Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia with inhaled antibiotics

The direct delivery of inhaled antibiotics to the respiratory tract has been a subject of enduring interest among medical practitioners and researchers due to the associated favorable pharmacokinetics.This interest has been particularly pronounced in the context of critically illpatients,wherehealthcare-associatedpulmonary infections represent a significant challenge,driving continued exploration of inhaled antibiotics for intubated patients.Recent high-level evidence has shown a very promising application in the field of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention.^([1]).

Analysis of the Effect of Extracorporeal Diaphragmatic Pacing Combined with Noninvasive Ventilator on the Respiratory Function and Prognosis of COPD Patients

Objective: To investigate the effect of extracorporeal diaphragmatic pacing combined with noninvasive ventilators on the respiratory function and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods: A total of 50 COPD patients were selected between January 2023 to December 2023 and randomly grouped into an observation group and a control group, with 25 cases. The observation group was given extracorporeal diaphragm pacing combined with a noninvasive ventilator, while the control group was given a conventional treatment mode. After the treatment, the results of each index in the two groups were compared. Results: Compared with the diaphragm function indexes of the two groups, the data of the observation group were more dominant (P < 0.05). The rehospitalization rate of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The COPD assessment test (CAT) and mMRC (Modified Medical Research Council) Dyspnoea scale scores after treatment between the two groups were significantly different (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the lung function indexes of the observation group were more dominant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Extracorporeal diaphragmatic pacing combined with a noninvasive ventilator promoted the improvement of the patient’s prognosis and improved their respiratory function.

Observation on the Effect of Non-Invasive Ventilator Combined with Conventional Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Complicated with Respiratory Failure

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of a non-invasive ventilator combined with conventional therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)combined with respiratory failure.Methods:68 patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure treated in our hospital from September 2021 to October 2023 were selected as the research subjects.Using the random number table method,they were divided into a control group and an experimental group of 34 cases each.The control group received conventional symptomatic treatment,and the experimental group received non-invasive ventilator treatment based on the control group.The clinical effects,blood gas indicators(partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO_(2)),partial pressure of oxygen(PaO_(2)),arterial oxygen saturation(SaO_(2))),lung function(forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC),6 min walking distance),complications,and inflammatory factor levels(c-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR))of the two groups of patients were observed.Results:(1)The clinical efficacy of the patients in the experimental group(33/97.06%)was more significant as compared with the control group(25/73.53%)(P<0.05);(2)After treatment,the clinical efficacy of the two groups of patients in terms of FEV1,FEV1/FVC,6-minute walking distance,PaO_(2)and SaO_(2)all increased in the experimental group as compared to that of the control group(P<0.05);(3)After treatment,the PaCO_(2),CRP,IL-6,and NLR of the two groups of patients decreased,and the decrease in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);(4)The patients’complication rate in the experimental group(2/5.88%)was lower as compared to that of the control group(9/26.46%)(P<0.05).Conclusion:Non-invasive ventilators combined with conventional therapy achieved good clinical results in treating patients with COPD and respiratory failure.

Importance of proper ventilator support and pulmonary rehabilitation in obese patients with heart failure:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The optimal treatment for heart failure(HF)is a combination of appropriate medications.Controlling the disease using only medical therapy is difficult in patients with HF,severe hypercapnia,and desaturation.These patients should first receive ventilator support followed by pulmonary rehabilitation(PR).CASE SUMMARY We report two cases in which arterial blood gas(ABG)improved and PR was possible with appropriate ventilator support.Two patients with extreme obesity complaining of worsening dyspnea–a 47-year-old woman and a 36-year-old man both diagnosed with HF–were hospitalized because of severe hypercapnia and hypoxia.Despite proper medical treatment,hypercapnia and desaturation resolved in neither case,and both patients were transferred to the rehabilitation department for PR.At the time of the first consultation,the patients were bedridden because of dyspnea.Oxygen demand was successfully reduced once noninvasive ventilation was initiated.As the patients’dyspnea gradually improved to the point where they could be weaned off the ventilator during the daytime,they started engaging in functional training and aerobic exercise.After 4 mo of followup,both patients were able to perform activities of daily living and maintain their lower body weight and normalized ABG levels.CONCLUSION Symptoms of patients with obesity and HF may improve once ABG levels are normalized through ventilator support and implementation of PR.

