Intermolecular Interactions in Self-Assembly Process of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate by Vertically Polarized Raman Spectra

Molecular self-assembly is extremely important in many fields, but the characterization of their corresponding intermolecular interactions is still lacking. The C-H stretching Raman band can reflect the hydrophobic interactions during the self-assembly process of sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） in aqueous solutions. However, the Raman spectra in this region are seriously overlapped by the OH stretching band of water. In this work, vertically polarized Raman spectra were used to improve the detection sensitivity of spectra of C-H region for the first time. The spectral results showed that the first critical micelle concentration and the second critical micelle concentration of SDS in water were 8.5 and 69 mmol/L, respectively, which were consistent with the results given by surface tension measurements. Because of the high sensitivity of vertically polarized Raman spectra, the critical micelle concentration of SDS in a relatively high concentration of salt solution could be obtained in our experiment. The two critical concentrations of SDS in 100 mmol/L NaCl solution were recorded to be 1.8 and 16.5 mmol/L, respectively. Through comparing the spectra and surface tension of SDS in water and in NaCl solution, the self-assembly process in bulk phase and at interface were discussed. The interactions among salt ions, SDS and water molecules were also analyzed. These results demonstrated the vertically polarized Raman spectra could be employed to study the self-assembly process of SDS in water.

Dynamic interaction of twin vertically overlapping lined tunnels in an elastic half space subjected to incident plane waves

The scattering of plane harmonic P and SV waves by a pair of vertically overlapping lined tunnels buried in an elastic half space is solved using a semi-analytic indirect boundary integration equation method. Then the effect of the distance between the two tunnels, the stiffness and density of the lining material, and the incident frequency on the seismic response of the tunnels is investigated. Numerical results demonstrate that the dynamic interaction between the twin tunnels cannot be ignored and the lower tunnel has a significant shielding effect on the upper tunnel for high-frequency incident waves, resulting in great decrease of the dynamic hoop stress in the upper tunnel; for the low-frequency incident waves, in contrast, the lower tunnel can lead to amplification effect on the upper tunnel. It also reveals that the frequency-spectrum characteristics of dynamic stress of the lower tunnel are significantly different from those of the upper tunnel. In addition, for incident P waves in low-frequency region, the soft lining tunnels have significant amplification effect on the surface displacement amplitude, which is slightly larger than that of the corresponding single tunnel.

Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Interaction Between Ice and Wide Vertical Structure Based on Peridynamics

In the ice-covered oceanic region,the collision between sea ice and offshore structures will occur,causing the crushing failure of ice and the vibration of structures.The vibration can result in fatigue damage of structure and even endanger the crews’health.It is no doubt that this ice-structure interaction has been noted with great interest by the academic community for a long time and numerous studies have been done through theoretical analysis,experimental statistics and numerical simulation.In this paper,the bond-based Peridynamics method is applied to simulate the interaction between sea ice and wide vertical structures,where sea ice is modeled as elastic-plastic material,with a certain yield condition and failure criterion.Oscillation equation of single-degree-of-freedom is considered to investigate the vibration features of the structure during the interaction process.The damage of ice,ice forces and vibration responses of structure in the duration are obtained through numerical simulation.A parametric investigation is undertaken to identify the key parameters,such as ice thickness,the diameter of structure and relative velocity that trigger the ice crushing,ice forces and vibration responses of the structure.Results indicate that all three parameters have a positive correlation with the overall level of ice force and vibration displacement.Besides,a velocity coefficient is proposed to predict the vibration displacement based on its relation with ice speed.

Laboratory Study on the Interaction Between Regular Obliquely Incident Waves and Vertical Walls

The characteristics of wave forces are studied based on physical model tests with regular waves. The ratio of obliquely incident wave forces to normally incident wave forces on unit length of a vertical wall is related with various factors. A linear reduction of the mean force of obliquely incident waves is confirmed with an increase in the relative caisson length. Also the characteristics of reflection coefficient of diagonal waves are discussed.

INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE TYPHOONS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL VORTICITY

Three typhoons, Goni, Morakot and Etau which were generated in Western Pacific in 2009, are successfully simulated by the WRF model. The horizontal and vertical vorticity and their interaction are analyzed and diagnosed by using the simulation results. It is shown that their resultant vectors had a fixed pattern in the evolution process of the three typhoons: The horizontal vorticity converged to the tropical cyclone(TC) center below 900 h Pa level, flowed out from it at around 900 to 800 h Pa, and flowed in between 800 h Pa and 700 h Pa. If multiple maximum wind speed centers showed up, the horizontal vorticity converged to the center of the typhoon below the maximum wind speed center and diverged from the TC center above the maximum wind speed center. At low levels, the three typhoons interacted with each other through vertical circulation generated by the vortex tube. This circulation was mainly generated by the eastward or westward horizontal vorticity vectors. Clouds and precipitation were generated on the ascending branch of the vertical circulation. The vortex tubes often flowed toward the southwest of the right TC from the northeast of the left TC. According to the full vorticity equation, the horizontal vorticity converted into the vertical vorticity near the maximum wind speed center below 850 h Pa level, and the period of most intense conversion was consistent with the intensification period of TC, while the vorticity advection was against the intensification. The vertical vorticity converted into the horizontal vorticity from 800 h Pa to 600 h Pa, and the wind speed decreased above the maximum wind speed region at low levels.

Analysis of the Vertical and Lateral Interactions in a Multisheet Array of InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots

The vertical and lateral interactions in a multisheet array of InAs/GaAs quantum dots are analyzed by finite element method （FEM）. It is shown that due to the effects of vertical interaction, nucleation prefers to happen above buried quantum dots （QDs）. Meanwhile, the effects of lateral interaction adjust the spacing of lateral neighboring QDs. The vertical coupling becomes strong with deceasing GaAs spacer height and increasing number of buried layers, while the lateral coupling becomes strong with increasing InAs wetting layer thickness. The phenomenon that, after successive layers, the spacing and size of QDs islands become progressively more uniform is explained according to the minimum potential energy theory.

Study on Flow Field Around Vertical Breakwater Under Different Overtopping Conditions Based on Numerical Simulation

A numerical wave flume is constructed based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations with turbulence closure by a modified k - ε model to study the viscous interactiorrs of waves with vertical breakwaters for different overtopping cases. The goveruing equations, the turbulence model, boundary conditions, and solution method for the nu- merical wave flume are introduced briefly. The reliability of the numerical wave flume is examined by comparing the nu- merical results with the experimental measurements, and good agreements between them indicate the validity of the pre- sent model. The developments of mean velocity fields, the contours of vorticity, and the influences of wave nonlinearity on turbulence field as wave passing through vertical breakwaters are discussed in detail based on the numerical results. It is noted that the vortices at the rear of the lower submerged breakwater are close to the bottum and maytbe induce the scouring to the leeside toe of marine structure in practice. Over all, a conclusion can be obtained from this study that the turbulence in wave field around structure is induced directly by the development of boundary layer on the solid boundary, the nonlinear interaction of free surface with obstaele, and the plunging of overtopping waves.

Elastoplastic solutions for single piles under combined vertical and lateral loads

In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimate soil resistance was considered and the coefficient of subgrade reaction was assumed to be a constant. The corresponding computational program was developed using FORTRAN language. A comparison between the obtained solutions and the model test results was made to show the validity of the obtained solutions. The calculation results indicate that both the maximum lateral displacement and bending moment increase with the increase of the vertical and lateral loads and the pile length above ground, while decrease as the pile stiffness, the coefficient of subgrade reaction and the yielding displacement of soil increase. It is also shown that the pile head condition controls the pile responses and the vertical load may cause the instability problem to the pile. In general, the proposed method can be employed to calculate the pile responses independent of the magnitude of the pile deflection.

