Research and application on three-dimensional seismic and vibration isolation for building

This paper presents the study of a three-dimensional(3D) isolation system.Firstly,the authors investigated the effects of an innovative 3D isolator,which was composed of a connecting plate,a rubber pad for vibration isolation in the vertical direction and a horizontal rubber bearing for seismic isolation in both horizontal directions.Secondly,the authors designed such a vibration isolation system and installed it underneath two specific residential buildings which were built directly over an existing subway communication hub platform in Beijing.These buildings required good performance vibration and seismic isolation system to reduce the impact from the running of nearby subway trains.Finally,in situ tests were conducted for both the isolated and the non-isolated buildings for the purpose of comparison.The test results showed that the maximum acceleration response level of the isolated superstructure is reduced by 10% as compared to that of the platform.The maximum attenuation of vibration reaches up to 25 dB.The 3D system explored in this paper is very effective in control and suppression of building vibration induced by earthquakes or running of trains.

INFLUENCE OF DAMPING MODELS ON DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF A BASE-ISOLATED COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER EARTHQUAKES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATIONS

Structural design simultaneously governed by earthquakes and environmental vibrations has received a lot of attention in recent years.Base-isolated composite structures are typically used in the above-mentioned structural design.The corresponding analysis involves validating structural safety under earthquakes and human comfort under environmental vibrations through a time-history analysis.Thus,a reasonable damping model is essential.In this work,the representatives of viscous damping model and rate-independent damping model,namely the Rayleigh damping model and uniform damping model,were adopted to investigate the influence of damping models on the time-history analysis of such structural designs.The energy dissipation characteristics of the above-mentioned damping models were illustrated via a dynamic test of recycled aggregate concrete specimens.A case study was performed on a base-isolated steelconcrete composite structure.The dynamic responses under the excitation of earthquakes and environmental vibrations were compared using different damping models.The uniform damping model was found to be more flexible than the Rayleigh damping model in dealing with excitations with different frequency components.The uniform damping model is both theoretically advantageous and easy to use,demonstrating its potential in dynamic analysis of structures designed simultaneously governed by earthquakes and environmental vibrations.

Simplified Method and Influence Factors of Vibration Characteristics of Isolated Curved Girder Bridge

The isolated curved girder bridge's vibration characteristics play a major part in the seismic responses of structures and anti-seismic properties.A clear analytic relationship between design parameters and the system's vibration characteristics could be established by its simplified dynamic analysis model,making it convenient for providing a reference to the optimization of design and safety analysis.A double-mass six-degree-of-freedom model for curved girder bridges with isolation bearings installed at the top of the bridge piers is built and a simplified analysis method for the vibration characteristics of the system is provided.Combined with the Matlab programming,the influences of radius of curvature,central angle,bridge deck width and damping ratio of the isolation layer and circular frequency of the isolation layer of isolated curved girder bridges on the pseudo-undamped natural circular frequency(called pseudo-frequency for short)and system damping ratio are systematically analyzed,and the sensitivity of vibration characteristics of isolated curved girder bridges is studied.The results show that the vibration characteristics of isolated curved girder bridges can be reflected well with this simplified model and calculation method.The pseudo-frequency of curved girder and system damping ratios increases with the increase of the isolation layer.The third-order vibration characteristic is more sensitive to the parameters of a curved girder,and the first-order vibration characteristic is sensitive to both central angle and radius of curvature to some extent while insensitive to the width of the bridge deck.Furthermore,the second-order vibration characteristic is not sensitive to the parameters of a curved girder.

