Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients:A descriptive analysis

BACKGROUND:We sought to evaluate the risk factors for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)and whether the location of intubation posed a risk in trauma patients.METHODS:Data were retrospectively reviewed for adult trauma patients requiring intubation for>48 hours,admitted between 2010 and 2013.Patients’demographics,clinical presentations and outcomes were compared according to intubation location(prehospital intubation[PHI]vs.trauma room[TRI])and presence vs.absence of VAP.Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of VAP.RESULTS:Of 471 intubated patients,332 patients met the inclusion criteria(124 had PHI and208 had TRI)with a mean age of 30.7±14.8 years.PHI group had lower GCS(P=0.001),respiratory rate(P=0.001),and higher frequency of head(P=0.02)and chest injuries(P=0.04).The rate of VAP in PHI group was comparable to the TRI group(P=0.60).Patients who developed VAP were 6 years older,had significantly lower GCS and higher ISS,head AIS,and higher rates of polytrauma.The overall mortality was 7.5%,and was not associated with intubation location or pneumonia rates.In the early-VAP group,gram-positive pathogens were more common,while gram-negative microorganisms were more frequently encountered in the late VAP group.Logistic regression analysis and modeling showed that the impact of the location of intubation in predicting the risk of VAP appeared only when chest injury was included in the models.CONCLUSION:In trauma,the risk of developing VAP is multifactorial.However,the location of intubation and presence of chest injury could play an important role.

Subglottic Secretion Drainage for Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Meta-analysis

Objective： Ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP） has been shown to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality（ Chastre and Fagon, 2002; klompas, 2007） among mechanically venti- lated patients in the intensive care unit （ICU）, with the incidence ranging from 9% to 27% ; crude mortality ranges from 25% to 50%.1-3 A meta-analysis of published studies was undertaken to combine information regarding the effect of subglottic secretion drainage （SSD） on the incidence of ventilated associated pneumonia in adult ICU patients. Methods： Reports of studies on SSD were identified by searching the PUBMED, EMBASE, and COCHRANCE LIBRARY databases （December 30, 2010）. Randomized trials of SSD compared to usual care in adult mechanically ventilated ICU patients were included in this meta-analysis. Results： Ten RCTs with 2,314 patients were identified. SSD significantly reduced the incidence of VAP [ relative risk （RR） =0.52, 95% confidence interval （C/）： 0.42-0.64, P〈0.000 01]. When SSD was compared with the control groups, the overall RR for ICU mortality was 1.00 （95% CI, 0.84-1.19） and for hospital mortality was 0.95 （95% CI, 0. 80-1.13）. Overall, the subglottic drainage effect on the days of mechanical ventilation was -1.52 days （95% CI, -2.94 to -0.11） and on the ICU length of stay （LOS） was -0.81days （95% CI, -2.33 to -0.7）. Conclusions： In this meta-analysis, when an endotracheal tube （ETT） with SSD was compared with an ETT without SSD, there was a highly significant reduction in the VAP rate of approxi- mately 50%. Time on mechanical ventilation （MV） and the ICU LOS may be reduced, but no reduction in ICU or hospital mortality has been observed in published trials,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator associated pneumonia: improved outcomes with earlier follow-up

It is not clear what is the appropriate timing to follow-up patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and Clinical Pulmonary Infe- ction Score >6 between days 3-5 of an appro- priate antibiotic treatment. We studied 122 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa VAP. A follow-up respiratory sample was collected on days three or five ( “day-three” and “day-five” group ) and treatment was modified 48h later. Molecular typing identified super-infections or persistence. For serial data another respiratory sample was collected, on day three from the “day-five” group and on day five from the “day-three” group. Sixty patients, in the “day- three” group compared to 62 in the “day-five” group, had reduced fourteen-day mortality ( 18.3% and 38.7%;p=0.01 ) and fewer days in intensive care unit (17.2 ± 4.3 compared to 27.3 ± 4.7, p6, improved fourteen-day mortality and shorter duration of stay in health-care facilities were observed with earlier follow-up.

