Vertical Migration of Fine-Grained Sediments from Interior to Surface of Seabed Driven by Seepage Flows–‘Sub-Bottom Sediment Pump Action'

A scientific hypothesis is proposed and preliminarily verified in this paper: under the driving of seepage flows, there might be a vertical migration of fine-grained soil particles from interior to surface of seabed, which is defined as ‘sub-bottom sediment pump action' in this paper. Field experiments were performed twice on the intertidal flat of the Yellow River delta to study this process via both trapping the pumped materials and recording the pore pressures in the substrate. Experimental results are quite interesting as we did observe yellow slurry which is mainly composed of fine-grained soil particles appearing on the seabed surface; seepage gradients were also detected in the intertidal flat, under the action of tides and small wind waves. Preliminary conclusions are that ‘sediment pump' occurs when seepage force exceeds a certain threshold: firstly, it is big enough to disconnect the soil particles from the soil skeleton; secondly, the degree of seabed fluidization or bioturbation is big enough to provide preferred paths for the detached materials to migrate upwards. Then they would be firstly pumped from interior to the surface of seabed and then easily re-suspended into overlying water column. Influential factors of ‘sediment pump' are determined as hydrodynamics(wave energy), degree of consolidation, index of bioturbation(permeability) and content of fine-grained materials(sedimentary age). This new perspective of ‘sediment pump' may provide some implications for the mechanism interpretation of several unclear geological phenomena in the Yellow River delta area.

Computational study of fluid-borne noise in vertical inline pump

The objective of present work is to find out the sources of fluid-borne noise in vertical inline pump for various flow rates. The three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes equation was solved using computational fluid dynamics code to predict the acoustic distribution. The pump chosen for study was of low specific speed and the experimental performance characteristic was very well matched with computational head developed. PROUDMAN sound power contour analysis showed the critical zone of noise in inlet pipe,impeller,and volute. Based on this,the variations of acoustic power were depicted over the cross section of inlet pipe,along the mean streamline of inlet pipe,as well along the volute circumference. The result concludes that the predominant flow noise is at tongue region and followed by noise generated due to turbulence in inlet pipe which occurs by the sudden variation in flow passage as well it depends on the operating condition of pump. The frequency analysis gives a glimpse of understanding about the broadband noise distribution due to flow phenomenon over a frequency range.

Vibration Control of Vertical Turbine Pump by Optimization of Vane Pitch Tolerances of an Impeller Using Statistical Techniques

The objective of the study is to find the tolerance on vane pitch dimensions of a Vertical Turbine(VT)pump impeller.For this purpose,the study is divided into two parts viz.to find the critical hydraulic eccentricity of a VT pump impeller by way of numerical simulations and design of experiments to find the vane pitch tolerance using critical hydraulic eccentricity.The effect of impeller vane pitch deviations on hydraulic unbalance is examined for a vertical turbine pump using Design of Experiments(DOE).A suitable orthogonal matrix has been selected with vane pitch at different axial locations of an impeller as the control factors.Hydraulic eccentricity,which is the output of the DOE experiments is analyzed using S/N ratio,ANOM and regression analysis to find the significant control factor effecting the hydraulic unbalance and hence vibrations.The vane pitch deviation at outlet and inlet of impeller shroud geometry are found to be the most critical factor affecting the pump vibrations.

Effects of Meridional Flow Passage Shape on Hydraulic Performance of Mixed-flow Pump Impellers

During the process of designing the mixed-flow pump impeller, the meridional flow passage shape directly affects the obtained meridional flow field, which then has an influence on the three-dimensional impeller shape. However, the meridional flow passage shape is too complicated to be described by a simple formula for now. Therefore, reasonable parameter selection for the meridional flow passage is essential to the investigation. In order to explore the effects of the meridional flow passage shape on the impeller design and the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, the hub and shroud radius ratio (HSRR) of impeller and the outlet diffusion angle (ODA) of outlet zone are selected as the meridional flow passage parameters. 25 mixed-flow pump impellers, with specific speed of 496 under the design condition, are designed with various parameter combinations. Among these impellers, one with HSRR of 1.94 and ODA of 90° is selected to carry out the model test and the obtained experimental results are used to verify accuracies of the head and the hydraulic efficiency predicted by numerical simulation. Based on SIMPLE algorithm and standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model, the three-dimensional steady incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the effects of different parameters on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers are analyzed. The analysis results demonstrate that there are optimal values of HSRR and ODA available, so the hydraulic performance and the internal flow of mixed-flow pumps can be improved by selecting appropriate values for the meridional flow passage parameters. The research on these two parameters, HSRR and ODA, has further illustrated influences of the meridional flow passage shape on the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, and is beneficial to improving the design of the mixed-flow pump impeller.

