间不同时间的终末消毒需求,探索了一种空调通风控制模式,并对控制方法原理进行了简要阐述。该控制模式在满足同一组空调通风系统下多核心工作间不同终末消毒需求的前提下,可降低运行能耗,并能满足应急检修及检测需求。

基于多层ReLU网络的楼宇暖通空调系统能量管理策略

提升现代智能楼宇的能量管理能力,是电力紧平衡背景下促进电网节能增效的重要举措。文中提出一种数据驱动的楼宇暖通空调系统节能控制策略,避免了传统模型预测控制对精确热力学建模的依赖。首先,在搭建楼宇热网络仿真模型的基础上,采用延时嵌入法构造输入特征,建立基于修正线性单元的多层神经网络模型,实现室内温度时间序列的多步预测。然后,针对电网的分时电价,构建滚动时域优化模型,并将其重构为混合整数线性规划的形式,实现有限控制周期内优化模型的高效求解。最后,基于Simscape搭建楼宇热仿真模型,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提策略能够满足温度舒适度要求,并提高楼宇的经济运行水平。

我国屏蔽门地铁站的通风空调合理能耗修正方法

[目的]针对地铁站能耗持续增长的态势,为准确评价当前地铁站用能水平,挖掘节能潜力,推动建筑节能工作,需要对屏蔽门地铁站的通风空调合理能耗修正。[方法]采用能耗原理模型,系统性地建立了各气候区地铁站的合理能耗基准。针对寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区等不同气候区的典型城市,模拟得到了基准工况下的屏蔽门地铁站通风空调系统能耗约束值和引导值。考虑到各地气候差异和车站服务状况的差异,定量分析了气候条件、客运量、发车对数和隧道长度对地铁站通风空调合理能耗的影响程度,进而提出了各气候区不同城市、不同服务状况的屏蔽门地铁站通风空调系统合理能耗的修正计算方法。[结果及结论]气候条件中年平均湿球温度与能耗的相关性最高,相关系数R²为0.950;年总客运量从500万人次增加到1100万人次,各气候区合理能耗指标增加2.2%~2.9%,各气候区之间差异不大;日总发车对数从140对增加到310对,各气候区合理能耗指标增加了2.0%~7.4%,不同气候区之间具有明显差异;隧道长度1200m的车站比800m的车站,合理能耗指标高1.5%~4.9%,不同气候区之间具有明显差异。

地铁站环控系统控制方案的节能对比研究

为明确常见的地铁车站环控系统控制方案的用能表现和节能潜力,为地铁车站节能降碳提供参考和指导,以北京、上海和广州分别作为寒冷、夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区的代表性城市,在TRNSYS软件中搭建屏蔽门地铁站模型,探究增设自控系统和优化时刻表控制这2种优化方案相比于当前常规的时刻表控制方案在站内环境控制、节能潜力、改造成本方面的表现。结果显示,采用2种优化方案均可有效提高站内空调控制温度,实现类似的站内温度控制效果。用能方面,相比于当前的时刻表控制方案,增设自控系统可为各气候区地铁站环控系统降低41%~49%的年能耗,优化时刻表控制方案可降低38%~48%的年能耗。改造成本方面,优化时刻表控制方案仅需要提高管理水平,无需增加设备和系统,而增设自控系统方案的设备成本和后期运维管理成本较高。因此,综合考虑站内环境控制效果、能耗情况和改造成本,建议地铁站采用优化时刻表控制方案进行节能运行优化,以实现节能目标。

定变风量阀在实验室通风空调系统的应用探讨

描述了定、变风量阀的工作原理和应用特点,基于某实验室的工程案例,根据实验室的不同使用功能要求,采用定、变风量阀实时调节实验室的送风量和排风量,且通过实验室房间的风量差独立控制室内静压。在保证实验室安全运行的情况下,定、变风量阀的合理应用可降低空调通风系统的能耗,从而可减少系统的运行费用。研究结果为优化实验室通风空调系统的设计提供理论依据和技术指导。

基于双碳目标下居住建筑自然通风设计研究

建筑若存在夏季通风不畅的现象,则会增加空调能耗。以河南科技大学家属院某户为研究对象,利用CFD数值模拟软件对室内风速和空气龄进行分析,并对室内现有风环境存在的问题提出居住建筑自然通风设计方案。结果表明:通过优化建筑平面和通风构件的方式增加室内热压通风,优化方案室内平均风速增加了0.12 m/s,提升了室内风舒适度;在自然通风条件下对7月空调制冷能耗进行模拟分析,优化方案中空调制冷能耗降低了4.1%。