Ventilator associated pneumonia following liver transplantation:Etiology,risk factors and outcome

AIM: To determine the incidence, etiology, risk factors and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT).METHODS: This retrospective study considered 242 patients undergoing deceased donor OLT. VAP was diagnosed according to clinical and microbiological criteria. RESULTS: VAP occurred in 18(7.4%) patients, with an incidence of 10 per 1000 d of mechanical ventilation(MV). Isolated bacterial etiologic agents were mainly Enterobacteriaceae(79%). Univariate logistic analysis showed that model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score, pre-operative hospitalization, treatment with terlipressin, Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, days of MV and red cell transfusion were risk factors for VAP. Multivariateanalysis, considering significant risk factors in univariate analysis, demonstrated that pneumonia was strongly associated with terlipressin usage, pre-operative hospitalization, days of MV and red cell transfusion. Mortality rate was 22% in the VAP group vs 4% in the group without VAP. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that VAP is an important cause of nosocomial infection during postoperative period in OLT patients. MELD score was a significant risk factor in univariate analysis. Multiple transfusions, treatment with terlipressin, preoperative hospitalization rather than called to the hospital while at home and days of MV constitute important risk factors for VAP development.

The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Serum Procalcitonin among Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a complication in as many as 28% of patients who receive mechanical ventilation. Studies have consistently shown that a delay in diagnosis and treatment increases the mortality risk. The aim of this work was to clarify the role of the serum procalcitonin (PCT) in the diagnosis and the prognosis of ventilator associated pneumonia. Methods: Forty two VAP patients, 20 non VAP-ICU (on mechanical ventilation) admitted patients and 20 healthy control subjects of similar age and sex were included in the study. PCT levels in serum samples were measured in all subjects. Results: There was a highly statistically significant difference (p value 0.001) between VAP patients on one side and non VAP-ICU patients and healthy control subjects on the other side regarding the mean values of PCT. Also, the mean values of PCT were statistically significantly higher (p 0.001) among died VAP group than the survivor VAP group. There was a statistically positive correlation (p = 0.449), CRIP (R = 0.403) and SOFA (R = 0.437)) and initial PCT serum levels. Conclusions: This study found that the increased PCT serum level is an important diagnostic tool for VAP and the PCT serum levels can predict the outcome of VAP patients. We recommend other larger studies to augment our findings.

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in an Intensive Care Unit

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence, etiologic agents and mortality rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In a six-month period, cases who were 18 years or older, dependent on mechanical ventilator for more than 3 days and without pulmonary infection on first admission were included in this study. In all cases, body temperature recordings, blood and urine culture, microbiological analyses of endotracheal aspirates, and chest X-rays were obtained and used to identify VAP. Apache II scores on admission, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality were recorded. This study included 45 cases and 22 developed VAP (48%). The incidence of VAP was 25.34 per 1000 ventilator days. Univariate analyses showed that duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, coma and tracheotomy were associated with the development of VAP. The mortality rate of cases with VAP (72.7%) was significantly higher than cases without VAP (39.1%). The most frequent microorganisms were Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In our study, VAP was a very common and important complication of mechanical ventilation and mortality was very high. To reduce mortality, minimize morbidity, shorten the length of stay, and reduce costs, defined risk factors for VAP should be recognized and an effective infection control program for the prevention of VAP should be implemented. Surveillance results should be evaluated regularly and necessary precautions should be taken.