Negative Poisson’s ratio locally resonant seismic metamaterials vibration isolation barrier

In recent decades,the application of seismic metamaterials to protect civil infrastructures being free of the damage of earthquakes has been attracting extensive attention.Specifically,the proposed locally resonant seismic metamaterials provide the probability of isolating the low-frequency seismic wave using a small-size isolation barrier.However,in previous studies,the energy absorption properties of locally resonant seismic metamaterials remain one of the least understood aspects of isolation.Benefit from the fascinating energy absorption characteristic of negative Poisson ratio(NPR)metamaterial,we creatively design a new seismic metamaterial structure by assembling the locally resonant seismic metamaterial and NPR metamaterial,to isolate seismic waves.The sound cone technique combining the transmission spectrum is employed to identify the surface wave from the hybrid waves.The generation mechanism of frequency bandgap and the isolation effectiveness of the proposed seismic metamaterial are discussed in detail.The results indicate that the generation of ultra-low and ultra-wide frequency bandgap with the range of 0.65 Hz–18.9 Hz is attributed to the locally resonant and energy absorption of the proposed seismic metamaterial structure and the excellent isolation effect is achieved by transforming the surface wave into the bulk wave.The frequency bandgap narrows as the distance increases between each resonator.In addition,the mechanical properties of the NPR bearing,such as the Poisson ratio,mass density,and elastic modulus,have remarkable impact on the frequency bandgap,especially on the upper bound frequency.In practical engineering,the NPR bearing with a low Poisson ratio,small mass density,and high elastic modulus is suggested for the design of the NPR locally resonant seismic metamaterial structures.Time domain analysis for the practical seismic wave verifies that the proposed seismic metamaterial has a promising application in isolating ultra-low and ultra-wide seismic waves,with the isolation effectiveness larger than 70%.This work contributes a new locally resonance seismic metamaterial design idea for isolating and adjusting the low-frequency seismic wave.

Seismic and vibration control of segmented isolation layer in underground structure-diaphragm wall system

In this paper,a seismic and vibration reduction measure of subway station is developed by setting a segmented isolation layer between the sidewall of structure and the diaphragm wall.The segmented isolation layer consists of a rigid layer and a flexible layer.The rigid layer is installed at the joint section between the structural sidewall and slab,and the flexible layer is installed at the remaining sections.A diaphragm wall-segmented isolation layer-subway station structure system is constructed.Seismic and vibration control performance of the diaphragm wall-segmented isolation layer-subway station structure system is evaluated by the detailed numerical analysis.Firstly,a three-dimensional nonlinear time-history analysis is carried out to study the seismic response of the station structure by considering the effect of different earthquake motions and stiffness of segmented isolation layer.Subsequently,the vibration response of site under training loading is also studied by considering the influence of different train velocities and stiffness of the segmented isolation layer.Numerical results demonstrate that the diaphragm wall-segmented isolation layer-subway station structure system can not only effectively reduce the lateral deformation of station structure,but also reduce the tensile damage of the roof slab.On the other hand,the developed reduction measure can also significantly reduce the vertical peak displacements of site under training loading.

Optimal design and effectiveness evaluation for inerter-based devices on mitigating seismic responses of base isolated structures

The optimal design and effectiveness of three control systems,tuned viscous mass damper(TVMD),tuned inerter damper(TID)and tuned mass damper(TMD),on mitigating the seismic responses of base isolated structures,were systematically studied.First,the seismic responses of the base isolated structure with each control system under white noise excitation were obtained.Then,the structural parameter optimizations of the TVMD,TID and TMD were conducted by using three different objectives.The results show that the three control systems were all effective in minimizing the root mean square value of seismic responses,including the base shear of the BIS,the absolute acceleration of structural SDOF,and the relative displacement between the base isolation floor and the foundation.Finally,considering the superstructure as a structural MDOF,a series of time history analyses were performed to investigate the effectiveness and activation sensitivity of the three control systems under far field and near fault seismic excitations.The results show that the effectiveness of TID and TMD with optimized parameters on mitigating the seismic responses of base isolated structures increased as the mass ratio increases,and the effectiveness of TID was always better than TMD with the same mass ratio.The TVMD with a lower mass ratio was more efficient in reducing the seismic response than the TID and TMD.Furthermore,the TVMD,when compared with TMD and TID,had better activation sensitivity and a smaller stroke.

