Numerical and Experimental Study of Free Vibration Characteristics of a Cable-Stayed Bridge

The main aim of this study is to understand the dynamic behavior of a cable-stayed bridge, using both numerical and experimental analysis. A three-dimensional finite element model for the bridge was developed for the free vibration analysis and the ambient vibration properties of the bridge were determined through field testing. The experimental and numerical results of natural frequencies and the associated mode shapes were compared, and the high accuracy between them shows that the 3D model is capable of approximately representing the dynamic behavior of the bridge and the use of ambient vibration survives in future testing of the bridge. These dynamic characteristics can be used as the basis for updating the finite element model and also for global damage detection.

Effect of vehicle weight on natural frequencies of bridges measured from traffic-induced vibration

Recently,ambient vibration test(AVT)is widely used tu estimate dynamic characteristics of large civil struc- tures.Dynamic characteristics ean be affected by various envirnnmental factors such as humidity,intensity of wind,and temperature.Besides these environmental conditions,tire mass of vehicles may change the measured valnes when traffic-in- duced vibration is used as a source of AVT tor bridges.The effect of vehicle mass on dynamic characteristics is investigated through traffic-induced vibration tests on three bridges;(1)three-span suspension bridge(128m+404m+128m),(2) five-span continuous steel box girder bridge(59m+3@ 95m+59m),(3)simply supported plate girder bridge(46m). Acceleration histories of each measurement location under normal traffic are recorded for 30 minutes at field.These recor- ded histories are divided into individual vibrations and are combined into two groups aceording to the level of vibration;one by heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses and the other by light vehicles such as passenger cars.Separate processing of the two groups of signals shows that,for the middle and long-span bridges,the difference can be hardly detected,but,for the short span bridges whose mass is relatively small,the measured natural frequencies can change up to 5.4%.

Dynamic Characteristics of Metro Vehicle under Thermal Deformation of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge

In order to study the influence of thermal deformation of long-span cable- stayed bridge (LSCSB) on the dynamic characteristics of metro vehicle on the bridge, based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics, the rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model of metro vehicle-track-LSCSB system is established by using finite element method and multi-rigid-body dynamics. Adopting this model, the deformation of LSCSB subject to temperature is analyzed, then the comprehensive effect of track random irregularity and rail deformation caused by temperature load is considered to study the dynamic characteristics of metro vehicle running through the bridge, and finally the influences of temperature increment and running speed on concerned dynamic indices of vehicle are studied. The results show that the LSCSB deforms obviously subject to temperature load, and the overall performance is that the cooling is arched, and the heating is bent, and the shape variable changes almost linearly with the temperature load. According to the parameters studied in this paper, the rail deformation caused by temperature load increases the wheel-rail vertical force, derailment coefficient and wheel load reduction rate by 1.5%, 3.1% and 5% respectively. The vertical acceleration of the vehicle body decreases by 2.4% under the cooling condition, while increases by 3.7% under the heating condition. The dynamic response of the bridge changes under temperature load. The maximum vertical and horizontal displacement in the middle of the main beam span are 6.24 mm and 2.19 mm respectively, and the maximum vertical and horizontal acceleration are 1.29 cm/s2 and 2.54cm/s2 respectively. The derailment coefficient and vertical acceleration of vehicle body are more affected by temperature load, and the wheel load reduction rate and wheel-rail vertical force are more affected by speed. The conclusion of this paper provides a reference for subsequent scholars to study the influence of thermal deformation on the dynamic response of vehicles on LSCSB.

Dynamic Characteristics Evaluation of Innovative UHPC Pedestrian Cable Stayed Bridge