Natural History, Outcomes and Antibiotic Treatment for Ventilator-Associated Tracheobronchitis in Critical Ill Patients

We assessed incidence and outcomes of patients with ventilator-associated respiratory infections (VARI) due to tracheobronchitis (VAT) and pneumonia (VAP), including length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and ventilator days. We also examined pathogens, rate of progression from VAT to VAP, and impact of antibiotic therapy for VAT. Data analysis included 234 patients, 100 patients (43%) had at least moderate (+++) bacterial growth in their semi-quantitative endotracheal aspirate (SQ-ETA) cultures. VAT and VAP were each diagnosed in 34 (15%) patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen isolated and had the highest rate of progression from VAT to VAP. Seven (21%) of the 34 patients were diagnosed with VAT that later progressed to VAP in averaged 3 days. Patients diagnosed with VAT had significantly more ventilator days (9 vs 6, p p < 0.001) and hospital days (22 vs 17, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the clinical outcomes of the 25 VAT patients with timely, appropriate antibiotics compared to the 9 VAT patients who did not receive timely appropriate antibiotics. VAT was a risk factor for increased ventilator days, longer length of ICU and hospital stay. The time window from VAT to VAP allowed physicians to identify the pathogens and sensitivity profile needed to treat VAT with appropriate antibiotics. Data from well-designed studies were needed to assess the impact of early, appropriate antibiotic therapy for VAT, the choice of antibiotics, as well as the duration and route of administration.

Risk factors and clinical responses of pneumonia patients with colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus

BACKGROUND Nosocomial infections with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniicalcoaceticus complex(ABC)strains are great problem for intensive care units.ABC strains can develop resistance to all the antibiotics available.Carbapenem resistance is common and colistin resistance is rare in our country.Knowing the risk factors for colistin resistance is important since colistin seems to be the only remaining therapeutic option for the patients with pneumonia due to extensively drug resistant ABC for our country.AIM To investigate the comparison of clinical responses and outcomes between pneumonia patients with colistin-susceptible and-resistant Acinetobacter sp.Strains.METHODS During the study period,108 patients with pneumonia due to colistin-susceptible strains and 16 patients with colistin-resistant strains were included retrospectively.Continuous variables were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test,and categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact chi-square test for two groups.A binary logistic regression model was developed to identify the potential independent factors associated with colistin resistance in patients with colistin-resistant strains.RESULTS High Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores(OR=1.9,95%CI:1.4-2.7;P<0.001)and prior receipt of teicoplanin(OR=8.1,95%CI:1.0-63.3;P=0.045)were found to be independent risk factors for infection with colistin-resistant Acinetobacter sp.Different combinations of antibiotics including colistin,meropenem,ampicillin/sulbactam,amikacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were used for the treatment of patients with colistin-resistant strains.Although the median duration of microbiological cure(P<0.001)was longer in the colistin-resistant group,clinical(P=0.703),laboratory(P=0.277),radiological(P=0.551),microbiological response(P=1.000)and infection related mortality rates(P=0.603)did not differ between the two groups.Among the patients with infections due to colistin-resistant strains,seven were treated with antibiotic combinations that included sulbactam.Clinical(6/7)and microbiological(5/7)response rates were quite high in these patients.CONCLUSION The optimal therapy regimen is unclear for colistin-resistant Acinetobacter sp.infections.Although combinations with sulbactam seems to be more effective in our study patients,data supporting the usefulness of combinations with sulbactam is very limited.

Antibiotics De-Escalation in the Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Trauma Patients： A Retrospective Study on Propensity Score Matching Method