Dynamic performance analysis of a seismically isolated bridge under braking force

In order to study the dynamic performance of seismically isolated bridges under the most unfavorable loads in the longitudinal direction, a dynamic equation for vehicle braking in the longitudinal direction is established. A four or five- order Runge-Kutta method is adopted to obtain the time-history response of a wheel set under braking force. The quadratic discretization method is then used to transform this time-history into a braking and bending force time-history of a structural fixed node, and a dynamic response analysis of the seismically isolated bridge under the vehicle＇s braking force is carried out using ANSYS, a universal finite element analysis software. According to the results, seismic isolation design results in a more rational distribution of braking force among piers; the influence of the initial braking velocity on the vehicle braking force is negligible; the location where the first wheel set leaves the bridge is the most unfavorable parking location; a seismic isolation bridge bearing constructed according to typical design methods enters into a yield stage under the braking force, while the shearing force at the bottom of the pier declines as the isolation period is extended; the design requirements can be met when the yield displacement of the seismic isolation bearing is less than 5 mm and the yield strength is greater than the braking force.

Describe the Process of Retrofitting Existing Buildings and Evaluate the Effectiveness of it in Improving the Seismic Performance of Structures in Earthquake-prone Regions

At present,earthquakes are a serious problem for building.Severe damages and collapses of buildings were caused by earthquakes in different degrees.It is reported that there are more than 68,858 deaths and hundreds of billions RMB losses in the May 12,2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake[16].So,more attention should be paid to seismic technology.In order to face the challenges of earthquake on building,the seismic retrofitting was put forward,which“is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity,ground motion,or soil failure due to earthquakes”[2].

近远场地震下RC大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震支座方案优化

为探明不同地震动输入对某大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震的影响,通过非线性有限元模型分析近远场地震下桥梁结构的响应规律,得到大桥支座的优化布置方案.首先,基于模态分析,对比该桥与传统钢筋混凝土(RC)拱桥动力特性差异;其次,选取不同脉冲周期的近场地震动、近场无脉冲及远场长周期地震动记录;最后,研究近远场地震下拱桥的响应行为和损伤演化路径,得到优化桥梁的减隔震支座设计方案.研究结果表明:近场脉冲及远场长周期地震下的桥梁结构响应大于无脉冲地震响应;纵竖向地震下高墩柱剪力及弯矩包络曲线呈“S”形,墩身中部易形成塑性铰,高阶振型影响显著;桥梁纵桥向先于横向震损,损伤路径依次为矮柱、高墩柱及拱肋实心-空心截面段;摩擦摆支座减震效果最佳但位移较大,高阻尼支座方案在近场中长脉冲周期及远场长周期地震下仍会发生损伤,板式橡胶支座方案因无法保证支座同步滑移而不能形成准隔震体系;“高阻尼+摩擦摆”混合方案的支座位移小,拱肋及墩柱均处于弹性,是近断层大跨轻柔RC拱桥的优选减隔震方案.

面向建筑韧性目标的减隔震设计研究与实践

为培养土木工程类学生防灾减灾设计能力,本文以《基于保持建筑正常使用功能的抗震技术导则》(以下简称《导则》)为核心内容,提出建筑物在遭受设防地震时满足正常使用要求,并根据使用功能及损坏后果提出Ⅰ、Ⅱ类建筑性能目标。以预期抗震韧性目标为导向,提出一种面向两区八类建筑的“三水准设防、两阶段设计”策略,以实现《导则》对Ⅰ、Ⅱ类建筑进行减隔震设计时正常使用要求,提高震后建筑维持和恢复使用功能的能力。选取某医技楼和学校作为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类建筑的典型算例,以震后修复费用、修复时间和人员伤亡指标提出预期韧性目标,并对其按照韧性设防策略进行隔震与减震设计。基于弹塑性时程分析结果采用SAUSG-RES提取工程需求参数进行韧性等级评定。结果表明,两区八类建筑采用韧性设防策略后,结构在遭受设防地震时满足正常使用要求,经过简单修复后可恢复使用功能,达到韧性一星等级;在遭受罕遇地震后经过适度修复可恢复使用功能,达到高韧性等级。韧性设防策略不仅完善了传统抗震设防的不足,而且衔接《导则》要求与工程设计习惯,为抗震设计课程高阶性改革提供了参考思路。