Different vertical distribution of zooplankton community between North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and Western Pacific Warm Pool: its implication to carbon flux

The mesozooplankton in both epipelagic and mesopelagic zones is essentially important for the study of ecosystem and biological carbon pump. Previous studies showed that the diel vertical migration (DVM) pattern of mesozooplankton varied among ecosystems. However, that pattern was largely unknown in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). The vertical distribution, DVM and community structure of mesozooplankton from the surface to 1 000 m were compared at Stas JL7K (WPWP) and MA (North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, NPSG). Two sites showed similarly low biomass in both epipelagic and mesopelagic zones, which were in accordance with oligotrophic conditions of these two ecosystems. Stronger DVM (night/day ratio) was found at JL7K (1.31) than that at MA (1.09) on surface 0–100 m, and an obvious night increase of mesopelagic biomass was observed at JL7K, which was probably due to migrators from bathypelagic zone. Active carbon flux by DVM of zooplankton was estimated to be 0.23 mmol/(m2·d) at JL7K and 0.16 mmol/(m2·d) at MA. The community structure analysis showed that calanoid copepods, cnidarians and appendicularians were the main contributors to DVM of mesozooplankton at both sites. We also compared the present result with previous studies of the two ecosystems, and suggested that the DVM of mesozooplankton was more homogeneous within the WPWP and more variable within the NPSG, though both ecosystems showed typically extremely oligotrophic conditions. The different diel vertical migration strength of mesozooplankton between NPSG and WPWP implied different efficiency of carbon pump in these two ecosystems.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Flow Passage Subtle Variation on Mixed-flow Pump Performance

In the mixed-flow pump design, the shape of the flow passage can directly affect the flow capacity and the internal flow, thus influencing hydraulic performance, cavitation performance and operation stability of the mixed-flow pump. However, there is currently a lack of experimental research on the influence mechanism. Therefore, in order to analyze the effects of subtle variations of the flow passage on the mixed-flow pump performance, the frustum cone surface of the end part of inlet contraction flow passage of the mixed-flow pump is processed into a cylindrical surface and a test rig is built to carry out the hydraulic performance experiment. In this experiment, parameters, such as the head, the efficiency, and the shaft power, are measured, and the pressure fluctuation and the noise signal are also collected. The research results suggest that after processing the inlet flow passage, the head of the mixed-flow pump significantly goes down; the best efficiency of the mixed-flow pump drops by approximately 1.5%, the efficiency decreases more significantly under the large flow rate; the shaft power slightly increases under the large flow rate, slightly decreases under the small flow rate. In addition, the pressure fluctuation amplitudes on both the impeller inlet and the diffuser outlet increase significantly with more drastic pressure fluctuations and significantly lower stability of the internal flow of the mixed-flow pump. At the same time, the noise dramatically increases. Overall speaking, the subtle variation of the inlet flow passage leads to a significant change of the mixed-flow pump performance, thus suggesting a special attention to the optimization of flow passage. This paper investigates the influence of the flow passage variation on the mixed-flow pump performance by experiment, which will benefit the optimal design of the flow passage of the mixed-flow pump.

Numerical simulation on heat transfer performance of vertical U-tube with different borehole fill materials

Heat exchange performance of vertical U-tube heat exchanger was studied with two different borehole fill materials and CFD software. Borehole surface temperature and water temperature distribution were simulated on the condition of continuous operation for 8 h in winter with inlet water temperature being 10℃. The results show that there is no obvious difference on heat exchanger performance between the two different borehole fill materials.

Influence of specific speed on hydraulic performances and pressure fluctuations in mixed-flow pumps

A series of steady and unsteady numerical calculations of the internal flow in mixed-flow pumps with three different specific speeds were carried out based on the N-S equation coupled with the standard k-εturbulence model under different operating conditions to investigate the relationship between the impeller specific speed and the pump performance as well as pressure pulsations.Meanwhile,the pump performance and pressure pulsations inside the mixed-flow pump with three different specific speeds were also analyzed and compared with the corresponding test data.From the results,the averaged deviations between the predicted and tested head among different impellers are below 5%,and with respect to the equivalent impeller specific speeds of 280 and 260,the values are 4.30%and 3.69%,respectively.For all the impeller schemes,the best efficiency point of the mixed-flow pump is found at the flow rate of 1.2 Q_(d) and the higher head deviation occurs at lower flow rates.Especially,it can be found that the specific speed has a slight effect on the pressure fluctuation in the impellers.Eventually,it is determined that the pump performance curves calculated by numerical simu-lations have good agreement with the relevant experimental results,which verifies that the numerical methods used in the present study are accurate to a certain extent.Furthermore,the results also provide some references to the pressure pulsation analysis and the performance improvement of the mixed-flow pump design.