Background： Antimicrobial de-escalation refers to starting the antimicrobial treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, followed by narrowing the drug spectrum according to culture results. The present study evaluated the effect of de-escalation on ventilator-associated pneumonia （VAP） in trauma patients. Methods： This retrospective study was conducted on trauma patients with VAP, who received de-escalation therapy （de-escalation group） or non-de-escalation therapy （non-de-escalation group）. Propensity score matching method was used to balance the baseline characteristics between both groups. The 28-day mortality, length of hospitalization and Intensive Care Unit stay, and expense of antibiotics and hospitalization between both groups were compared. Multivariable analysis explored the factors that influenced the 28-day mortality and implementation of de-escalation. Results： Among the 156 patients, 62 patients received de-escalation therapy and 94 patients received non-de-escalation therapy. No significant difference was observed in 28-day mortality between both groups （28.6% vs. 23.8%, P = 0.620）. The duration of antibiotics treatment in the de-escalation group was shorter than that in the non-de-escalation group （11 [8-13] vs. 14 [8-19] days, P = 0.045）. The expenses of antibiotics and hospitalization in de-escalation group were significantly lower than that in the non-de-escalation group （6430 ± 2730 vs. 7618 ± 2568 RMB Yuan, P = 0.043 and 19,173 ± 16,861 vs. 24,184 ± 12,039 RMB Yuan, P = 0.024, respectively）. Multivariate analysis showed that high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ （APACHE Ⅱ） score, high injury severity score, multi-drug resistant （MDR） infection, and inappropriate initial antibiotics were associated with patients＇ 28-day mortality, while high APACHEⅡ score, MDR infection and inappropriate initial antibiotics were independent factors that prevented the implementation of de-escalation. Conclusions： De-escalation strategy in the treatment of trauma patients with VAP could reduce the duration of antibiotics treatments and expense of hospitalization, without increasing the 28-day mortality and MDR infection.

Microscopic examination of intracellular organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia：a prospective multi-center study

Background The presence of intracellular organisms （ICOs） in polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） is a possible method for rapid diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia （VAP）.However,the validity of this diagnostic method remains controversial and the diagnostic thresholds reported by investigators were different.Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of quantification of ICOs in BALF for the diagnosis of VAP,and to detect the best cutoff percentage of PMNs containing ICOs （PIC） in the microscopic examination of BALF for the diagnosis of VAP.Methods This was a prospective multi-center study conducted in 4 ICUs in Wuhan,China,which involved 181 patients suspected of first episode of VAP.BALF was obtained from all enrolled patients.The BALF samples underwent quantitative culture,cytological and bacteriological analysis to detect the culture results,PIC values and the morphological features of microorganisms.Definite diagnosis of VAP was based on pre-set criteria.The receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to detect the best cutoff point for PIG to diagnose VAP,and the diagnostic accuracy was calculated.Moreover,quantitative culture and Gram＇s stain of BALF were adopted to diagnose VAP,and their diagnostic accuracy was evaluated as well.Results There were 102 patients definitely diagnosed with VAP （VAP group）,and 60 patients definitely diagnosed without VAP （no VAP group）.We found that ICOs were present in 96.08％ （98 out of 102） of VAP patients and 20.00％ （12 out of 60） of no VAP patients.The PICs were significantly higher （（9.53±6.65）％ vs.（0.52±1.33）％,P＜0.01） in VAP group.In our study,the best cutoff point for PIC to diagnose VAP was 1.5％,which had a sensitivity of 94.12％,a specificity of 88.33％,a positive predictive value （PPV） of 93.20％ and a negative predictive value （NPV） of 89.83％.The area under the receiveroperating characteristic curve was 0.956 （95％ confidence interval,0.925-0.986; P＜0.01）.When the positive quantitative culture results of BALF were used to diagnose VAP,the sensitivity,specificity,PPV and NPV were 65.69％,95.00％,95.71％ and 61.96％,respectively.Whereas they were 70.59％,76.67％,83.72％ and 60.53％,respectively,when the positive Gram＇s stain results of BALF were used to diagnose VAP.The concordance between the results of Gram＇s stain and quantitative cultures was poor,only 32.10％ （52 out of 162） was totally right,and 17.28％ （28 out of 162） was partially right.Conclusions PIC＞1.5％ has good diagnostic performance in the microscopic examination of BALF for the diagnosis of VAP.However,Gram＇s stain is not reliable for the early application of antibiotic therapy,due to the poor bacteriological predictive value.

