ABSTRACT This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 ...ABSTRACT This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 to 4600 m (0°C to -7.6°C), with liquid water content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g m-3. In the observed mixed-phase cloud, liquid water content exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas the maximum ice particle concentration was located in the middle part of the cloud. The liquid and ice particle data showed significant horizontal variability on the scale of a few hundred meters. The cloud droplet concentration varied greatly over the horizontal sampling area. There was an inverse relationship between the cloud droplet concentration and ice particle concentration. A gamma distribution provided the best description of the cloud droplet spectra. The liquid droplet distributions were found to increase in both size and concentration with altitude. It was inferred from the profile of the spectra parameters that the cloud droplet sizes tend to form a quasi-monodisperse distribution. Ice particle spectra in the cloud were fitted well by an exponential distribution. Finally, a remarkable power law relationship was found between the slope (λ) and intercept (No) parameters of the exponential size distribution.展开更多
针对黄土湿陷性对大型输电线路塔基稳定产生不良影响的问题,对河南三门峡地区原状黄土开展了基本物理特性及湿陷性试验,获取了其湿陷系数与湿陷等级,分析了竖向压力和初始含水率对黄土湿陷性的影响规律,着重从结构强度的角度解释了黄土...针对黄土湿陷性对大型输电线路塔基稳定产生不良影响的问题,对河南三门峡地区原状黄土开展了基本物理特性及湿陷性试验,获取了其湿陷系数与湿陷等级,分析了竖向压力和初始含水率对黄土湿陷性的影响规律,着重从结构强度的角度解释了黄土湿陷特性。结果表明:竖向压力与湿陷系数之间并非只是简单的单调增函数关系,而存在湿陷增强区间和湿陷减弱区间;塑限(18. 6%)是黄土湿陷性强弱的分界点,当初始含水率小于塑限时,湿陷性较强,而当初始含水率接近或者大于塑限时,则湿陷性减弱;初始含水率与湿陷系数之间也并非只是简单的单调减函数关系,而在结构强度为200 k Pa时(含水率为10%)附近出现明显的转折。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41175120)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-EW-203)
文摘ABSTRACT This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 to 4600 m (0°C to -7.6°C), with liquid water content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g m-3. In the observed mixed-phase cloud, liquid water content exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas the maximum ice particle concentration was located in the middle part of the cloud. The liquid and ice particle data showed significant horizontal variability on the scale of a few hundred meters. The cloud droplet concentration varied greatly over the horizontal sampling area. There was an inverse relationship between the cloud droplet concentration and ice particle concentration. A gamma distribution provided the best description of the cloud droplet spectra. The liquid droplet distributions were found to increase in both size and concentration with altitude. It was inferred from the profile of the spectra parameters that the cloud droplet sizes tend to form a quasi-monodisperse distribution. Ice particle spectra in the cloud were fitted well by an exponential distribution. Finally, a remarkable power law relationship was found between the slope (λ) and intercept (No) parameters of the exponential size distribution.
文摘利用CloudSat卫星搭载的云廓线雷达(cloud profiling radar,CPR)2007~2009年三年的观测资料,针对洋面非降水暖云有效廓线样本,分别对积云(Cu)、层云(St)、层积云(Sc)和高积云(Ac)等四类云型,分析了其在全球尺度的水平分布特征,并在此基础上特别考察了非降水暖云液相水含量(liquid water content,LWC)的垂直变化特性.研究发现,洋面非降水暖云中四类云型的样本占比从高至低依次为层积云76.46%、层云12.48%、积云7.45%、高积云3.61%,层积云在非降水暖云的总覆盖面积中占据主导作用.在样本量全球标准化后,四类云型的空间分布形式存在较大差异,层积云与层云主要集中于北美和南美大陆西侧近岸海域,积云与高积云则广泛分布于太平洋、大西洋和印度洋的洋面上,且高值位于大洋中部.尽管四类云型的生消机制和宏观形态存在很大差异,但不同云型LWC呈现出较为相似的垂直结构.对经几何厚度标准化后的LWC廓线进行比较,发现在四类典型非降水暖云中,由云底到云顶LWC一致呈现为先增后减的规律.云体中下部向上近似线性递增的结构基本反映了LWC的准绝热增长特性,而云体上部及云顶附近的向上递减结构明确反映了云顶普遍受到上空干空气侵入混合的强烈影响,由此导致了自云顶向下逐层衰减的云水蒸发.以云高和云厚两个参数分类的廓线统计结果还显示,LWC垂直结构受到云顶高度和云层几何厚度的影响.云层几何厚度增大时,LWC由云底到云中的递增结构会变厚,由云中到云顶的递减结构会变薄.几何厚度相同但云顶高度不同的云层,其LWC含量也有所不同,这表明对于特定云型,在生成及发展过程中,不同阶段所对应的LWC廓线结构也存在差异.
文摘针对黄土湿陷性对大型输电线路塔基稳定产生不良影响的问题,对河南三门峡地区原状黄土开展了基本物理特性及湿陷性试验,获取了其湿陷系数与湿陷等级,分析了竖向压力和初始含水率对黄土湿陷性的影响规律,着重从结构强度的角度解释了黄土湿陷特性。结果表明:竖向压力与湿陷系数之间并非只是简单的单调增函数关系,而存在湿陷增强区间和湿陷减弱区间;塑限(18. 6%)是黄土湿陷性强弱的分界点,当初始含水率小于塑限时,湿陷性较强,而当初始含水率接近或者大于塑限时,则湿陷性减弱;初始含水率与湿陷系数之间也并非只是简单的单调减函数关系,而在结构强度为200 k Pa时(含水率为10%)附近出现明显的转折。
基金国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1501402)国家自然科学基金(41820104,41675022,41375148)+2 种基金贝尔蒙特论坛(Belmont Forum and JPI-Climate Collaborative Research Action)国家自然科学基金委员会合作项目(41661144007)江苏省2011气候变化协同创新中心项目资助.