KICT (Korea Institute of Construction Technology) is conducting a project called “SUPER BRIDGE 200—Development of Low Cost and Long Life Hybrid Cable Stayed Bridge”. This project aims to reduce the construction and main- tenance costs of long-span bridges by 20% and double their lifetime through the exploitation of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). This paper presents the design and construction of the first pedestrian cable stayed bridge using UHPC developed by KICT. UHPC, compared to conventional concrete, has not only high compressive and tensile strengths but also high ductility. The UHPC developed at KICT is a steel fiber-reinforced cement compound presenting design compressive strength larger than 180 MPa and design tensile strength exceeding 10 MPa with water-to-binder ratio below 0.24 and admixing of 2 volume percentage of steel fiber. To show the applicability of UHPC to structures, a pedestrian cable stayed bridge (Super Bridge I) exploiting the characteristics of the developed UHPC has been planned, designed and erected at KICT. The dimension of UHPC deck is 2.7 m × 7 m as a precast segment with a typical thickness of deck of only 7 cm. However, harmful crack was observed in the deck at the time of the fabrication of the deck segments. Accordingly, new fabrication method was conceived and applied to prevent cracking of the UHPC slender deck. Four UHPC deck segments were fabricated successfully without any crack. After construction, the dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) were evaluated through vibration tests since several users felt excess vibration. A vertical tuned mass damper (TMD) was proposed and installed on the parapet of the bridge. The TMD reduces the acceleration by about 30% from 0.0316 g to 0.0244 g when two pedestrians are crossing the bridge.

Research on dynamic characteristics model test scheme for middle pylon of multi-pylon multi-span suspension bridges

Multi-pylon multi-span suspension bridge is a new type super flexible structure system, and the rigidity design of middle pylon is one of the main difficult technical issues. Due to the requirements of longitudinal rigidity, the structural form and the corresponding foundation type of middle pylon are different from those of the ordinary steel pylon, and the complicated dynamic characteristics make the calculation quite difficult. In this article, exploration has been made in selection of similarity ratio and model materials, section simulation, restriction conditions simulation, fixing of mass blocks, fabrication scheme and testing method by taking into account different construction and working conditions such as restriction conditions and working environment of a three-pylon suspension bridge, to conduct the test experimental design of the dynamic behavior of the middle pylon, with the purpose to reveal its dynamic characteristics and make comparison and analysis with theoretical assumptions, to provide basis for anti-wind and anti-seismic design and reference for the design and research of three-pylon two-span suspension bridges in the future.

Dynamic finite element model updating of prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge

The dynamic finite element model （FEM） of a prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge, called the Tongyang Canal Bridge, is built and updated based on the results of ambient vibration testing （AVT） using a real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm （RAGA）. The objective functions are defined based on natural frequency and modal assurance criterion （MAC） metrics to evaluate the updated FEM. Two objective functions are defined to fully account for the relative errors and standard deviations of the natural frequencies and MAC between the AVT results and the updated FEM predictions. The dynamically updated FEM of the bridge can better represent its structural dynamics and serve as a baseline in long-term health monitoring, condition assessment and damage identification over the service life of the bridge .

Dynamic behaviors of pretensioned cable AERORail structure

The AERORail, a new aerial transport platform, was chosen as the object of this work. Following a review of the literature on static behaviors, model tests on the basic dynamic mechanical characteristics were conducted. A series of 90 tests were completed with different factors, including tension force, vehicle load and vehicle speed. With regard to the proper tension and vehicle load, at a certain speed range, the tension increments of the rail's cable were proved relatively small. It can be assumed that the change of tension is small and can be reasonably ignored when the tension of an entire span is under a dynamic load. When the tension reaches a certain range, the calculation of the cable track structure using classical cable theory is acceptable. The tests prove that the average maximum dynamic amplification factor of the deflection is small, generally no more than 1.2. However, when the vehicle speed reaches a certain value, the amplified factor will reach 2.0. If the moving loads increase, the dynamic amplification factor of dynamic deflection will also increase. The tension will change the rigidity of the structure and the vibration frequency; furthermore, the resonance speed will change at a certain tension. The vibration is noticeable when vehicles pass through at the resonance speed, and this negative impact on driving comfort requires the right velocity to avoid the resonance. The results demonstrate that more design details are required for the AERORail structure.

爆破振动作用下桥梁桩孔稳定性振动台试验研究

为了解爆破振动对邻近桥梁桩基成孔后桩孔稳定性的影响,以与山体爆破工程计划同时施工的某主跨280 m的斜拉桥为背景,设计、制作土箱和缩尺比1∶40桩孔模型开展振动台试验,研究桩孔孔壁的破坏特征、土体振动速度和动土压力的变化规律。结果表明:土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均随着爆破强度的增大而增大,在土体产生破坏后,土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均呈现出非线性增大趋势;爆破强度较小时土体的动土压力峰值曲线为U形,爆破强度较大时桩孔区域土体的动土压力峰值曲线为W形,桩孔中上部区域的动土压力峰值较大;山体爆破振动会使钢护筒底部与土体交界面以下桩孔的中上部区域出现破坏,应对山体爆破施工加强现场监测,桩孔附近的振动速度峰值不宜超过2 cm/s,以保障桩孔的稳定性。