Axisymmetrical analytical solution for vertical vibration of end-bearing pile in saturated viscoelastic soil layer

Based on elasticity and the theory of saturated porous media, and regarding the pile and the soil as a single phase elastic and a saturated viscoelastic media, respectively, the dynamical behavior of vertical vibration of an end-bearing pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer is investigated in the frequency domain using the Helmholtz decomposition and variable separation method. The axisymmetrical analytical solutions for vertical vibrations of the pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer are obtained, and the analytical expression of the dynamical complex stiffness of the pile top is presented. Responses of dynamic stiffness factor and equivalent damping of pile top with respect to the frequency are shown in figures using a numerical method. Effects of the saturated soil parameters, modulus ratio of the pile to soil, slenderness ratio of pile and pile＇s Poisson ratio, etc. on the stiffness factor and damping are examined. It is shown that, due to the effect of the transversal deformation of the pile and the radial force of the saturated viscoelastic soil acting on the pile, the dynamic stiffness factor and the damping derived from the axisymmetrical solution are greatly different from those derived from the classical Euler-Bernoulli rod model, especially at some specific excitation frequencies. Therefore, there are limitations on applicability of the Euler-Bernoulli rod model in analyzing verticai vibration of the pile. More accurate analysis should be based on a three-dimensional model.

Analysis of Interaction Factors Between Two Piles

A rigorous analytical method is presented for calculating the interaction factor between two identical piles subjected to vertical loads. Following the technique proposed by Muki and Sternberg, the problem is decomposed into an extended soil mass and two fictitious piles characterized respectively by Young＇s modulus of the soil and that of the difference between the pile and soil. The unknown axial forces along fictitious piles are determined by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which imposes the compatibility condition that the axial strains of the fictitious piles are equal to those corresponding to the centroidal axes of the extended soil. The real pile forces and displacements can subequally be calculated based on the determined fictitious pile forces, and finally, the validity of the proposed approach and desired pile interaction factors may be obtained. Results confirm the portray the influence of the governing parameters on the pile interaction.

In situ confined vertical growth of Co_(2.5)Ni_(0.5)Si_(2)O_(5)(OH)_(4)nanoarrays on rGO for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction

Rational design of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts at low cost would greatly benefit the economy.Taking advantage of earth-abundant elements Si,Co and Ni,we produce a unique-structure where cobalt-nickel silicate hydroxide[Co_(2.5)Ni_(0.5)Si_(2)O_(5)(OH)_(4)]is vertically grown on a reduced graphene oxide(rGO)support(CNS@rGO).This is developed as a low-cost and prospective OER catalyst.Compared to cobalt or nickel silicate hydroxide@rGO(CS@rGO and NS@rGO,respectively)nanoarrays,the bimetal CNS@rGO nanoarray exhibits impressive OER performance with an overpotential of 307 mV@10 mA cm^(-2).This value is higher than that of CS@rGO and NS@rGO.The CNS@rGO nanoarray has an overpotential of 446 mV@100 mA cm^(-2),about 1.4 times that of the commercial RuO_(2)electrocatalyst.The achieved OER activity is superior to the state-of-the-art metal oxides/hydroxides and their derivatives.The vertically grown nanostructure and optimized metal-support electronic interactions play an indispensable role for OER performance improvement,including a fast electron transfer pathway,short proton/electron diffusion distance,more active metal centers,as well as optimized dualatomic electron density.Taking advantage of interlay chemical regulation and the in-situ growth method,the advanced-structural CNS@rGO nanoarrays provide a new horizon to the rational and flexible design of efficient and promising OER electrocatalysts.

Analysis of Interaction Factors between Two Piles in Layered Soils

A rigorous analytical method is presented, which takes into account the pile stiffening effects, using the theory of the transfer matrix-bottom rigidity for calculating the interaction factor between two identical piles in multi-layered soils subjected to vertical loads. Following the technique proposed by Muki and Sternberg, the problem is decomposed into extended soil layers and two fictitious piles characterized respectively by Young's moduli of the layered soils and those of the differences between the piles and the layered soils. The unknown axial forces along fictitious piles are determined by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which imposes the compatibility condition that the axial strains of the fictitious piles are equal to those corresponding to the centroidal axes of the extended layered soils. The real pile displacements can be calculated based on the determined fictitious pile forces, and finally, the desired pile interaction factors may be obtained. Selected results from parametrical studies are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed approach and portray the influence of the governing parameters on the pile interaction.