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer

Patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer （SHNC） have a particularly high risk of nosocomial infections. We aimed to identify risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia （VAP） in patients undergoing SHNC. The study included 465 patients who underwent SHNC between June 2011 and June 2014. The rate of VAP, risk factors for VAP, and biological aspects of VAP were retrospectively evaluated. The incidence of VAP was 19.6~0 （n = 95） in patients who required more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Staphylococcus （37.7%）, Enterobacteriaceae （32.1%）, Pseudomonas （20.8%）, and Haemophilus （16.9~） were the major bacterial species that caused VAP. The independent risk factors for VAP were advanced age, current smoking status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a higher simplified acute physiology score system II upon admission. Tracheostomy was an independent protective factor for VAP. The median length of stay in the ICU for patients who did or did not develop VAP was 8.0 and 6.5 days, respectively （P = 0.006）. Mortality among patients who did or did not develop VAP was 16.8% and 8.4%, respectively （P 〈 0.001）. The potential economic impact of VAP was high because of the significantly extended duration of ventilation. A predictive regression model was developed with a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 69.4%. VAP is common in patients who are undergoing SHNC and who require more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, innovative preventive measures should be developed and applied in this high-risk population.

The Association of Pneumonia with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Inhalation Injury

Introduction: Inhalation injury is a particularly lethal form of thermal burn injury, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pneumonia is a common complication of inhalation injury, due to the increased susceptibility of lungs that have been stripped of their biologic defense mechanisms, as well as the general susceptibility of the burn population to infections. While older series suggest that pneumonia is associated with worse mortality and morbidity, recent reports suggest that this may not be the case in all populations. Methods: We attempted to clarify the impact of pneumonia in terms of mortality, length of mechanical ventilation, need for tracheostomy, and discharge disposition, in patients admitted with inhalation injury by performing a retrospective review of patients admitted to a regional burn center 2002-2009. Burn registry and electronic chart review were used to obtain demographic, clinical and outcome data. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to compare outcomes in patients who developed pneumonia versus those who did not. Results: The study cohort comprised 166 patients, of whom 21 (13%) were diagnosed with pneumonia. Development of pneumonia was not predicted by age, surface area burned or other complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Surprisingly, pneumonia was associated with reduced inpatient mortality (p = 0.006). However, patients who developed pneumonia were also more likely to have prolonged ventilator dependence (19 vs 5 days,

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗液中sTREM-1、IL-32及PCT水平对呼吸机相关性肺炎病情及预后判断的价值

目的:探讨纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗液中可溶性髓系细胞触发受体-1(sTREM-1)、白细胞介素32(IL-32)及降钙素原(PCT)水平与呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)患者病情及预后判断的价值。方法:选取确诊的53例VAP患者作为VAP组;另选取同期实施机械通气但是未发生VAP的56例患者作为对照组。记录两组患者肺泡灌洗液中sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平、CPIS评分、APACHEⅡ评分,并探究其与患者病情和预后的相关性。结果:VAP组患者肺泡灌洗液sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平及CPIS评分、APACHEⅡ评分均高于对照组(P<0.05);VAP组患者肺泡灌洗液的sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平与CPIS评分正相关(r=0.614、0.603、0.621,P<0.05);VAP组患者肺泡灌洗液的sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平与APACHEⅡ评分正相关(r=0.414、0.463、0.409,P<0.05);53例VAP患者,经过28 d治疗,死亡17例、存活36例,死亡的VAP患者肺泡灌洗液sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平及CPIS评分、APACHEⅡ评分均高于存活组(P<0.05);肺泡灌洗液sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平预测VAP患者不良预后结局的受试者工作曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.900、0.862、0.917。结论:VAP患者肺泡灌洗液中sTREM-1、IL-32、PCT水平升高,并且与患者肺部感染程度、病情危重程度正相关,对于预测患者不良结局具有较高的价值。