Comparison of the Use of Conventional and Antibiotic-Coated Tracheal Tubes and EVAC on the Incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most important hospital infections in hospitalized patients, which is associated with increased mortality and patient costs. The tracheal tube itself seems to be a major risk factor for VAP. Contaminated secretions pass through the endotracheal tube and reach the lungs. Also, bacteria form a bacterial biofilm on the tracheal tube and are transferred from there to the lungs. Different tracheal tube designs have been produced to overcome these cases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of an Evac tracheal tube covered with antibiotics and normal on the incidence of pneumonia caused by the ventilator. Research method: 180 patients were randomly intubated in three groups of 60 people with three types of tracheal tubes, Evac and Bactiguard. Clinical examinations, endotracheal tube aspiration culture, and chest radiography were obtained from the patients and the incidence of VAP was calculated based on the CPIS standard. The relationship between the type of endotracheal tube and the incidence of VAP and the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and being discharged alive from the ICU were investigated. Findings and conclusions: The average incidence of VAP for the group of patients intubated with a conventional tracheal tube was 50%, EVAC was 45% and Bactiguard was 40%. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the incidence of ventilator-induced pneumonia and the type of tracheal tube. The incidence of ventilator-induced pneumonia was not significantly reduced by suctioning subglottic secretions and Bactiguard tracheal tubes. It seems that using one method alone is not effective in reducing ventilator-induced pneumonia.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Emergency Ventilator Treatment for Severe Acute Left Ventricular Heart Failure

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of emergency ventilator therapy in severe acute left heart failure.Methods:A total of 75 patients with severe acute left ventricular heart failure who were admitted to the hospital from July 2020 to July 2023 were randomly divided into two groups.Group A received additional emergency ventilator treatment,and group B received conventional treatment.The efficacy was compared.Results:The curative effect of patients with severe acute left heart failure in group A was higher than that in group B(P<0.05);all blood gas indicators in group A were better than those in group B(P<0.05);all vital signs indicators in group A were better than those in group B(P<0.05);group A was more satisfied with the treatment of severe acute left ventricular heart failure than group B(P<0.05).Conclusion:Patients with severe acute left heart failure who receive emergency ventilator treatment can stabilize vital signs,improve blood oxygen supply,and enhance curative effect.

肺超声指导下的体位管理在新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎中的临床应用

目的探索肺超声指导下的体位管理在新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中的临床效果。方法选取新生儿科收治的胎龄>32周且诊断为VAP的患儿50例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为肺超声指导下的体位管理组(观察组)和常规体位管理组(对照组)。比较两组患儿肺超声征象、实施方案后血气分析、氧合指数、肺超声评分、呼吸机使用情况、住院时间、并发症等情况。结果两组背部超声评分均较胸前或侧胸评分高,干预7 d后,观察组的胸前、侧胸及背部超声评分均较对照组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中背部超声评分较胸前及侧胸评分高且变化明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组在干预3、7 d的总超声评分均较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中观察组干预7 d后的总超声评分较干预前(首次)显著降低(P<0.05)。观察组干预后第7天的氧合指数较干预前明显降低,且较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组在呼吸机使用时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺超声可作为监测手段指导的新生儿VAP的体位管理,有助于缩短新生儿VAP患儿的呼吸机使用时间,值得临床推广应用。

改良成人经口气管插管机械通气患者口腔护理方法及应用

目的探讨改良成人经口气管插管机械通气患者口腔护理方法的应用效果。方法便利抽样选取2021年1月1日至2021年12月30日四川省人民医院神外监护室经口气管插管机械通气患者220例为对照组,口腔护理方法为冲洗+擦拭+吸痰管连接负压吸引;2022年1月1日至2022年12月30日经口气管插管机械通气患者163例为观察组,口腔护理方法为擦拭+冲洗+吸唾管连接负压吸引。比较两组患者口腔异味发生率、口腔污垢残留、操作时口腔内污液溢出及吸唾管/吸痰管滑出情况、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。结果两组患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组口腔异味发生率、口腔污垢残留、操作时口腔内污液溢出及吸唾管/吸痰管滑出、操作耗时等比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);100%操作人员愿意选择观察组的吸唾管连接负压吸引口腔护理废液(P<0.05)。结论改良成人经口气管插管机械通气患者口腔护理方法,能提高口腔护理质量、提高患者舒适度,节约成本、提高工作效率,有一定的推广应用价值。

