民俗学视角的生活世界微观史

本文论述了日本农村近代化过程中出现的vernacular式的所有权观念和资源利用方式。日本政治和经济的近代化始于19世纪中叶,政府积极引入了西方的法律、制度、技术及知识。然而,生活在农村地区的人们,一边自觉或不自觉地游离于西方逻辑之外,一边创造出与自身独立和自我生存相关的vernacular经济形式。既往的经济史和法律史研究侧重于正统历史,鲜有涉及vernacular经济问题,而本文则聚焦日本农村的vernacular经济现象,揭示出蕴含其中的“半”思想。

民俗学与风俗学及考现学

第二次世界大战后,认为“民俗”是“不易变化的事象”“风俗”是“容易变化的事象”的观点在日本传播开来。在这种二分法的理解中,前者被解释为“民俗学”,后者被解释为“风俗学”和“考现学”。本文将民俗等同于vernacular,并将其定义为“在共享某种社会语境的群体中,从某个个人的生世界里产生并活化的经验、知识、表现。特别是我们能从中发现,或预期能从中发现与霸权主义、普世主义、主流和中心的立场相悖的意识、感情、感觉。”在此,“不易变化的事象”及“容易变化的事象”都可以被视作vernacular。

Study on Bayu Vernacular Architecture and Culture-Baxian-Old-Courtyard

The vernacular architectural culture of the Bayu region is an important part of traditional Chinese architectural culture,of which the old courtyard in Baxian is a typical representative.The purpose of this paper is to explore the connotation and characteristics of Bayu vernacular architectural culture,and to take the old courtyard in Baxian as a specific research object,to analyze its architectural style,cultural connotation,and its value in contemporary society.The study of the old courtyard in Baxian can not only deepen the understanding of Bayu vernacular architectural culture but also provide a useful reference for the protection and inheritance of vernacular architecture.At the same time,this paper also calls for more people to pay attention to and participate in the protection of vernacular architectural culture,and jointly guard these precious historical and cultural heritages.

On the Profiling of Air Leakage Infiltration Pattern across Chinese Vernacular Buildings

The purpose of this paper is to provide understanding of the seasonal pattern of air leakage(infiltration)in Chinese vernacular buildings across China’s five climate regions.In achieving the set purpose,a grand extensive literature survey was conducted and supported with data drawn from established Meteonorm V6.1 on sensible heat and psychrometric variables.Numerical computations for normalized and specific infiltration from stack effects followed the Gowri method in line with ASHRAE reference 2004.Solar energy admittance into building followed Bouger’s model form Angstrom properties.From the distribution of vernacular buildings across five climate regions of China,evidence from computational and numerical values showed symmetries in terms of minimums and maximums times of occurrence.Further,a reciprocal pattern exists between solar radiative admittance and region’s temperature profile.Knowing that Chinese vernacular building heritage extended to further Asia,this research became limited to only the Chinese region.It became difficult to report if the construction culture away from China has correlation with infiltration and energy admittance value.Earlier works on Chinese climate and vernacular dwellings reported a climate responsive dwelling designed by passive cooling strategy;a gap was closed by extending the previous work to specific infiltration pattern and energy admittance level.Chinese vernacular buildings by virtue of research outcomes are and should be adoptable to modern housing needs for cultural integration.

论乡土景观--《Discovering Vernacular Landscape》与乡土景观概念

当前的乡土景观概念日益泛化与模糊。约翰·布林克霍夫·杰克逊(J.B.Jackson,1909—1996)是对美国的文化景观保护工作具有重要影响的著名景观地理学家。首先从对立、视角、类型3个方面,梳理与解析Jackson代表著作《DiscoveringVernacularLandscape》中关于文化景观的独特思考。在此基础上,从概念意义与概念范畴2方面出发,由里及表地重新诠释"乡土景观",继而进一步探讨乡土景观概念对于景观理论以及景观实践的意义。

Inheritance and Development of Cultures of Traditional Vernacular Dwellings in the Townscape Renovation Project of Guangxi,China

By analyzing background and present situation of townscape renovation project in Guangxi, endeavors for inheriting and developing cultures of traditional vernacular dwellings in the implementation of this project are discussed, and characteristics of traditional vernacular dwellings in the study area are summarized. Local vernacular dwellings can be classified in the following 3 ways on the basis of their own regional features:First, classifying by the origin and development history:stilt building, courtyard and non-courtyard building, western-style building; Second, by building materials:bamboo-wood building, stone building, adobe building, earth-stone building, brick-wood building, building of mixed materials; Third, by architectural form:stilt building, courtyard building, non-courtyard building. Stilt wooden building in northern Guangxi is a representative of traditional vernacular dwellings in the study area. By giving mature consideration to inheritance and development of cultures of traditional vernacular dwellings, this study proposes that proper renovation plans should be made according to actual conditions of the planning site; form renovation of vernacular dwellings should be taken as the new trend of renovation; traditional cultures should be further explored, demonstrated and protected. These suggestions are of great instructive significance for improving the cultural taste of townscapes.