FOCUS-PDCA模式对ICU重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的分析发现-组织领导-明确情况-分析了解-改进方案(find organize clarify understand select,FOCUS)-计划-执行-检查-行动(plan do check act,PDCA)模式对重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)的影响。方法选取2022年10月—2023年9月菏泽市牡丹人民医院ICU接受机械通气治疗的重症患者120例,根据干预时间将其分为2组,即2022年10月—2023年3月60例患者作为对照组,2023年4—9月60例患者作为研究组。对照组接受常规干预措施预防VAP,研究组在此基础上,采用FOCUS-PDCA模式预防VAP。比较2组患者机械通气时间、住院时间、住院费用、一次性脱机成功率与VAP发生率。结果与对照组相比,研究组机械通气时间、住院时间更短(P<0.05),住院费用更低(P<0.05)。研究组一次性脱机成功率为96.67%,高于对照组的85.00%(χ^(2)=4.904,P<0.05);VAP发生率为1.67%,低于对照组的13.33%(χ^(2)=4.324,P<0.05)。结论FOCUS-PDCA模式能够有效降低ICU重症患者VAP的发生率,缩短机械通气时间与住院时间,节省住院费用,提高一次性脱机成功率,具有临床应用价值。

呼吸机相关肺炎患者病原菌分布及血清miR-101-3p、斯钙素1的检测分析

目的 探究呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)患者病原菌分布及血清微小RNA-101-3p(microRNA-101-3p,miR-101-3p)、斯钙素1(stanniocalcin 1,STC1)表达水平在VAP诊断中的临床意义。方法 选取2020年1月至2023年4月在安徽医科大学附属六安医院进行机械通气治疗,发生VAP的患者121例作为VAP组,未发生VAP的患者87例为非VAP组,同期健康体检者83例为对照组。采集VAP组患者下呼吸道分泌物进行病原菌鉴定;测定所有研究对象的血清STC1、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、miR-101-3p水平。采用Pearson法分析血清miR-101-3p、STC1与炎症因子PCT、CRP、TNF-α的相关性;采用受试者操作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)分析血清miR-101-3p、STC1对VAP的诊断价值。结果 121例VAP患者共检测分离出病原菌218株,其中革兰氏阴性菌124株(56.88%),革兰氏阳性菌86株(39.45%),真菌8株(3.67%);VAP组的血清miR-101-3p、PCT、CRP、TNF-α水平均显著高于非VAP组和对照组(P<0.05),STC1水平显著低于非VAP组和对照组(P<0.05);VAP患者的血清miR-101-3p水平与PCT、CRP、TNF-α呈正相关(P<0.05),STC1水平与PCT、CRP、TNF-α呈负相关(P<0.05);ROC曲线显示血清miR-101-3p、STC1单独及联合诊断VAP患者的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.766、0.750、0.841,联合诊断价值高于二者单独诊断(Z二者联合-miR-101-3p=2.275、P=0.023,Z二者联合-STC1=2.856、P=0.004)。结论 VAP患者以革兰氏阴性菌感染为主,血清miR-101-3p呈高表达、STC1呈低表达,血清miR-101-3p、STC1联合诊断对于VAP的发生具有一定的诊断价值。