悬挂胶轮列车与钢桥的振动试验及仿真研究

为评价悬挂胶轮列车及钢轨道梁桥的结构性能,以开封悬挂式单轨示范线为背景开展现场试验与仿真研究。开发了胶轮列车-钢轨道梁桥耦合振动分析程序,根据现场实测的胶轮车辆的空气弹簧、走行轮刚度和阻尼等力学参数,建立胶轮列车模型。对车桥动力响应的现场试验与动力仿真分析结果进行综合比较,采用相关规范对列车走行性以及轨道梁桥的动力性能进行综合评估。结果表明:车桥动力特性及其振动响应的理论与实测结果基本吻合,车桥耦合分析方法可应用于悬挂式胶轮单轨交通系统振动性能研究;轨道梁竖向挠跨比小于相关规范的限值,竖向刚度设计合理;在列车竖向静活载作用下,相邻两跨轨道梁梁端竖、横向转角之和最大值分别为4.5‰和1.5‰;车速80 km/h下轨道梁纵、横向应力动力系数最大值分别为1.17和1.14;考虑到悬挂式胶轮列车没有脱轨风险,列车轮重减载率及钢轨道梁桥横向加速度较传统铁路偏大,其相应限值可较现行铁路规范适当放松。

Π型断面竖向涡振过程气动力不同分量的演变特性

典型Π型开口断面与传统流线型箱梁相比,其截面钝化程度高,很容易发生涡振现象.本文通过同步测振测压风洞试验和计算流体动力学(CFD)相结合方法对典型开口断面表面压力分布特征和气动力不同分量、滞回特性等非线性现象展开研究.首先对涡振锁定区间内不同时期表面分布压力的演化特征进行分析,其次通过CFD动网格方法实现断面流固耦合分析.在此基础上,采用希尔伯特振动分解(HVD)方法对涡激振动过程中气动力不同分量进行分解.结果表明:开口断面上表面平均压力在前缘部分,处于负压区,气流在此发生分离,在涡振极值点时,脉动压力在0.1<X/B<0.3区域变化最为剧烈,表明旋涡脱落强度在该区域最大,并且分析发现该开口断面气动力具有明显高阶分量.由于高阶谐波分量的存在,气动力非线性程度不断加深,气动力各阶分量在整个振动周期内做功具有不同的特点.其中,气动力一阶分量F1在振动周期内,做功呈现曲回上升的形式,整体上表现为增加趋势,气动力二阶分量F2的滞回曲线呈现复杂的“8”字环形状,可以忽略三阶及以上分量对涡振系统的影响.

高速铁路站桥一体高架车站无砟轨道减振研究

为进行站桥一体高速铁路车站振动控制,以减振CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道为研究对象,采用落轴试验、现场行车测试和有限元动力仿真相结合的方法,分析轨道减振效果并预测车站最大振动。结果表明:高速铁路车站区段铺设减振轨道不会影响行车安全,隔振垫刚度为0.03 N/mm^(3)时可实现轨道动力响应和减振效果的均衡;减振轨道振动控制效果显著,落轴试验最大分频插入损失为32.9 dB,车站行车测试总插入损失可达11.4 dB;铺设减振轨道后站台及候车厅振动均满足鼓励值要求,高架候车厅比地面候车厅振动约增大4 dB;建议在高速铁路车站区段,尤其是在列车不停站通过情况下,铺设减振CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道。

