Meshless Method for Analysis of Permeable Breakwaters in the Proximity of A Vertical Wall

In the present work, the improved version of the meshless singular boundary method(ISBM) is developed for analyzing the performance of bottom standing submerged permeable breakwaters in regular normally incident waves and in the proximity of a vertical wall. Both single and dual prismatic breakwaters of rectangular and trapezoidal forms are examined. The physical problem is cast in terms of the Laplace equation governing an irrotational flow and incompressible fluid motion with appropriate mixed type boundary conditions, and solved numerically using the ISBM. To model the permeability of the breakwaters fully absorbing boundary conditions are assumed. Numerical results are presented in terms of hydrodynamic quantities of the reflection coefficients. These are firstly validated against the results of a multi-domain boundary element method(BEM) developed independently for a previous study. The agreement between the results of the two methods is excellent. The coefficients of reflection are then computed and discussed for a variety of structural conditions including the breakwaters height, width, spacing, and absorbing permeability. Effects of the proximity of the vertical plane wall are also investigated. The breakwater's width is found to have only marginal effects compared with its height. Permeability tends to decrease the minimum reflections. These coefficients show periodic variations with the spacing relative to the wavelength. Trapezoidal breakwaters are found to be more cost-effective than the rectangular breakwaters. Dual breakwater systems are confirmed to perform much better than single structures.

Experimental Study of A Pile-Restrained Floating Breakwater Constructed of Pontoon and Plates

A pile-restrained pontoon-plate floating breakwater is proposed in this paper. The laboratory physical-model tests are conducted to investigate the wave-dissipation property and heave-motion response of a model. The influence of the model＇s geometric parameters including relative pontoon width, plate width, number of plates and pontoon draft on wavedissipation performance and heave-motion response are discussed, as well as the correlation between these two factors. The result indicates that wave-dissipation performance of the proposed structure is better than the pontoon structure： its transmission coefficient and heave-motion height are reduced by 0.2 and 0.3, respectively, in comparison with those of the pile-restrained pontoon model at a relative pontoon width of 0.2.

Study on Flow Field Around Vertical Breakwater Under Different Overtopping Conditions Based on Numerical Simulation

A numerical wave flume is constructed based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations with turbulence closure by a modified k - ε model to study the viscous interactiorrs of waves with vertical breakwaters for different overtopping cases. The goveruing equations, the turbulence model, boundary conditions, and solution method for the nu- merical wave flume are introduced briefly. The reliability of the numerical wave flume is examined by comparing the nu- merical results with the experimental measurements, and good agreements between them indicate the validity of the pre- sent model. The developments of mean velocity fields, the contours of vorticity, and the influences of wave nonlinearity on turbulence field as wave passing through vertical breakwaters are discussed in detail based on the numerical results. It is noted that the vortices at the rear of the lower submerged breakwater are close to the bottum and maytbe induce the scouring to the leeside toe of marine structure in practice. Over all, a conclusion can be obtained from this study that the turbulence in wave field around structure is induced directly by the development of boundary layer on the solid boundary, the nonlinear interaction of free surface with obstaele, and the plunging of overtopping waves.

Oblique and Multi-Directional Random Wave Loads on Vertical Breakwaters

Extensive 3-D model tests have been performed to study the effects of wave obliquity and multi-directionality on the wave loads acting on vertical breakwaters. The variation of horizontal and uplift forces acting on an unit length of a breakwater with wave direction, the longitudinal distribution of wave forces, as well as the longitudinal load reduction are analyzed. Some empirical formulae of the longitudinal distribution coefficient and the longitudinal load reduction factor are presented for practical use.

THE WAVE GROUPING EFFECT ON WAVE FORCES ON A VERTICAL BREAKWATER

Linear wave theory and Longuet-Higgins and Steward’s (1964) group-induced second-order longweve (GSLW) theory ware used in this study on the grouping effect on wave forces acting on a verticalbreakwater. The calculated variance of total wave pressure on the vertical breakwater was closer tothe measured value if the wave grouping effect was considered.

