Longitudinal vibration characteristics of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of surrounding soil and construction disturbance

This research is concentrated on the longitudinal vibration of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of the surrounding soil and construction disturbance.First,the pile-soil system is partitioned into finite segments in the vertical direction and the Voigt model is applied to simulate the vertical support of the surrounding soil acting on the pile segment.The surrounding soil is divided into finite ring-shaped zones in the radial direction to consider the construction disturbance.Then,the shear complex stiffness at the pile-soil interface is derived by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the soil from the outermost to innermost zone.The displacement impedance at the top of an arbitrary pile segment is obtained by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the pile and is combined with the vertical support of the surrounding soil to derive the displacement impedance at the bottom of the upper adjacent segment.Further,the displacement impedance at the pile head is obtained based on the impedance function transfer technique.Finally,the reliability of the proposed solution is verified,followed by a sensitivity analysis concerning the coupling effect of the pile parameters,construction disturbance and the vertical support of the surrounding soil on the displacement impedance of the pile.

Elastoplastic solutions for single piles under combined vertical and lateral loads

为了改进单身者的设计和计算的可靠性，堆在下面联合了垂直、侧面的负担，答案基于路基反应方法，最终的土壤抵抗在被考虑被介绍，路基反应的系数被假定是一个常数。相应计算节目用 FORTRAN 语言被开发。在获得的答案和模型测试结果之间的比较被做显示出获得的答案的有效性。，计算结果显示有垂直、侧面的负担和上面的堆积长度的增加的最大的侧面的排水量和弯曲时刻增加磨擦了作为堆积僵硬，路基反应的系数和土壤增加的让步的排水量减少。堆积头条件控制堆积回答，这也被显示出，垂直负担可以引起不稳定性问题到堆积。一般来说，建议方法能被采用计算堆积偏转的大小的堆积回答独立人士。

Influence of vertical loads on lateral response of pile foundations in sands and clays

Although the load applied to pile foundations is usually a combination of vertical and lateral components,there have been few investigations on the behavior of piles subjected to combined loadings.Those few studies led to inconsistent results with regard to the effects of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles.A series of three-dimensional(3D) finite differences analyses is conducted to evaluate the influence of vertical loads on the lateral performance of pile foundations.Three idealized sandy and clayey soil profiles are considered:a homogeneous soil layer,a layer with modulus proportional to depth,and two-layered strata.The pile material is modeled as linearly elastic,while the soil is idealized using the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model with a non-associated flow rule.In order to confirm the findings of this study,soils in some cases are further modeled using more sophisticated models(i.e.CYsoil model for sandy soils and modified Cam-Clay(MCC) model for clayey soils).Numerical results showed that the lateral resistance of the piles does not appear to vary considerably with the vertical load in sandy soil especially at the loosest state.However,the presence of a vertical load on a pile embedded in homogeneous or inhomogeneous clay is detrimental to its lateral capacity,and it is unconservative to design piles in clays assuming that there is no interaction between vertical and lateral loads.Moreover,the current results indicate that the effect of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles embedded in twolayered strata depends on the characteristics of soil not only surrounding the piles but also located beneath their tips.

Experimental study of vertical and batter pile groups in saturated sand using a centrifuge shaking table

To study the dynamic response of vertical and batter pile groups in saturated sand,dynamic tests of these pile groups in saturated sand were carried out using the ZJU400 geotechnical centrifuge at Zhejiang University.The following results were obtained.(1)As the motion intensity increased,the peak acceleration in soil layers at different depths significantly decreased,indicating that the soil stiffness was significantly reduced.(2)During the motion process,the instantaneous bending moment of the vertical and batter pile groups at different depths changed continuously,which had a strong relationship with the saturated sand liquefaction.In the process of sand liquefaction,the residual bending moment generated by the batter pile was more obvious than that of the vertical pile.(3)With the liquefaction of the saturated sand,the distribution of the maximum bending moment of the vertical pile group changed,and the bending moment near the pile cap of the vertical and batter pile groups was always large.(4)In certain cases,the horizontal acceleration and dynamic displacement of the vertical pile cap were amplified.When the motion intensity was large,residual displacement of the batter pile cap occurred.

Vertical vibration of a large diameter pipe pile considering transverse inertia effect of pile

Considering the transverse inertia effect of pile, the vertical dynamic response of a large diameter pipe pile in viscoelastic soil layer is studied. The wave propagations in the outer and inner soil are simulated by three-dimensional elastodynamic theory and those in the pile are simulated by Rayleigh-Love rod theory. The vertical and radial displacements of the outer and inner soil are obtained by utilizing Laplace transform technique and differentiation on the governing equations of soils. Then, based on the continuous conditions between the pile and soils, the displacements of the pile are derived. The frequency domain velocity admittance and time domain velocity response of the pile top are also presented. The solution is compared to a classical rod model solution to verify the validity. The influences of the radii and Poisson ratio of pile on the transverse inertia effect of pile are analyzed. The parametric study shows that Poisson ratio and outer radius of pile have significant influence on the transverse inertia effect of large diameter pipe piles, while the inner radius has little effect.