Ecological Concepts in Traditional Vernacular Dwellings of Miao Nationality in Southeast Guizhou Province

Traditional vernacular dwellings of Miao Nationality in southeast Guizhou Province are reasonable and scientific in many aspects, such as site selection, construction, structure, direction, room layout, harmony between constructions and environment, moderate development of natural resources and so on, which demonstrate the ecological concepts of Miao people respecting the Nature, pursuing the harmonious coexistence between human beings and Nature. This study analyzed the gist of Miao people constructing vernacular dwellings, i.e. natural and harmonious ecological concepts, the principle of planning according to actual conditions, saving cost by utilizing local materials and sustainably developing architectural structure.

Restorative Environmental Design in Light of Chinese Classical Gardens

This paper explored the embodiment of restorative environmental design in Chinese classical gardens,aiming to enhance the emphasis on traditional garden art and provide some reference for creation of modern garden landscape.

Ecological Culture in Traditional Chinese Vernacular Dwellings

Traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings take root in farming culture with profound connotations. Through analyzing ecological thoughts and cultural ideas in traditional vernacular dwellings, this study aims to provide references for the design of modern vernacular dwellings. It is proposed in this study that ① Ecological thoughts of traditional vernacular dwellings include the simple eco-thought of 'human-nature oneness', Fengshui (traditional Chinese ideas hold that the location of a house or tomb is supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family) theories of 'balance of yin and yang', energy-saving thought of 'making the best use of local advantages'. Traditional vernacular dwellings are mainly constructed according to local conditions, facing the sunny side and water, backing on the shady side and mountains, with local materials and suitable construction structures for local environment and climatic conditions, which enable residents to enjoy warm winter and cool summer, sufficient sunshine, excellent ventilation and heat-proof, wind and humidity proof, that is, a natural ecological living environment. ② Cultural thoughts of traditional vernacular dwellings include the strict and square philosophical ideas as well as harmonious artistic thoughts. Traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings demonstrate morals and ethics by strict and square patterns and strong sense of hierarchy, most of them have definite axes in spatial patterns to show the hierarchy and core of construction groups; abstract patterns of flower, grass, animal or human beings are also often applied in detailed designs, showing esthetic tastes. The formation of traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings has been closely linked with social and cultural factors, living habits, geographical, water and soil, environmental and climatic conditions as well as folk customs, which can provide significant references for the design and reformation of modern new-type vernacular dwellings.

Enlightenment of Modern Interior Design from the Interior Decoration of Ancient Huizhou Vernacular Dwellings

Through analyzing the basic structure of ancient Huizhou vernacular dwellings and the spatial order of interior decoration,this study rethought profoundly about modern interior design and put forward the inheritance of traditional methods in interior decoration.

Traditional Chinese Culture Reflected in Vernacular Architecture—— A Case Study of Linfengzhai Village

Taking Linfengzhai Village for an example,the culture of ritual and balance reflected in vernacular dwellings were studied.

Influence of Confucian and Taoist Cultures on Vernacular Dwellings in Jiaodong Area of China

By analyzing influence of Confucian and Taoist cultures on vernacular dwellings in Jiaodong area,especially the influence of "the doctrine of the mean" on architectural layouts of local dwellings,influence of benevolence and social institutions on the spatial sequence of local dwellings,it was pointed out that Confucian cultures enhanced the hierarchy of spaces,boundaries between internal and external spaces,symmetric layouts and orderly rhythm of courtyards;and meanwhile,the influence of Taoist cultures on the formation of villages in Jiaodong area was also analyzed,the natural philosophy implied in local dwellings was highlighted,such as "Dealing with the nature with natural laws","Going in a natural way","Governing by doing nothing that goes against the nature" and "Respecting natural properties".Based on field investigation of existing vernacular dwellings,common and plain cultural value,realistic significance and sustainability of these dwellings were explored to provide theoretical and practical foundation for the design of new folk houses.

Impact of Agricultural Eco-environment on the Architectural Form of Vernacular Dwellings

Through analyzing the form, materials, building techniques of vernacular dwellings in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, this study tries to explore the influence of agricultural eco-environment on the form of folk houses, points out that vernacular dwellings are fully combined with local traditional agricultural environment from site selection, spatial form, architectural style, building materials and detail designs, which unifies the economic and environmental benefits of vernacular dwellings.