Interaction of Irregular Waves with Vertical Breakwater and Characteristics of Secondary Wave Generated by Overtopping

This study investigated the interaction between irregular waves and vertical breakwater.The main goal was to determine the wave force on the breakwater for different depths,along with the evolution of the secondary wave generated by overtopping.The open source code DualSPHysics was used in the simulation.Wavelet transform was employed to remove the acoustic components from the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics pressure solution.The results of the experiments and simulations showed that although the wave height at the low water level(case 2 was smaller than that at the high water level(case 1,the horizontal and uplifting force of case 2 was higher than that of case 1.In case 2,a large impact pressure occurred because of the plunging wave and wave breaking effects.As the water level was close to the breakwater top in case 1,the secondary wave generated by overtopping was studied.Results indicated that wave and breakwater interactions transfer wave energy from the leading wave component to higher harmonics.Two main harmonics were identified in the secondary wave.The first harmonic was the incident peak frequency,which was still the dominant component.During the wave propagation behind the breakwater,the frequencies of harmonics remained unchanged,but the amplitude of the first harmonic showed an obvious change.Under the same wave condition,the first and second harmonics did not change with depth.

Study of Vertical Breakwater Reliability Based on Copulas

The reliability of a vertical breakwater is calculated using direct integration methods based on joint density functions.The horizontal and uplifting wave forces on the vertical breakwater can be well fitted by the lognormal and the Gumbel distributions,respectively.The joint distribution of the horizontal and uplifting wave forces is analyzed using different probabilistic distributions,including the bivariate logistic Gumbel distribution,the bivariate lognormal distribution,and three bivariate Archimedean copulas functions constructed with different marginal distributions simultaneously.We use the fully nested copulas to construct multivariate distributions taking into account related variables.Different goodness fitting tests are carried out to determine the best bivariate copula model for wave forces on a vertical breakwater.We show that a bivariate model constructed by Frank copula gives the best reliability analysis,using marginal distributions of Gumbel and lognormal to account for uplifting pressure and horizontal wave force on a vertical breakwater,respectively.The results show that failure probability of the vertical breakwater calculated by multivariate density function is comparable to those by the Joint Committee on Structural Safety methods.As copulas are suitable for constructing a bivariate or multivariate joint distribution,they have great potential in reliability analysis for other coastal structures.

Experimental Study on Wave Attenuation Performance of A New Type of Floating Breakwater with Twin Pontoons and Multi Porous Vertical Plates

A floating breakwater(FB)has extensive potential applications in the fields of coastal,offshore,and ocean engineering owing to its advantages such as eco-friendliness,low cost,easy and rapid construction,and quick dismantling and reinstallation.An FB composed of twin pontoons and multi-porous vertical plates is proposed to improve the wave attenuation performance.The wave attenuation performance is investigated for different FB structures and vertical plate types under different incident wave heights and periods using 2D wave physical model tests in a wave flume.The results demonstrate that the proposed FB has a better performance than that of the conventional single pontoon-type FB.It reduces the wave transmission due to its enhanced wave reflection and energy loss.The wave transmission coefficient of the proposed FB decreases with an increase in the number of layers and relative draft depth of the vertical plates.However,a further decrease in the wave transmission coefficient is not observed when the number of porous vertical plates is increased from 4 to 5 layers.An equation has been derived to predict the wave transmission of the proposed FB based on the experimental results.

Expected Sliding Distance of Vertical Slit Caisson Breakwater

Evaluating the expected sliding distance of a vertical slit caisson breakwater is proposed. Time history for the wave load to a vertical slit caisson is made. It consists of two impulsive wave pressures followed by a smooth sinusoidal pressure. In the numerical analysis, the sliding distance for an attack of single wave was shown and the expected sliding distance during 50 years was also presented. Those results were compared with a vertical front caisson breakwater without slit. It was concluded that the sliding distance of a vertical slit caisson may be over-estimated if the wave pressure on the caisson is evaluated without considering vertical slit.