高速列车振动荷载作用下桥隧交叠结构动力响应特性研究

为研究桥隧结构在高速列车振动荷载作用下的动力响应特性,通过数值模拟和模型试验相结合的方法,以频响函数和峰值加速度为评价指标分析单点振动荷载作用下桥隧结构动力响应规律。依托西安地铁14号线下穿大西高速铁路特大桥基础工程,采用有限元计算软件建立数值模型,研究高速列车移动荷载作用下桥隧交叠结构的动力响应特性。研究结果表明:全频域单点扫频振动荷载作用下,桥隧交叠结构的动力响应随着频率的增加而增大,隧道不同位置处的动力响应呈现明显差别,靠近桩基一侧拱腰的动力响应明显大于拱顶和拱底,平均差值分别为2.48 dB和4.15 dB。考虑列车振动荷载的移动效应会增大桥隧交叠结构的动力响应,移动荷载作用下拱顶处的峰值加速度增加约358%,靠近桩基一侧拱腰处增加约358%,远离桩基一侧拱腰处增加约280%,隧道拱底处增加约206%。此外研究发现,隧道结构动力响应均在距离桥隧交叠结构附近约10 m处开始迅速增强,超过10 m范围内动力响应变化趋于稳定,应加强靠近桥隧交叠结构10 m范围内的监控量测。

A new bracing system for improvement of seismic performance of steel jacket type offshore platforms with float-over-deck

In this paper, the seismic response of a newly designed steel jacket offshore platform with a float over deck （FOD） system in the Persian Gulf was investigated through incremental dynamic analysis. Comparison of incremental dynamic analysis results for both directions of the platform shows that the lateral strength of the platform in the float over direction is less than its lateral strength in other direction. Dynamic characteristics measurement of a scale model of platform was also performed using forced vibration tests. From experimental measurement of the scaled model, it was observed that dynamic characteristic of the platform is different in the float over direction compared to the other direction. Therefore, a new offshore installed bracing system for the float over direction was proposed for improvement of seismic performance of this type of platform. Finally, the structure with the modified system was assessed using the probabilistic seismic assessment method as well as experimental measurement of its dynamic characteristics. It was observed that the proposed offshore installed bracing system improves the performance of platforms subjected to strong ground motion.

检修车轨道对窄幅流线型箱梁涡振性能影响研究

为给窄幅流线型箱梁抗风设计提供参考,以某窄幅流线型钢箱梁悬索桥为背景,进行节段模型风洞试验,考虑风攻角,分析检修车轨道对箱梁涡振性能的影响;通过数值模拟,研究检修车轨道及其位置对箱梁绕流特性的影响机理及抑振措施的有效性。结果表明:窄幅箱梁在+3°、0°风攻角时的竖向涡振最大振幅较-3°风攻角时分别增大348%、189%;0°风攻角时,检修车轨道布置于箱梁底板内侧1/6底板宽度位置,窄幅箱梁竖向涡振最大无量纲振幅减小60.8%;在此基础上,检修车轨道内侧布置导流板后,箱梁竖向涡振最大无量纲振幅减小79.9%;检修车轨道布置于箱梁底板且布置导流板时,与检修车轨道布置于斜腹板相比,窄幅箱梁竖向涡振最大振幅大幅减小,箱梁周围的流动结构更加稳定,改善了箱梁涡振性能;将检修车轨道向箱梁底板内侧移动或布置导流板是抑制检修车轨道引起窄幅箱梁涡振的有效措施。

基于荷载试验的预应力混凝土刚构桥承载能力评估

为了检测高墩大跨宽体箱梁刚构桥的桥梁承载能力及其动力特性,了解桥梁的健康状况,分析是否能满足设计及使用的要求。以凤凰特大桥为工程背景,建立有限元分析模型,通过静载试验和动载试验的结果与计算模型理论值进行对比和分析。在静载试验下,该桥的挠度校验系数为0.710~0.884,应变测点校验系数为0.603~0.800,相对残余应变和相对残余变位均小于20%。动载试验下桥梁左右两幅自振振动频率最小值为4.103 Hz,实测桥跨最大冲击系数为0.039。凤凰特大桥主桥左幅、右幅静载试验结论表明桥跨在正常使用状态下的承载能力能够满足公路-Ⅰ级汽车荷载的使用要求,动载试验结果表明,受检桥跨的实测自振特性及动力响应满足设计要求。

某上承式箱形拱桥荷载试验研究

为探究某评定标度为4类桥的上承式箱形拱桥的实际承载力,确定该桥的实际受力状况,为后期的加固研究和监控提供科学依据。本文采用现场荷载试验结合有限元分析的方法获取实测值和理论值,静动载试验分别测量挠度、应变和自振特性、冲击系数等参数,再引入静力荷载试验效率和校验系数等参数判定结构特性是否仍满足荷载为公路Ⅰ级的要求。结果表明:部分工况挠度校验系数和应变校验系数不满足规范中0.50<η≤1.00和0.50<η<0.90,但都满足不大于1的要求,表明结构刚度尚有富余;且相对残余挠度和相对残余应变都在20.0%以内,表明结构尚处于弹性范围工作;脉动、跑车和跳车试验结果显示结构的整体刚度优于理论,动力性能良好,且行车平顺。