血清ChE、Syndecan-1水平对AECOPD合并呼吸机相关性肺炎患者病情及预后的评估价值

目的 分析血清胆碱酯酶(ChE)、多配体蛋白聚糖-1(Syndecan-1)水平对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者病情及预后的评估价值。方法 选取2022年1月至2024年1月淮安市第五人民医院收治的AECOPD合并VAP患者132例(设为AECOPD合并VAP组),另选择同期COPD稳定期患者70例(设为COPD稳定期组)和同期体检健康者70例(设为对照组),比较3组血清ChE、Syndecan-1水平。根据急性生理和慢性健康评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分将AECOPD合并VAP患者分为低危VAP组(42例)、中危VAP组(44例)、高危VAP组(46例),分析血清ChE、Syndecan-1水平与AECOPD合并VAP患者APACHEⅡ评分的相关性。根据28 d预后分为死亡组(52例)和存活组(80例),比较3组ChE、Syndecan-1水平,并收集AECOPD合并VAP患者基线资料,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析CHE、Syndecan-1水平评估AECOPD合并VAP患者不良预后的价值。结果 血清ChE水平AECOPD合并VAP组低于COPD稳定期组低于对照组,血清Syndecan-1水平AECOPD合并VAP组高于COPD稳定期组高于对照组(P <0.05),低、中、高危VAP组血清ChE水平依次降低,Syndecan-1水平依次降低(P <0.05)。AECOPD合并VAP患者APACHEⅡ评分与血清ChE水平呈负相关,与血清Syndecan-1水平呈正相关(P <0.05)。APACHEⅡ评分增加、降钙素原升高、Syndecan-1升高为AECOPD合并VAP患者不良预后的独立危险因素,第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比升高、ChE升高为独立保护因素(P <0.05)。血清ChE联合Syndecan-1水平评估AECOPD合并VAP患者不良预后的曲线下面积为0.882,大于血清ChE、Syndecan-1水平单独评估的0.800、0.794(P <0.05)。结论 血清ChE水平降低和Syndecan-1升高与AECOPD合并VAP患者病情加重和预后不良有关,血清ChE联合Syndecan-1水平评估AECOPD合并VAP患者预后的价值较高。

前降钙素原、C-反应蛋白和临床肺部感染评分对呼吸机相关肺炎诊断的意义

【目的】探讨前降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和简化临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)对呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的诊断效能、相关性以及联合使用的临床诊断价值。【方法】选择广州中山大学附属第一医院重症监护病房(ICU)且疑诊为VAP的成人患者纳入此前瞻性诊断试验,监测入住ICU或气管插管当日以及疑诊VAP当日的PCT、CRP,计算急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、序贯器官功能障碍评分(SOFA)和简化CPIS评分,以后每日计算简化的CPIS评分,每48h复查PCT、CRP,收集支气管灌洗物,直至试验结束。结束后计算PCT、CRP、简化CPIS诊断VAP的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,绘制上述指标诊断VAP的受试者工作曲线(ROC)并计算曲线下面积(AUC),根据敏感性、特异性的最佳比值来确定诊断的最佳阈值。【结果】筛选459例患者进入随访流程,最终符合条件者30例,17例通过微生物学证据确诊VAP,13例临床上达到疑诊标准但缺乏微生物学证据而未确诊。PCT、CRP、CPIS诊断VAP的AUC值分别为0.735(95%CI:0.536-0.934),0.599(95%CI:0.361-0.838)及0.809(95%CI:0.641-0.976)。PCT以0.685 ng/mL为阈值,诊断敏感性和特异性分别为76.5%和62.5%;CRP以53.65 mg/L为阈值,诊断敏感性和特异性分别为52.9%和62.5%;简化CPIS以6分为阈值,诊断敏感性和特异性分别为60.5%和92%。PCT≥0.685 ng/mL联合简化CPIS≥6分诊断VAP,敏感性和特异性分别为70.6和100%。【结论】单独使用CRP检测对VAP早期诊断无明显价值;单独使用PCT检测对VAP早期诊断具有一定价值;单独使用简化CPIS进行VAP早期诊断准确性较好;CRP、PCT和简化CPIS评分之间均无显著相关性;简化CPIS评分联合PCT检测有助于提高VAP早期诊断特异性,且敏感性并未降低。

β-防御素-2在呼吸机相关性肺炎中的表达

目的观察机械通气大鼠铜绿假单胞菌(PA)肺部感染前后肺组织β防御素2(BD2)基因和蛋白质表达的变化,探讨肺组织BD2在呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生机制中的作用。方法58只健康清洁级雄性成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组和机械通气组。机械通气组大鼠采用经口气管插管机械通气24h后,经气管内注入PA复制肺部感染模型。对照组中大鼠无需机械通气,直接气管内接种PA复制肺部感染模型。采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RTP-CR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Westernblot)技术测定大鼠BD2基因和蛋白质表达的变化。结果机械通气组重度肺组织病理变化大鼠占47.6%,明显高于对照组的28.5%(P<0.05)。机械通气组中BD2基因和蛋白质表达水平的上调在3h后显著低于对照组(P均<0.05)。机械通气组接种PA6h后血培养阳性率为40.0%,显著性高于对照组的6.7%(P<0.05)。机械通气组支气管肺泡灌洗液中PA培养阳性率持续为100.0%,而对照组从3h的100.0%降至24h的33.3%(P<0.05)。对照组存活率为80.0%,机械通气组为40.0%,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论BD2基因和蛋白质表达上调水平的下降可能与VAP的发生和发展有关。