Simplified Method for Calculating Standing Wave Pressure on Vertical Breakwater

Through numerical modeling, a kind of simplified calculating method for standing wave pressure on vertical face breakwater have been put forward. Not only the formulas proposed in this paper are simple in form and very easy in use, but also they possess continuity on the full range of standing wave. And more, the precision requiremennts of calculation can be satisfied to a certain extent in engineering practice.

Small Scale Field Experiment on Breaking Wave Pressure on Vertical Breakwaters

A small scale field experiment (SSFE) was performed on vertical breakwaters in the surf zone. The following are some of the findings. Wind seas may yield breaking wave pressure notwithstanding some large deepwater wave steepness, and small elevation of the wall above the mean water level. Caisson breakwaters can withstand some exceptionally high impulsive force peaks (even twice the weight in still water);whereas, with the same sea state and weight, a breakwater composed of layers of solid concrete blocks is destroyed.

Vertical membrane floating breakwater

The basic purpose of any breakwater is to protect a harbor, moored vessels or an offshore structure from excessive incident wave attack. Breakwater can be classified as either fixed structures or floating ones. The vertical membrane floating breakwater which will be introduced in this paper belongs to the latter.

Effect of Under Connected Plates on the Hydrodynamic Efficiency of the Floating Breakwater

In this paper, the hydrodynamic efficiency of a floating breakwater system is experimentally studied by use of physical models. Regular waves with wide ranges of wave heights and periods are tested. The efficiency of the breakwater is presented as a function of the wave transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation coefficients. Different parameters affecting the breakwater efficiency are investigated, e.g. the number of the under connected vertical plates, the length of the mooring wire, and the wave length. It is found that, the transmission coefficient kt decreases with the increase of the relative breakwater width B/L, the number of plates n and the relative wire length l/h, while the reflection coefficient kr takes the opposite trend. Therefore, it is possible to achieve kt values smaller than 0.25 and kr values larger than 0.80 when B/L is larger than 0.25 for the case of l/h-1.5 and n=4. In addition, empirical equations used for estimating the transmission and reflection coefficients are developed by using the dimensionless analysis, regression analysis and measured data and verified by different theoretical and experimental results.

Modeling Loads Caused by Breaking Waves Striking Vertical Walls

Breaking waves can have tremendous destructive impact on vertical walls, yet they are poorly understood. By using particle imaging velocimetry （PIV） technology and high-precision pressure transducers, actual breaking wave loads on vertical walls were studied. By simultaneously comparing the flow field structure and wave pressure, the mechanisms of breaking wave pressure could be analyzed. The probability distribution of the peak value of the first impact of a breaking wave was investigated. The results showed that the impact pressure p is mainly distributed in the range of 0.25-2.75 pv2, with the greatest possible probability at p/pv2 = 0.75.

挡浪墙后置的深水直立防波堤波浪荷载对比分析

文中分析了某挡浪墙后置形式的深水直立式防波堤波浪荷载特点,采用中国规范、修正的合田良实公式、森佛罗简化法公式的波压力理论进行计算,并与断面物模、局部整体物模的波压力试验结果进行对比,分析差异。提出当相对水深较大时,采用中国规范的推荐公式更能合理地模拟波压力曲线,并提出对中国规范波压力计算方法选取的建议。针对后置的挡浪墙进行波压力分析,推荐了新的波压力计算方法,推荐当防波堤顶部无越浪要求且需要改善港池泊稳环境的情况下采用该方法,可以改善结构受力。