基于Ventsim的王家塔煤矿通风系统优化研究

针对王家塔煤矿存在的多煤层、多盘区、供风线路长和通风阻力分布不协调等特点,尤其是随着4^(#)煤开拓和3^(#)煤3盘区的准备,通风系统的不合理性更加凸显。在获取可靠通风基础参数的基础上,利用Ventsim建立王家塔煤矿全矿井三维可视化模型并完成仿真模拟,按照调风操作可行、简单、可靠的原则,提出优化调整方案并模拟分析了调风效果。调风实践表明,优化后的通风系统稳定性增强,通风总阻力降低,阻力分布趋于合理,既实现了企业通风的节能降耗和成本开支,又全面提升了矿井的通风管理水平及决策能力,对矿井通风管理有较好的指导作用。

针对性气道护理对重症监护室患者舒适度与呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的探讨针对性气道护理模式在重症监护室(ICU)患者中的应用效果。方法选择2021年1月—2022年12月医院120例ICU患者,按组间基线资料可比的原则将其分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组予以常规护理,观察组采用针对性气道护理。观察两组患者护理干预前、护理干预5 d后的呼吸状况及舒适度,比较其康复进程、导管堵塞情况及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生情况。结果观察组患者护理干预5 d后的PaO_(2)水平高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PaCO_(2)水平低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者护理干预5 d后的Kolcaba舒适状况量表(GCQ)评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者机械通气时间及ICU治疗时间分别为6.50±1.08 d和7.84±1.50 d,短于对照组的7.22±1.36 d和8.68±1.74 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者机械通气期间的导管堵塞程度较对照组轻,且VAP发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针对性气道护理模式可改善ICU患者呼吸状况及舒适度,缩短康复进程,并可减轻患者机械通气治疗期间导管堵塞程度,降低VAP发生率。

白念珠菌气道定植对铜绿假单胞菌所致呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的探讨白念珠菌气道定植对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌所致呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)患者病死率、抗菌药物疗程、免疫状态及炎症状态的影响。方法本前瞻性多中心队列研究以2018年6月至2023年6月收治于6所三级甲等综合教学医院重症医学科的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌所致VAP患者为研究对象。根据患者呼吸道是否存在白念珠菌定植分为定植组及非定植组。比较两组患者30 d全因死亡率、抗菌药物敏感性及疗程、诊断VAP后第1、3、5、7天免疫指标及炎症指标变化。结果5年研究期间共纳入多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌导致VAP患者232例,其中白念珠菌定植组105例,非定植组127例。非定植组患者检出的铜绿假单胞菌对于氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类及碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的敏感性均高于定植组(P<0.05),但两组患者对于16种抗菌药物的敏感性均低于中国细菌耐药监测网(China antimicrobial surveillance network,CHINET)2022年水平(P<0.05)。研究发现非定植组患者白介素-17A、(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖在各时间节点均低于定植组,且其他炎性指标更容易恢复至正常范围(P<0.05),同时非定植组患者的T及Th淋巴细胞绝对值可以在第7天更快地恢复至正常水平(P<0.05)。两组患者30 d全因死亡率差异无统计学意义(25.7%vs 22.8%,P=0.61),但非定植组抗菌药物的疗程明显短于定植组[(11.3±3.1)d vs(14.2±4.7)d,P<0.01],且存在重症医学科住院时间缩短的趋势。结论气道白念珠菌定植不影响多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌所致VAP患者的30 d全因死亡率,但会延长炎症反应及抗菌药物使用时间并导致免疫功能延迟恢复。