考虑车轮多边形磨损的机车轮轨动力特性研究

针对车轮的多边形磨损,建立了重载列车轨道三维耦合动力学模型,研究了机车车轮多边形磨损引起的轮轨动力相互作用。在动力学模型中嵌入了低粘着区(LAZ)和防滑控制算法,以分析在正常和低粘着条件下车轮多边形磨损对轮轨纵向和横向相互作用的影响。在两台不同磨损模式的机车上进行了对比试验,包括车轮周向磨损测量和机车振动试验,验证了模型的合理性。在此基础上分析了多边形磨损的动态响应,结果表明车轮多边形磨损不仅会加剧车轮/轨道的垂直力,还会加剧车轮与轨道之间的纵向相互作用。多边形磨损对机车前两轮对与后两轮对的纵向相互作用影响较大。

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a vertical axis tidal turbine using the two-way fluid structure interaction approach

The objective of this study was to develop, as well as validate the strongly coupled method (two-way fluid structural interaction (FSI)) used to simulate the transient FSI response of the vertical axis tidal turbine (VATT) rotor, subjected to spatially varying inflow. Moreover, this study examined strategies on improving techniques used for mesh deformation that account for large displacement or deformation calculations. The blade's deformation for each new time step is considered in transient two-way FSI analysis, to make the design more reliable. Usually this is not considered in routine one-way FSI simulations. A rotor with four blades and 4-m diameter was modeled and numerically analyzed. We observed that two-way FSI, utilizing the strongly coupled method, was impossible for a complex model; and thereby using ANSYS-CFX and ANSYS-MECHANICAL in work bench, as given in ANSYS-WORKBENCH, helped case examples 22 and 23, by giving an error when the solution was run. To make the method possible and reduce the computational power, a novel technique was used to transfer the file in ANSYS-APDL to obtain the solution and results. Consequently, the results indicating a two-way transient FSI analysis is a time- and resource-consuming job, but with our proposed technique we can reduce the computational time. The ANSYS STRUCTURAL results also uncover that stresses and deformations have higher values for two-way FSI as compared to one-way FSI. Similarly, fluid flow CFX results for two-way FSI are closer to experimental results as compared to one-way simulation results. Additionally, this study shows that, using the proposed method we can perform coupled simulation with simple multi-node PCs (core i5).

考虑竖向荷载作用时液化土中群桩基础水平动力响应

基于Biot饱和多孔介质理论,考虑液化土的流动特性,建立考虑竖向荷载作用的部分埋入群桩水平振动模型,通过分离变量法、算子分解法,引入桩土耦合及位移连续条件,得到复杂条件下液化土中高桩桩间相互作用因子解和群桩水平动阻抗解.通过参数分析,表明液化土特性和竖向荷载对桩间水平相互作用因子、群桩动阻抗有显著影响,指出同一频率下,群桩水平动刚度随着表层液化土厚度的增加而下降,当液化厚度较大时,动刚度随频率上升显著下降,并出现负刚度;桩顶竖向荷载会降低液化土中的群桩动刚度,液化土厚度越大,削弱效果越明显.

暗访督查如何运行:一个纵向府际信息互动的分析视角

作为常态化的信息监督方式,暗访督查如今被广泛应用于纵向府际治理中。从纵向府际信息互动的视角看,暗访督查的启动原因在于缓解纵向府际“督查—迎检”过程中的信息不对称问题。其适用的信息场域体现出下级治理信息的模糊度较高、上级获取治理信息的需求强烈与各类信息工具的种类多元等特征。暗访督查的运行流程体现为机制运行前对督查信号的模糊化处理、机制运行中对各类信息获取方式的应用以及机制运行后对政策纠偏信息的反馈。目前督查实践中频繁出现的“暗访失灵”现象则根源于下级政府信息反监督所带来的负面效应。无论是非正式信息网络的运作,还是上级在场域内信息采集过程中遭遇的阻碍,均会影响暗访督查的实际运行效能。走出“暗访失灵”困境的突破口也正在于此。