Vertical bearing capacity of pile based on load transfer model

The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil (rock) with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.

Axisymmetrical analytical solution for vertical vibration of end-bearing pile in saturated viscoelastic soil layer

Based on elasticity and the theory of saturated porous media, and regarding the pile and the soil as a single phase elastic and a saturated viscoelastic media, respectively, the dynamical behavior of vertical vibration of an end-bearing pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer is investigated in the frequency domain using the Helmholtz decomposition and variable separation method. The axisymmetrical analytical solutions for vertical vibrations of the pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer are obtained, and the analytical expression of the dynamical complex stiffness of the pile top is presented. Responses of dynamic stiffness factor and equivalent damping of pile top with respect to the frequency are shown in figures using a numerical method. Effects of the saturated soil parameters, modulus ratio of the pile to soil, slenderness ratio of pile and pile＇s Poisson ratio, etc. on the stiffness factor and damping are examined. It is shown that, due to the effect of the transversal deformation of the pile and the radial force of the saturated viscoelastic soil acting on the pile, the dynamic stiffness factor and the damping derived from the axisymmetrical solution are greatly different from those derived from the classical Euler-Bernoulli rod model, especially at some specific excitation frequencies. Therefore, there are limitations on applicability of the Euler-Bernoulli rod model in analyzing verticai vibration of the pile. More accurate analysis should be based on a three-dimensional model.

Simplified Calculation Methods for All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

All-vertical-piled wharf is a kind of high-piled wharf, but it is extremely different from the traditional ones in some aspects, such as the structural property, bearing characteristics, failure mechanism, and static or dynamic calculation methods. In this paper, the finite element method （FEM） and theoretical analysis method are combined to analyze the structural property, bearing behavior and failure mode of the all-vertical-piled wharf in offshore deep water, and to establish simplified calculation methods determining the horizontal static ultimate bearing capacity and the dynamic response for the all-vertical-piled wharf. Firstly, the bearing capability and failure mechanism for all-vertical-piled wharf are studied by use of FEM, and the failure criterion is put forward for all-vertical-piled wharf based on the ＇plastic hinge＇. According to the failure criterion and P-Y curve method, the simplified calculation method of the horizontal static ultimate bearing capacity for all-vertical-piled wharf is proposed, and it is verified that the simplified method is reasonable by comparison with the FEM. Secondly, the displacement dynamic magnification factor for the all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and ship impact loads is calculated by the FEM and the theory formula based on the single degree of freedom （SDOF） system. The results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement with each other, and the simplified calculation method of the displacement dynamic magnification factor for all-vertical-piled wharf under dynamic loads is proposed. Then the simplified calculation method determining the dynamic response for the all-vertical-piled wharf is proposed in combination with P-Y curve method. That is, the dynamic response of the structure can be obtained through the static calculation results of P-Y curve method multiplied by the displacement dynamic magnification factor. The feasibility of the simplified dynamic response method is verified by comparison with the FEM under different conditions.

Vertical vibration of a floating pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer overlaying bedrock

An axisymmetrical analytical solution is developed to investigate the vertical time-harmonic vibration of a floating pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer overlaying bedrock. The soil is described by porous medium model established by Boer, while the pile is described by a beam vibration theory. By using separation theory of differential operator and variables to solve the dynamic governing equations for the soil, the fundamental solutions for the soil reactions on side and bottom of the pile are obtained. The dynamic impedance of the pile head is then derived by solving the vibration equation for the pile according to the compatibility condition between the pile and the soil. The proposed model is validated by comparing special cases of our model with the existing results. Numerical examples are presented to analyze the vibration characteristics of the pile.

Dynamic Characteristics and Simplified Numerical Methods of An All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

There has been a growing trend in the development of offshore deep-water ports in China. For such deep sea projects, all-vertical-piled wharves are suitable structures and generally located in open waters, greatly affected by wave action. Currently, no systematic studies or simplified numerical methods are available for deriving the dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of all-vertical-piled wharves under wave cyclic loads. In this article, we compare the dynamic characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf with those of a traditional inshore high-piled wharf through numerical analysis; our research reveals that the vibration period of an all-vertical-piled wharf under cyclic loading is longer than that of an inshore high-piled wharf and is much closer to the period of the loading wave. Therefore, dynamic calculation and analysis should be conducted when designing and calculating the characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf. We establish a dynamic finite element model to examine the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and compare the results with those under wave equivalent static load; the comparison indicates that dynamic amplification of the structure is evident when the wave dynamic load effect is taken into account. Furthermore, a simplified dynamic numerical method for calculating the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf is established based on the P-Y curve. Compared with finite element analysis, the simplified method is more convenient to use and applicable to large structural deformation while considering the soil non-linearity. We confirmed that the simplified method has acceptable accuracy and can be used in engineering applications.