Robust optimization design on impeller of mixed-flow pump

To increase the robustness of the optimization solutions of the mixed-flow pump,the impeller was firstly indirectly parameterized based on the 2D blade design theory.Secondly,the robustness of the optimization solution was mathematically defined,and then calculated by Monte Carlo sampling method.Thirdly,the optimization on the mixed-flow pump′s impeller was decomposed into the optimal and robust sub-optimization problems,to maximize the pump head and efficiency and minimize the fluctuation degree of them under varying working conditions at the same time.Fourthly,using response surface model,a surrogate model was established between the optimization objectives and control variables of the shape of the impeller.Finally,based on a multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm,a two-loop iterative optimization process was designed to find the optimal solution with good robustness.Comparing the original and optimized pump,it is found that the internal flow field of the optimized pump has been improved under various operating conditions,the hydraulic performance has been improved consequently,and the range of high efficient zone has also been widened.Besides,with the changing of working conditions,the change trend of the hydraulic performance of the optimized pump becomes gentler,the flow field distribution is more uniform,and the influence degree of the varia-tion of working conditions decreases,and the operating stability of the pump is improved.It is concluded that the robust optimization method proposed in this paper is a reasonable way to optimize the mixed-flow pump,and provides references for optimization problems of other fluid machinery.

Analytical modelling of end thermal coupling in a solid-state laser longitudinally bonded by a vertical-cavity top-emitting laser diode

The intrinsic features involving a circularly symmetric beam profile with low divergence, planar geometry as well as the increasingly enhanced power of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers （VCSELs） have made the VCSEL a promising pump source in direct end bonding to a solid-state laser medium to form the minimized, on-wafer integrated laser system. This scheme will generate a surface contact pump configuration and thus additional end thermal coupling to the laser medium through the joint interface of both materials, apart from pump beam heating. This paper analytically models temperature distributions in both VCSEL and the laser medium from the end thermal coupling regarding surface contact pump configuration using a top-emitting VCSEL as the pump source for the first time. The analytical solutions are derived by introducing relative temperature and mean temperature expressions. The results show that the end contact heating by the VCSEL could lead to considerable temperature variations associated with thermal phase shift and thermal lensing in the laser medium. However, if the central temperature of the interface is increased by less than 20 K, the end contact heating does not have a significant thermal influence on the laser medium. In this case, the thermal effect should be dominated by pump beam heating. This work provides useful analytical results for further analysis of hybrid thermal effects on those lasers pumped by a direct VCSEL bond.

前置宽体竖井进水流道水泵装置特性

为解决水泵机组设备布置与泵装置性能优化之间的矛盾,提出宽体竖井设计方法.基于三维湍流数值计算方法和熵产理论,比较了宽体竖井进水流道与2个常见的尖锥形竖井进水流道的水力特性.设计制作宽体竖井进水流道水泵装置模型,并试验测试5个叶片角下泵装置的能量特性、空化特性和飞逸特性.结果表明:宽体竖井方案与其他2个方案的内流场相似,在设计流量工况下流速均匀度均为95%左右,加权平均角度均大于89°;不同流量工况下,3种方案水力损失均接近,竖井前段熵产仅占后段的7.470%,竖井前段宽体型线对流道能量耗散无影响;当叶片角为0°时,水泵装置效率最高达79.19%;5个叶片角的泵装置临界空化余量均小于6.0 m;当叶片角为-6°时,扬程为2.36 m的最大飞逸转速为278.6 r/min;宽体竖井的水力特性与常规竖井相近,具有可同时满足设备布置与泵装置性能需求的特点.