布地奈德雾化吸入配合无创机械通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发呼吸衰竭的疗效研究

目的 探究布地奈德雾化吸入配合无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发呼吸衰竭的老年患者的临床效果。方法 选取2022年2月至2023年2月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的82例COPD并发呼吸衰竭的老年患者82例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组41例。对照组接受无创机械通气治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予布地奈德(2 mg/次,2次/d)雾化吸入治疗,两组患者均治疗1周。比较两组治疗前后的肺功能、血气指标、生命体征指标、临床症状评分及血清低氧诱导因子-1α、血清淀粉样蛋白A水平,并比较两组治疗后的临床疗效。结果 治疗1周后,两组患者的肺功能指标(用力肺活量、第1秒用力呼气容积、第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量的比值、呼气峰值流速占正常预计值的百分比和6分钟步行试验距离)、动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度、pH均高于治疗前,且观察组均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而呼吸频率、心率、动脉血二氧化碳分压、血清低氧诱导因子-1α、血清淀粉样蛋白A水平和临床症状评分均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组临床总有效率为85.37%,明显高于对照组的73.17%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 布地奈德雾化吸入配合无创机械通气治疗可有效提高COPD并发呼吸衰竭老年患者的肺功能,改善动脉血气、生命体征和临床症状,减轻机体的氧化应激和炎症反应,值得临床使用。

胃肠超声监测胃残余量在神经重症机械通气患者营养治疗中的应用

目的探讨胃肠超声监测胃残余量(GRV)在神经重症机械通气患者营养治疗中的应用价值。方法选择2021年1月至2022年12月于安徽省亳州市人民医院行机械通气的92例重症监护病房脑卒中合并呼吸衰竭患者,根据随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组46例。对照组采用胃管回抽法监测GRV,根据GRV监测结果予以营养治疗,观察组予以胃肠超声监测GRV,根据GRV监测结果行营养治疗。观察两组反流、误吸、肠内营养不耐受发生情况,比较其喂养中断率、达目标喂养时间及营养指标变化。结果观察组反流率、肠内营养不耐受发生率、喂养中断率低于对照组,达目标喂养时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预3 d后,两组血清前清蛋白、白蛋白水平均高于干预前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胃肠超声监测GRV能够改善脑卒中合并呼吸衰竭机械通气患者肠内营养耐受性,降低喂养中断率,早期达到目标喂养量,改善患者营养状况。

压力控制容量保证通气模式在新生儿胸腔镜食管闭锁手术中的应用

目的探讨在新生儿胸腔镜食管闭锁手术中应用压力控制容量保证通气(PCV-VG)模式的通气效果及应用安全性。方法选择全麻下行胸腔镜食管闭锁手术新生儿36例,男22例,女14例,日龄1~4 d,体重1.4~4.5 kg,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法将新生儿分为两组:PCV-VG模式组(P组)和容量控制通气(VCV)模式组(V组),每组18例。麻醉成功后P组和V组分别使用PCV-VG模式和VCV模式。记录气管插管前、单肺通气前10 min、单肺通气后30 min、单肺通气结束后10 min的MAP、HR、SpO_(2)。记录单肺通气前10 min、单肺通气后30 min、单肺通气结束后10 min的气道平均压(Pmean)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、吸气平台压(Pplat)、肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)、P_(ET)CO_(2)、PaCO_(2)、PaO_(2)和pH。记录术后气管导管拔除时间和ICU停留时间。结果与V组比较,单肺通气后30 min P组SpO_(2)、Cdyn、PaO_(2)和pH明显升高(P<0.05),Pmean、Ppeak、Pplat明显降低(P<0.05);单肺通气后30 min和单肺通气结束后10 min P组P_(ET)CO_(2)、PaCO_(2)明显降低(P<0.05)。与V组比较,P组术后气管导管拔除时间和ICU停留时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。结论在新生儿胸腔镜食管闭锁手术中,与VCV模式比较,使用PCV-VG模式可以降低气道压力,提高肺顺应性,改善术中肺部气体交换,有利于新生儿术后康复。

深部通风三维仿真模拟研究

随着矿井开采深度的不断增加,井下深部高温热害问题严重,由于深部的恶劣条件导致相关现场研究十分困难,利用通风三维仿真模拟技术进行深部通风系统分析是合理可靠的科学选择。应用Ventsim通风仿真模拟软件对河西金矿通风系统进行三维仿真模拟和系统能量损失分布模拟、河西金矿深部通风系统总需风量的相关计算,在模拟结果与理论计算的基础上,对模拟风量结果与临界需风量结果进行对比分析。为相似条件的深部矿井通风系统的模拟分析研究和降本节能增效提供了案例借鉴和数据参考。