Research on Vertical Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundation under Wave Scouring

In order to analyze the influence of wave scouring on the vertical bearing behavior of the pile foundation, the finite element software ABAQUS was used to simulate the force of the pile foundation under the action of wave scouring. A three-dimensional finite element calculation model of the pile foundation was established according to the actual working conditions, and the calculation results were compared with the field test results to verify the correctness of the built model. Then, the influence of wave scouring depth and pile embedding depth on the vertical bearing behavior of pile foundation was analyzed through calculation examples. The analysis results showed that the greater the depth of wave erosion, the greater the impact on the vertical bearing behavior of the pile foundation. Meanwhile, the smaller the buried depth of the pile body, the greater the impact on the vertical bearing capacity of the pile. Thus, the reduction rate of the vertical bearing capacity under different scouring depths was obtained.

Inline forces on vertical pile in irregular waves

The total inline wave forces, the irregular wave forces in particular, on an isolated pile are investigated by experiment. The relationships between force coefficients Cd and CM including in Morison's Eq. . and KC number or Reynolds number Re, and the variation of Cd and Cm in frequency domain are analysed with the method of least-squares in time domain and that of cross-spectral analysis. The plots of C4and Cmversus KCare given for both regular and irregular waves and those for irregular waves are used for numerical simulation of the irregular wave forces on the vertical pile and the results are in fairly good agreement with the test data. Based on the experimental results , the applicability of the spectral analysis method for calculating irregular wave forces on an isolated pile is investigated with the coherency γ between wave and wave forces and with KC number.

Analysis of Interaction Factors Between Two Piles

A rigorous analytical method is presented for calculating the interaction factor between two identi- cal piles subjected to vertical loads.Following the technique proposed by Muki and Sternberg,the problem is decomposed into an extended soil mass and two fictitious piles characterized respectively by Young's modulus of the soil and that of the difference between the pile and soil.The unknown axial forces along fictitious piles are determined by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind,which imposes the compatibility condition that the axial strains of the fictitious piles are equal to those corresponding to the centroidal axes of the extended soil.The real pile forces and displacements can subequally be calculated based on the determined fictitious pile forces,and finally,the desired pile interaction factors may be obtained.Results confirm the validity of the proposed approach and portray the influence of the governing parameters on the pile interaction.

Analysis of Interaction Factors between Two Piles in Layered Soils

A rigorous analytical method is presented, which takes into account the pile stiffening effects, using the theory of the transfer matrix-bottom rigidity for calculating the interaction factor between two identical piles in multi-layered soils subjected to vertical loads. Following the technique proposed by Muki and Sternberg, the problem is decomposed into extended soil layers and two fictitious piles characterized respectively by Young's moduli of the layered soils and those of the differences between the piles and the layered soils. The unknown axial forces along fictitious piles are determined by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which imposes the compatibility condition that the axial strains of the fictitious piles are equal to those corresponding to the centroidal axes of the extended layered soils. The real pile displacements can be calculated based on the determined fictitious pile forces, and finally, the desired pile interaction factors may be obtained. Selected results from parametrical studies are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed approach and portray the influence of the governing parameters on the pile interaction.

管桩竖向裂缝发生机理及防治措施综述

管桩因承载力高、稳定性强等优点得到了广泛应用,而在各领域服役过程中出现了竖向裂缝问题。为充分阐明管桩竖向裂缝产生的原因,并基于裂缝产生机理提供有效防治措施,提高管桩在不同环境下的使用寿命,解决由管桩开裂产生的各种工程问题。通过总结分析现有研究成果,对不同使用领域的管桩竖向裂缝的产生机理、裂缝危害、裂缝防治措施及裂缝检测技术进行综述,为管桩工程裂缝处理提供参考。

基于GBDT算法的基桩竖向承载力预测方法

目的为研究支撑-半刚接钢框架结构体系的抗震性能,方法设计了一榀由嵌套式单边螺栓与T型钢构成的半刚性梁柱节点的中心支撑钢框架,并进行了拟静力试验与有限元数值模拟,通过观测整个试验现象,分析了其滞回、承载力、刚度退化、耗能等抗震指标。结果结果表明:试件破坏过程明显经历了弹性段、塑性段、破坏段三个阶段,试件破坏模式主要为支撑受压失稳破坏,塑性变形主要累积在支撑体系上,整体呈现延性破坏特征;支撑断裂后,梁柱及T型钢节点无明显塑性变形,钢框架仍具有较高的安全储备,符合“强节点、弱构件”设计原则,表明了结构具有两道抗震防线;结论支撑与半刚接钢框架协同工作使得试件具有较高的抗侧刚度抵抗水平变形,且承载力较高、滞回性能稳定、耗能能力优良;单边螺栓在试验过程中的受力性能较普通高强螺栓并无较大差别,未出现严重的预紧力松弛现象,并能高效的保持螺栓预紧力。通过有限元数值模拟分析可知,减小支撑长细比,虽能有效提高结构的抗震性能,但长细比较小会导致支撑刚度增大,加速其余构件的损坏。故应以考虑结构的延性为前提,降低支撑的长细比,才能有效提高结构的抗震性能。