Study on the "Coexistence between Heaven and Man" Concept and the Chinese Vernacular Architecture Concept

On the basis of the characteristics of ancient Chinese culture,the paper discusses the formation inevitability of the 'Coexistence between Heaven and Man' building concept,the connection and the differences with the ecological concept of modern Chinese Vernacular Architecture.The key point is that the contemporary design should absorb the ancient Chinese culture of the 'Coexistence between Heaven and Man' building concept and the essence of Chinese Vernacular Architecture ecological concept,forming the design features of local ecology based on the environmental protection and harmonious coexistence.

Research on Protection of Vernacular Architecture of Linfeng Village of Jia County in Henan Province

By using comparative analysis, the paper discussed strategies to protect vernacular architecture in Linfeng Village. And the comparative analysis had been conducted on Binglang Valley in Ganshiling of Hainan Province, Miao ethnic villages in Rongshui County of Guangxi Province, Xidi Village and Hong Village of Anhui Province from the perspective of participation process, capital source, participants, protection and renovation measures.

Educational Role of Vernacular Cultures in Landscape Design of Campuses in East,Central and West China

By defining the concept of vernacular cultures,3 basic elements of vernacular cultures were refined according to different demonstration forms,specifically,vernacular materials and things,vernacular cultural context and vernacular sentiments.Nanjing Normal University,Wuhan University and Sichuan Institute of Fine Arts were taken respectively as landscape design representatives of campus in east,central and west China to elaborate application of vernacular cultures in campus landscape design.Finally,development trend of education role of campus landscapes was discussed from the perspectives of"modeling after the nature,building according to users'needs","seeking differences on the basis of maintaining similarities,recording the history and prospecting the future","green and low-carbon,dynamic and sustainable",so as to ensure campus landscapes to develop their educational effects subtly.

Assessing the Economic Value of Vernacular Architecture of Mountain Regions Using Contingent Valuation

Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given so far only to the market value of mountain goods and services, ignoring the true social and environmental costs of using mountain resources. Towards this direction, the use of non-market valuation techniques could prove to be beneficial. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the paper presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method, which aims at estimating the monetary value of a mountain settlement’s vernacular architecture, namely Metsovo. For this purpose, the survey focuses on Metsovo visitors’ willingness to pay a single annual voluntary contribution to an institution that would be founded in order to undertake all necessary actions required to preserve the town’s traditional character. The results are very promising and indicate that vernacular architecture holds a significant economic value that could justify the implementation of appropriate policies towards the protection of vernacular settlements in mountain areas.

Study on Architectural Concept of Environmental Adaptability of Vernacular Dwellings in Guanzhong-Tianshui Area

Vernacular dwellings are organic products adaptive to local climate and other natural conditions. From the perspective of climatic and geographical features, this study analyzed spatial layouts, outer appearance, courtyard layout and material structure of vernacular dwellings in Guanzhong-Tianshui area, and refined the ecological concepts and technologies adaptive to local environment. Vernacular dwellings are expected to develop sustainably in the evolution of natural environment, and adapt to the development needs of local human settlements.

Interpretation of the Spatial Form of Chengdu Plain's Traditional Towns from the Vernacular Perspective

In recent years,with the rapid development of urbanization in our country,academic circles have paid more attentions to and made fruitful achievements on the research of vernacular settlement. On this basis,this paper took Chengdu Plain's traditional town spatial morphology as the research object to interpret its spatial form through its composition elements and characteristics which are influenced by nature,history,culture and other factors. And then,it took Jiezi ancient town as an example to analyze the renewal of its spatial form so as to inherit the vernacular culture and promote the conservation of cultural heritage and sustainable development of traditional town in the course of constructing urban cities with Chinese characteristics.

Analysis of the Features of the Vernacular Plank Houses of the Qiang Ethnic Group in Southern Songpan County: A Case Study of Xiaoxinggou

The Qiang ethnic group in southern Songpan county lives in vernacular plank houses(VPHs) with an architectural tradition that dates to the period of the ancient Di people.VPHs are now mainly constructed in settlements of ethnic groups such as Baima Tibetans, Amdo Tibetans, and the Qiang people living in Wenxian county, Longnan city of Gansu province, and Maoxian, Lixian, Wenchuan, and Beichuan of Sichuan province respectively.Although VPHs of the Qiang people living in southern Songpan share many similarities with those of adjacent Tibetans in structure, construction, and spatial layout, they feature the Qiang people's unique architectural culture, and reflect a style transition from VPHs in the north to blockhouses in the south.The VPHs, as represented by those in Xiaoxinggou, play a significant role in the diversified architectural culture of this ethnic group.Their unique cultural value is worthy of further exploration and protection.