竖井式进出水口水力特性研究进展

竖井式进出水口是抽水蓄能电站水道系统两端控制水流的常用进出水口型式之一。竖井式进出水口双向过流,水流在短距离内经历两次90°流向转变(水平-竖直-水平),流向变化剧烈,水力条件复杂,深入研究竖井式进出水口水力特性,进而优化其体型结构,对抽水蓄能电站设计及施工具有重要意义。首先,介绍竖井式进出水口应用背景及体型特点,分析竖井式进出水口水力特性存在的问题;其次,对竖井式进出水口孔口流量分配、拦污栅断面流速分布、漩涡和水头损失等方面研究进展进行总结;最后,归纳了竖井式进出水口水力特性研究方法,探讨了今后研究应聚焦的主要方向。

宽式防旋墩环形堰竖井水力特性分析

目前许多拟建抽蓄工程泄洪洞的环形堰竖井入口设置了新型宽式防旋墩,以消除喉口处由不可控漩流引起的呛水等不利流态,而宽式防旋墩环形堰竖井的水气特性与以往采用起旋墩和窄式防旋墩的竖井存在较大差异,业内对其认识尚不清晰。以石台抽水蓄能电站下水库泄洪洞的竖井作为研究对象,采用物理模型试验与数值模拟相结合的手段,分析了流态、流速、压力、消能率等水力指标。研究结果表明:宽式防旋墩引导水流平顺进入竖井形成脱壁流,其尾部可形成顺畅的进气通道,空气经此通道可充分进入竖井以保持井内流态与压力的稳定;新型竖井过流能力满足要求,各部位流速、压力分布正常,总消能率达85%以上;宽式防旋墩可消除不可控漩流导致的呛水现象并引导水流在竖井内形成脱壁流态,使竖井壁面免于空蚀破坏;墩尾通气量足够时,可取消通气管及环形堰与竖井结合部突扩体型,简化工程布置。相关经验可供类似抽蓄电站工程的泄洪洞竖井设计参考。

沙集泵站改造叶轮选型及流道改形研究

针对沙集泵站空化汽蚀较为严重,在工程加固改造时主体结构不变,无法通过降低站房底板增加叶轮淹没深度,从而提高空化性能的实际问题,采用计算流体动力学CFD方法,考虑泵站进口不同水位,对水泵装置全流道内部流动进行数值分析,研究水泵空化和能量特性。小幅降低叶轮中心高程,不仅未能减小空化范围,反而降低了泵装置效率,不宜采用。通过优选水泵水力模型、降速、增径并适当修整流道等方法,在保证泵装置能量性能的前提下,提高水泵空化性能。结果表明,采用方案一:叶轮直径增至1.68 m,转速降至250 r/min,基本消除了叶片进水边附近的附着空化,同时能够满足泵站特征水位组合下的流量和效率。成果也可用于类似泵站的设计和机组的选型。

立式自吸泵前口环几何参数对其自吸性能的影响

为探究立式自吸泵前口环几何参数对其自吸性能的影响,以350WFB-1200-50型外混式无密封立式自吸泵为研究对象,在保证自吸泵其他参数不变的情况下,通过改变前口环间隙δ和前口环长度l的数值大小,共设计20种方案.利用数值计算和试验验证相结合的研究方法,通过定常数值计算得到不同方案外特性曲线图及前口环进出口压差图;通过非定常数值计算得到不同方案不同时刻中间截面气体体积分布云图、不同方案自吸泵出口含气率变化图及不同方案自吸完成时间曲线图来研究立式自吸泵前口环几何参数与其自吸性能的关系.研究发现:前口环间隙δ和前口环长度l对自吸泵自吸性能均有影响,适当减小前口环间隙δ和增大前口环长度l均能提高自吸泵自吸性能,且当前口环间隙δ过大时,其对自吸泵自吸性能的影响大于前口环长度l对自吸泵自吸性能的影响.

零流量工况下立式离心泵振动特性试验研究

离心泵在启动时一般为关阀启动,即为零流量工况。立式离心泵在长距离调水和大型灌溉工程中应用日益广泛。为探究立式离心泵零流量工况下振动特性,在水泵底座布置了1个三向振动传感器,在水泵进、出口法兰盘顶部各布置1个轴向振动传感器以及在水泵出口管道顶部布置1个压力脉动传感器,测试了零流量工况下额定转速(1.0 nr)以及1.2 nr、0.8 nr、0.6 nr、0.4 nr等5个不同转速下的水泵振动和压力脉动。结果表明:零流量工况下立式离心泵进口轴向、出口轴向和底座轴向上的振动均较大;升速至1.2倍额定转速,底座轴向上的振动强度增至额定转速振动强度的1.6倍,降速至0.8倍额定转速,振动强度降至额定转速振动强度的1/4倍,降低转速启动,能大幅度降低水泵的振动强度;叶片频率是水泵进口、出口和底座轴向方向振动的主要频率,压力脉动是零流量工况下立式离心泵振动的一个重要激励源。研究结果可为同类大型立式离心泵的设计以及泵站建成后的运行管理提供参考。