外周血PCTIL-17及sTREM-1检测在呼吸机相关性肺炎早期诊断中的价值

目的检测机械通气并发生呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者外周血中降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞介素-17（IL-17）和可溶性髓样细胞触发受体-1（sTREM-1）水平，分别探讨外周血PCT、IL-17及sTREM-1水平对VAP的早期诊断价值。方法以蚌埠医学院第一附属医院ICU2015—04～2016—04间，行机械通气并发生VAP的61例患者作为研究对象，根据外周血采集时间分为三组：未行机械通气时作为机械通气0h组（MV0h）；行机械通气满48h，未发生VAP时作为机械通气48h组（MV48h）；确诊VAP患者作为VAP组，每组血清样本均采用ELISA测定PCT、IL-17和sTREM-1水平，数据采用SPSS18．0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果MV48h组血清样本中PCT、IL-17和sTREM-1水平高于MV0h组，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。VAP组血清样本中PCT、IL-17和sTREM-1水平明显高于MV0h、MV48h组，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。血清PCT的受试者工作曲线（ROC曲线）下面积为0．856，当血清中PCT水平达到104．7864pg／mL时，早期诊断VAP的敏感度73．9％，特异度84．8％；血清IL-17的ROC曲线下面积为0．887，当血清中IL-17水平达到136．9726pg／mL时，早期诊断VAP的敏感度70．8％，特异度91．7％；血清sTREM-1的ROC曲线下面积为0．813，当血清中sTREM-1水平达到95．4204pg／mL时，早期诊断VAP的敏感度72．4％，特异度79．3％。结论患者外周血血清中PCT、IL-17和sTREM-1水平对VAP均具有一定的辅助诊断价值。

热毒宁注射液联合利奈唑胺治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎疗效及对血清PCT、IL-6和CRP水平的影响

目的探讨热毒宁注射液联合利奈唑胺治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效及对血清PCT、IL-6和CRP水平影响。方法选取来医院接受治疗的126例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者,随机分为两组各63例。对照组患者给予静脉滴注利奈唑胺,实验组在对照组基础上静脉滴注热毒宁注射液,两组患者均持续治疗10 d。对比两组患者的临床疗效、临床症状消失时间、中医症候积分、APACHE评分和CPIS评分、肺功能指标水平、血气指标及PCT、IL-6和hs-CRP水平变化。结果治疗后,实验组总有效率较高(P<0.05);实验组患者罗音消失时间、住院时间及临床症状消失时间显著低于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者治疗前中医症候积分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者治疗后咳嗽、发热、痰壅、气喘、肺部体征评分显著降低(P<0.05);并且实验组降低较多(P<0.05);两组患者治疗前APACHE评分和CPIS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者治疗后APACHE评分和CPIS评分明显降低(P<0.05);并且实验组降低较多(P<0.05);两组患者治疗前FEV1、PEF和FEV1/FVC水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者FEV1、PEF和FEV1/FVC水平显著升高(P<0.05);并且治疗组升高较多(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前PaCO2、PaO2水平无差异(P>0.05);两组患者PaCO2水平显著降低,PaO2水平显著升高(P<0.05);并且治疗组改善程度较大(P<0.05);两组患者治疗前PCT、IL-6和CRP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者治疗后PCT、IL-6和CRP水平明显降低(P<0.05);并且实验组PCT、IL-6和CRP水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论采用热毒宁注射液联合利奈唑胺治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎具有较好的治疗效果。