穿越溶洞桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算方法研究

为准确计算岩溶区桥梁桩基嵌岩深度,依托莆炎高速公路岩溶区桥梁桩基工程,分别考虑桩基竖向极限承载力、桩身稳定性和桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量,提出3种穿越溶洞桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算方法,并验证3种方法的可靠性。选取34根代表性桩基对比嵌岩深度设计值与所提方法计算值,并选取1根试桩对比规范值与所提方法计算值。结果表明:34根代表性桩基中,1根桩基的嵌岩深度设计值小于考虑全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量的嵌岩深度计算值,占比2.9%;10根桩基的嵌岩深度设计值同时满足竖向极限承载力、桩身稳定性和桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量要求,且安全储备合理,占比29.5%;23根桩基存在安全储备较高问题,占比67.6%,其中14.7%的桩基嵌岩深度设计安全储备高达5倍。各规范关于桩基嵌岩深度的取值差异较大,为确保桥梁桩基承载安全,同时降低施工难度和成本,建议设计穿越溶洞桥梁桩基的合理嵌岩深度时,充分考虑桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量。

不同桩长对GFRP复合桩竖向承载性能影响研究

目的探究不同桩长对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)桩竖向承载性能的影响。方法分别对普通钢筋混凝土(RC)桩和GFRP复合桩的竖向承载性能进行研究,开展室内模型实验,同时利用有限元软件模拟不同桩长对其竖向承载特性的影响。结果模型试验中,GFRP复合桩的竖向承载力大于RC桩,在桩顶荷载6 kN时,GFRP复合桩侧摩阻力占桩顶荷载的34.1%,RC桩占24.7%,GFRP材料明显改变了桩身的粗糙程度,使桩身界面摩擦特性增强,从而在较高的竖向荷载作用下,产生较小的端阻力。有限元软件模拟中,与RC桩相比,GFRP布与土体的摩擦系数比混凝土与土体的摩擦系数大,有利于GFRP复合桩侧摩阻力的发挥,相同桩长的GFRP复合桩端阻力占比明显低于RC桩。对比桩长5,10,15 m,RC桩,侧摩阻力值占桩基极限承载力的35.69%,42.44%,50.54%,GFRP复合桩的桩身侧摩阻力分别占桩基极限承载力的42.44%,63.09%,75.69%,表明GFRP复合桩是通过增加侧摩阻力来提高竖向承载力的,且桩长越长,GFRP复合桩承载性能提升越明显。结论相同桩长的GFRP复合桩竖向承载力明显高于RC桩;随着桩长增大,GFRP复合桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥效果更好,对应的桩基极限承载力越高,GFRP桩-土的界面摩擦特性发挥越理想。试验结果可为GFRP复合桩的竖向承载力设计提供理论参考。

成层土中长桩竖向承载激发规律研究

针对成层土中长桩承载问题,结合试桩数据建立了成层土中长桩-土相互作用特性分析模型,基于分析模型研究了上砂下黏和上黏下砂中砂-黏占比对长桩竖向荷载-位移曲线的影响,分析了成层土中长桩侧阻和端阻承载分担比,揭示了达到极限承载力时成层土中桩基侧阻、端阻激发规律,即黏土层侧阻可完全激发、砂土层侧阻未完全激发,桩底端阻完全激发,为实际工程中长桩承载力计算选取合理参数提供依据。

岩溶区桩基承载性能及影响因素研究进展综述

岩溶区地质环境复杂,溶洞隐蔽性较大,给桩基施工和设计带来了巨大挑战。充分考虑溶洞与桩基的相互作用,是确保上部建筑安全的关键。本文以岩溶区桩基承载性能为背景,综述了岩溶桩基相关模型实验、数值模拟和理论计算方法,发现下伏溶洞型桩基现研究的重点为顶板安全厚度、岩板质量、桩身直径、溶洞尺寸等,顶板相对安全厚度的计算仍是一个难题。对于贯穿溶洞型,现浇桩基需解决施工问题,如灌注桩施工中的漏浆和卡钻问题;预制桩基受桩径小和难嵌岩等因素的影响,其在岩溶区普遍存在承载力不足的问题。研究成果为溶洞发育区桩基竖向承载力计算提供了重要指导。