基于虚拟现实的立管横焊机器人辅助焊接工艺设计与实现

焊接工艺参数的选择对焊接质量有重要影响。针对立管J型铺设窄坡口横焊熔池下淌特性,提出基于横焊焊道厚度及热输入恒定策略的焊接工艺参数匹配算法。基于Unity3D开发平台和工艺参数匹配算法,通过C#开发了立管横焊CAPP模块,扩展了虚拟现实人机交互系统的功能模块;开展立管横焊计算机辅助焊接工艺实验,焊后焊缝成形良好,无焊接缺陷。实验结果表明:CAPP模块可有效获取匹配的焊接工艺参数,能缩短焊接工艺开发周期,降低工艺开发成本,有效提升系统的智能化水平。

黏性土中条壁式地连墙基础竖向承载特性研究

条壁式地连墙基础长宽比较大,承载性能优越,施工速度快捷,具有较好工程应用前景。但其承载机理尚不明晰,通过建立条壁式地连墙基础数值模型,研究了条壁式地连墙基础竖向承载特性及墙-土相互作用机理,分析了墙体参数、土体参数等因素对条壁式地连墙基础竖向承载力的影响。计算结果表明,单幅地连墙每增加10 m埋深可使承载力提高34%~60%。每增加12 m墙长度可使承载力提高14%~89%。地连墙承载力随土体黏聚力和内摩擦角增加而基本呈线性增长,随土体弹性模量增加而呈对数增长。当墙顶荷载接近极限时,墙端附近形成一个锥形的潜在滑移面。地连墙长度越长,地连墙对周围土体影响范围越来越大,墙幅间对周围土体影响存在叠加效应。

竖向地震动对地铁车站共构结构体系地震响应的影响研究

[目的]地铁车站共构结构体系(以下简称“共构结构体系”)通过厚板实现箱形结构与箱形框架结构的连接转换。因共构结构体系的结构形式独特,其地震响应规律目前尚不明确,需进一步研究其地震响应特征。[方法]以某综合管廊与地铁车站共构结构体系为例,建立了土-共构结构体系相互作用的有限元仿真模型。考虑单向地震波和双向地震波(含水平向、竖向)作为输入,选取了3种工况,分析了共构结构体系在地震作用下的加速度响应特征、位移响应特征、受压受拉损伤情况及演变过程,并以共构结构体系左侧柱端为例,讨论了部分结构部位的内力响应特征。[结果及结论]双向耦合地震动对共构结构体系竖向加速度的影响较大,在侧墙与负一层底板连接处加速度的最大增幅达158%(与竖向地震动作用相比)。竖向地震动会加大共构结构体系顶底板的相对水平位移和相对竖向位移,加大柱子的内力响应。柱端、侧墙下部、底板两端、构件连接处、腋角等位置为共构结构体系地震损伤薄弱部位,应对这些部位进行加强处理。

复合载荷作用下H型垂直轴风力机叶片结构多目标优化

为改善气动力、离心力和重力等复合载荷作用下的H型垂直轴风力机叶片的结构性能,提出一种多目标优化方法。以质量和最大应力最小为目标,最大变形为约束建立优化模型。通过流固耦合(Fluid-Structure-Interaction,FSI)方法,实现叶片表面压力的实时准确提取,建立复合载荷作用下的叶片有限元模型;基于最优空间填充(Optimal Space-Filling,OSF)方法和Kriging模型建立各变量对应力、质量和变形的响应面模型,进行灵敏度和变化趋势分析;最后采用多目标遗传算法(Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm,MOGA)获得各变量的最优解,并进行结果验证。结果表明,优化后叶片质量减少了14.7%,各方位角下的最大应力减幅最大为7.8%,最大变形减幅最大为16.7%。研究结果可为复合载荷作用下叶片的结构优化设计提供参考。