有斜坡棱体掩护的防波堤直立墙波浪力试验研究

抛石防波堤内部存在透浪和透流的现象,有斜坡棱体掩护的防波堤直立墙受到外海波浪力作用,但波浪力大小尚无成熟的计算方法。通过防波堤断面物理模型试验,研究斜坡棱体掩护对直立墙波浪力的影响规律,分析试验结果得出结论:直立墙在斜坡棱体掩护下受到的波浪力作用明显减小。斜坡结构顶宽加大,直立墙波浪力减小,折减系数减小,但宽度超过一定值后,波浪力减小的幅度变缓,建议设计阶段结合模型试验论证最经济方案。合田公式波浪力折减系数偏大,在前期方案研究阶段,不具备开展模型试验条件时,建议有掩护直立墙折减系数取0.5。

水下深层水泥搅拌桩在直立式防波堤深厚软土地基加固中的应用

针对直立式防波堤下深厚软土地基可能产生的沉降较大和失稳问题,依托某场地软土深厚的直立式防波堤工程,结合自然条件、结构安全使用要求及造价和工期限制,对地基处理方式选取、水泥搅拌桩的布置形式、桩径、置换率、处理深度及施工技术要点进行论述。采用理论分析与工程经验结合的方法,得出在合理控制各关键参数和采取合适的措施提高施工质量的前提下,直立式防波堤下深厚软土地基采用支撑型格栅状小直径水泥搅拌桩结合柔性垫层的处理方式是可行且相对经济、合理的。

直立堤前stem波的分布规律及对工程的影响

当波浪沿直立堤以小于某临界角度入射时,将形成沿堤增长的stem波,目前国内外对stem波的研究较少且停留在理论阶段。以某直立堤台风破坏复演的物模试验为例,结合国内外研究成果,对stem波的产生条件、特征以及对工程的影响进行探讨。结果表明:1)stem波的波高和波宽均在沿堤传播中逐渐增大,沿堤比波高的增长呈现前快后慢的特点;2)不同入射波高和波向对于stem波的特征影响较大,详细的规律仍待进一步研究;3)stem波可对工程中直立堤造成蛇行破坏或对端部斜坡衔接段造成破坏,工程规划和结构选型应避免类似布置,宜采用三维物理模型试验验证stem波作用下结构的安全性。目前行业规范未涉及stem波相关内容,本研究成果可为工程设计提供参考。

斜向波浪作用下直立式防波堤前沿波浪特性试验研究

在波浪与结构物相互作用过程中,若入射波波向与结构物小于某个角度时,会产生沿着建筑物传播的Stem波。它的波能在传播过程中迅速集中,对堤结构的稳定性以及港内波浪条件产生重要的影响。通过三维波浪物理模型试验,对比分析了规则波和不规则波下Stem波的波高分布随波浪入射角的变化规律以及不同结构形式防波堤前Stem波的波高分布。研究结果表明:规则波和不规则波作用下直立堤前Stem波波高垂直于堤轴线方向均呈部分驻波的分布形式,规则波作用下直立堤前Stem波波高垂直于堤轴线方向的变化幅度明显大于不规则波。对于不开孔直立堤,相同入射波浪周期下,波陡较大时Stem波比波高较小;而在不同波浪周期下,波浪入射角较小时,波陡对Stem波比波高影响不大;在波浪入射角度较大时,波陡较大则Stem波比波高较小。波浪入射角和直立堤开孔与否对直立堤前Stem波比波高的影响较大,且规律明显。

不规则波作用下垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数试验研究

垂直挡板式透空堤作为一种新型的透空式防波堤结构,通过将挡浪板垂直设置于波能最集中的水体表层来消减波浪,透浪系数是其最关键的指标。通过物理模型试验,分析不规则波作用下入射波高、波周期、挡板相对入水深度、相对堤宽、相对挡板超高、相对面板超高等因素对垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数的影响规律,并在Wiegel公式的基础上拟合了垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数的计算公式。可作为今后类似透空式防波堤结构透浪系数的近似估算,具有一定的参考价值。