高层胶合木建筑楼盖结构模态试验及振动舒适性评价

【目的】为了更好地满足高层胶合木建筑楼盖结构的住户居住舒适性等客观要求,提出对其合理评价及减振措施与方法。【方法】本文利用瞬态激励法、环境激励法和频谱识别法分别对同一栋6层胶合木结构建筑的A,B,C三个不同尺寸房屋进行试验模态现场测试研究,对C房间楼盖频谱识别法测试的振动特性进行有限元分析,评价了该胶合木结构建筑楼盖的动力特性和整体振动舒适性。【结果】研究结果表明,A房间楼盖结构的一阶弯曲频率为27.50 Hz,横向二阶弯曲频率为34.75 Hz,纵向二阶弯曲频率为53.25 Hz,一阶扭转频率为56.25 Hz。该房间楼盖底部的加强筋木横梁增大了楼盖结构的横向刚度,但并未抵消纵向排列的胶合木楼盖所导致的各向异性,其楼盖整体的纵向刚度大于横向刚度;A、B、C三个房间楼盖结构的基频值分别为27.5、13和18 Hz,均符合自振频率与跨度的关系式要求,频谱识别法与有限元计算模态分析得到的C房间一阶固有频率非常相符。【结论】胶合木建筑楼盖结构的木横梁起加强其整体刚性作用,并提高了其居住舒适度。由于木质楼板的各向异性,在其宽度方向上设置加强筋木梁尤其重要。该胶合木建筑楼盖整体上满足建筑固有频率规定的舒适度水平要求,瞬态激励和环境激励方式下的试验模态法、频谱识别法,能够有效应用于木建筑楼盖舒适度的测试,具有现实可靠性。

半刚构-连续箱梁桥动静载试验研究

桥梁动静载试验是检测桥梁结构安全的重要方法,可准确评价桥梁结构的受力性能和实际工作状态。文中依据JTG/T J21-01—2015《公路桥梁荷载试验规程》,对陶赖昭特大桥主桥进行动静载试验,测试桥梁结构的挠度、应变及动力特性,并与理论值进行对比分析。结果表明,桥梁处于弹性受力状态,强度及刚度满足设计要求,动力响应及动力特性良好。

动载试验在公路桥梁健康检测中的应用

作为公路交通重要组成部分,桥梁结构的安全性能尤为重要,动载试验是公路桥梁技术状况评价中的重要环节,为探究动载试验在公路桥梁健康监测中的应用,以伊犁河大桥为工程背景,分析桥梁结构在脉动周期荷载及无障碍行车荷载作用下的动力表现。试验结果表明:脉动周期荷载作用下,大桥竖向第一阶至第三阶实测自振频率分别为0.781 Hz、1.172 Hz和1.416 Hz,实测竖向振动频率均大于理论值,结构实际刚度大于计算刚度;在无障碍行车荷载不同工况作用下,桥梁最大冲击系数范围为0.026~0.056,与理论计算冲击系数基本吻合,结构整体性能良好,动力性能满足设计要求。

刚构拱桥动力特性敏感性分析

刚构拱桥由于拱肋和拱肋上的吊杆以及上下平联横撑的存在,使得其受力性能与动力特性异于连续梁桥,因此针对刚构拱桥结构本身参数进行敏感性动力特性分析,建立三维空间有限元模型,采用多重利兹向量分析法,研究拱肋之间横撑型式、桥墩高度以及支座的连接单元特性对桥梁的动力特性的影响。结果表明,随着刚构拱桥拱肋横撑型式的改变,桥梁自振周期基本一致,说明拱肋横撑型式对刚构拱桥动力特性基本没有影响;随着墩高不断增加,桥梁的自振周期也不断延长。结构的刚度随墩高的增加而减小,桥梁的纵向移动和竖向弯曲效应随墩高越高越显著,且墩高对于高阶振型的影响效果较小;支座显著地延长了此桥的自振周期,但是随着阶数的增大,与原模型的周期越接近,说明了支座对于结构高阶振型的影响也较小。