相同比转数轴流泵装置试验对比及选型应用

为了研究同一比转数轴流泵在工程中应用的适应性,依托淮河入海水道二期工程宋潮站的设计参数,采用了等流量加大扬程的选型方法初步选型,基于同一比转数轴流泵(TJ04-ZL-11,ZM60A)分别进行装置模型试验研究,对比分析了泵装置的能量、空化、飞逸等方面性能.结果表明,TJ04-ZL-11水力模型泵装置在叶片角度为0°、泵装置设计扬程为4.61 m时,效率为73.04%;在泵装置最高扬程为8.42 m时,效率为66.17%.ZM60A水力模型泵装置在叶片角度为0°、设计扬程为4.61 m时,效率为73.96%;在泵装置最高扬程8.42 m时,效率为71.14%.空化试验结果表明,ZM60A水力模型空化性能要比TJ04-ZL-11号水力模型空化性能更好.ZM60A水力模型飞逸特性与TJ04-ZL-11号水力模型飞逸特性相比差别不大.同一比转数的轴流泵在性能方面仍存在差异,在宽扬程运行范围的工程应用中需要兼顾空化、飞逸等多方面性能进行选型.研究结果对类似工程的水泵选型具有一定的参考价值.

大型立式离心泵压力脉动特性研究

大型立式离心泵目前广泛应用于大型水利工程。水泵在运行时所产生的压力脉动可能导致机组产生振动进而影响机组性能。本研究采用数值模拟方法,基于尺度自适应SAS模型,对泵的三维流体域进行了详细的网格划分和边界条件设定,通过网格无关性验证和试验验证,证明了数值模拟方法的可靠性。研究结果表明,吸水室压力脉动的主频幅值随流量增加呈减小趋势,小流量工况下出现了低频脉动。叶轮的压力脉动主要受到两倍转频的影响,而压水室的压力脉动则以叶片通过频率为主。特别是在小流量工况下,压水室的压力脉动幅值显著增大,这一现象与流体动力学特性及蜗道结构特征密切相关。此外,压水室中隔板的存在对压力脉动的传递起到了一定的阻挡作用,但在特定位置如隔舌附近,压力脉动幅值仍然较大。本研究对于理解立式离心泵压力脉动特性及其影响因素具有一定的指导作用。

立式轴流泵装置马鞍区振动特性研究

为分析叶片角度下立式轴流泵在马鞍区工况的振动特性,采用流体计算软件CFX的数值模拟与泵装置试验结合的方法,在验证计算结果准确性的情况下,数值计算了3个叶片角度、4个流量下的泵段形变、振动特性、压力脉动、非周期性力;并通过试验测试了泵段马鞍区振动性能。研究结果表明,泵段在0.30 QBEP至0.60 QBEP之间存在马鞍区,在马鞍区工况内造成泵段振动的主要因素为叶轮-导叶之间动静交界面的干扰作用;为保证泵装置运行过程中的稳定性,最小运行流量应超过本文所定义的强化马鞍区工况流量;泵装置在马鞍区内运行时,叶片安放角越小越稳定。

立式离心泵典型故障复现试验研究

为了给立式离心泵的故障诊断提供试验和理论依据,搭建立式离心泵仿真试验台,进行立式离心泵典型故障的仿真复现试验,分析了转子不平衡、转子不对中和支座连接松动等故障的振动特性及其频谱特征.结果表明:机脚处的振动位移信号对支座连接松动故障的振动特性敏感性更高,轴系的振动信号对转子故障的振动特性敏感性更高;转子不平衡故障和转子不对中故障表现出不同的频谱特征,转子不平衡故障的频谱特征表现为1倍振动主要频率(amplitude power frequency,APF)幅值增大,且随着故障程度的增加,幅值呈现了逐渐减小的趋势,转子不对中故障的频谱特征表现为产生新的振动特征频率2APF,且随着故障程度的增大,信号幅值逐渐增大;支座连接松动故障表现为频谱图中的主频变为3APF,并出现新的2APF和1/2分数谐波频率.