高速水洞中超空泡稳定性与通气率定量试验研究

超空泡航行体通气规律对空泡形态控制具有重要意义。本文描述了在高速水洞中建立水下航行体通气率对超空泡形态及稳定性影响的一种试验研究方法。基于不同空化器和模型攻角条件下的空泡形态及通气率测量试验结果,总结得到无量纲通气率计算的经验表达式。通过对有、无尾翼条件下的通气率试验进行比较,初步获得尾翼对超空泡泄气的影响规律。研究结果表明,通气率需要保持在一定范围内方可获得形状稳定、边界清晰的通气超空泡。依据试验结果给出了超空泡稳定性的判别方法。

基于风热环境评估的平顶山城市通风廊道构建

城市通风廊道以提升城市的空气流动性、缓解城市热岛效应和改善人体舒适度为目的,为城市引入新鲜冷湿空气而构建的通道,目前已在世界各国城市中得到广泛应用。本研究利用平顶山市及周边地区气象站观测资料、卫星遥感数据、基础地理信息资料,并结合城市规划,采用数理统计、地表温度反演、地理信息系统技术,综合分析平顶山城市风环境、城市热岛及绿源的分布并评估地表通风潜力,在此基础上初步构建平顶山市城市通风廊道。结果表明:(1)受地形与季风气候共同作用,平顶山市主导风向以西北风、东北风和南风为主,且存在季节差异;(2)平顶山市的城市热岛空间上呈多中心分布,热岛强度由中心城区向周围递减;城市绿源主要分布在城市周边,可为主城区引入新鲜空气;(3)基于城市地表粗糙度、天空开阔度等因子综合评估城市通风潜力,初步构建平顶山市“六主十次”的城市通风廊道系统格局。

机械通气人机不同步自动检测算法综述

该研究总结了患者与呼吸机非同步性(patient-ventilator asynchrony,PVA)自动识别技术在机械通气过程中的应用。在早期阶段,规则及阈值的设定方法依赖于呼吸机参数及波形的人为解析,虽然这类方法直观并易于操作,但在阈值设定和规则选择上相对敏感,不能很好地适应患者状态的微小变动。随后,机器学习和深度学习的技术开始出现并发展。这些技术通过算法自动提炼和学习数据特性,使PVA的检测更具鲁棒性和通用性。其中,逻辑回归、支持向量机、随机森林、隐马尔可夫模型、卷积自编码器、长短期记忆网络、一维卷积神经网络等方法都被成功地用于PVA的识别。尽管深度学习方法在特性提取上取得了显著进步,但是它们对标签数据的需求较大,可能会消耗大量医疗资源。因此,强化学习与自监督学习的结合可能是一个实际可行的解决方案。此外,算法的验证大多基于单一的数据集,未来对于跨数据集验证的需求将是一个重要且充满挑战性的发展方向。

洁净手术室气流组织效果的影响因素综述

我国医院建设规模庞大、分布广泛,就医人数居世界第一,医疗洁净手术室空气洁净技术发展迅速。手术室的气流组织是其空气洁净技术的重要方面,与手术部位感染的关系一直存在争议。本文对手术室中的气流组织形式进行了综述。研究表明,层流通风和温控气流通风在去除携带细菌的颗粒方面具有优势,且层流通风对飞沫的控制能力更强。本文梳理了手术室内人员数量和位置、手术人员的动作和流动、医用设备的数量和发热量、人员着装和手术台次等因素对气流组织效果的影响。发现手术人员的动作和流动是相关研究的热点,气流组织与手术人员、患者热舒适的关联仍有待深入。未来研究方向包括手术室内局部气流组织与手术微环境空气质量的定量关系、新型气流组织形式和末端、个性化通风与手术人员热舒适等。

呼吸机相关性肺炎风险预测模型的研究进展

呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)是机械通气患者常见的并发症,不仅增加患者医疗费用,而且威胁其生命安全。风险预测模型能够预测某种结局事件的概率,有助于识别高风险人群。目前,国内外许多研究基于传统Logistic回归方法或机器学习法构建VAP的预测模型,并将预测模型转换为列线图或风险评分。VAP风险预测模型能够有效帮助临床医护人员快速、准确地筛查高风险人群,进而及时有效地针对高风险人群采取相应的预防措施,从而降低VAP发生率。