巨型框架三维隔震结构风振响应分析

以日本NEC办公大楼的结构方案为例,采用SAP2000建立巨型框架抗震结构和巨型框架三维隔震结构的分析模型,对结构施加脉动风荷载,分析子框架调谐比和隔震层阻尼比对巨型框架三维隔震结构减振效果的影响规律,进而完成参数优化,最后对两种结构的位移和加速度进行风振响应分析。研究结果表明:子框架调谐比和隔震层阻尼比分别设置为0.53和0.3时,可使巨型框架三维隔震结构减振效果达到最佳;在脉动风荷载作用下,三维隔震支座的设置能够同时对主、子框架的风振响应实现有效控制。

非基岩场地基础隔震核岛厂房抗震性能分析

为了研究非基岩场地条件下基础隔震核电工程结构的抗震性能,本文依据外源波动理论提出了考虑土-结构相互作用效应的基础隔震核电工程结构抗震分析方法,该方法实现了地震动的高精度输入以及整体系统的直接求解,通过与传统封闭体系振动法计算结果的对比验证了其有效性。建立了基础隔震核岛厂房-地基整体有限元模型,开展了核岛厂房地震响应分析,讨论了不同剪切波速场地条件下核岛厂房的基础隔震性能。研究结果表明:非基岩场地条件下基础隔震核岛厂房表现出良好的隔震效果;随着场地剪切波速的降低,基础隔震的隔震能力逐渐下降,与剪切波速为1067 m/s的场地相比,当场地的剪切波速为305 m/s时,核岛厂房结构顶部的楼层反应谱、加速度放大系数和层间位移角的隔震率分别减小了14.30%、13.50%和23.41%。为了保证核电工程结构的安全性,在基础隔震设计中应充分考虑非基岩场地条件下的SSI效应。

基于刚度矩阵分析法的变刚度橡胶支座力学性能研究

在橡胶支座力学行为基础上提出了一种适合隔离三维地震或竖向振动的新型变刚度橡胶支座,并阐述了能解决变刚度支座非均质体力学问题的刚度矩阵分析法。首先,基于常用橡胶支座解析解和压剪试验的非线性响应分析,采用刚度矩阵分析法对该支座进行计算,其结果和试验值高度一致验证了该方法计算精度较高。接着,对比三种支座结果:在相同外部荷载和材料参数下,厚层支座力和变形最大,变刚度支座和普通支座力和变形显著低于厚层支座;不同轴压下,P-Δ效应表现为厚层支座力和变形及水平刚度受轴压影响最为显著,而变刚度支座与普通支座受轴压影响较小。通过算例表明,可通过调整变刚度支座实现竖向刚度的优化。综合而言,变刚度支座对力和变形的承载能力较好,为三维隔震(振)提供了一种简单实用的解决方案。

甘肃积石山6.2级地震750 kV避雷器震害统计及损伤机理分析

变电站避雷器在地震作用下具有较高的易损性。2023年12月18日,甘肃积石山发生MS 6.2级地震,造成750 kV变电站的避雷器破坏。为了研究750 kV避雷器的地震破坏机理,对该变电站进行了震害现场调研,给出了避雷器不同的破坏现象和地震易损性,采用有限元分析模拟地震作用下避雷器的地震响应,分析震害机理,给出抗震性能提升措施。结果表明:避雷器的破坏模式有根部法兰处瓷套断裂、顶部导线牵拉变形、相邻设备碰撞引起的短路故障等;避雷器瓷套根部的应力响应随着支架刚度的增加呈现出先下降后保持水平的趋势,电流互感器-避雷器耦联结构的基频差异导致设备顶端相对位移过大进而引起导线牵拉破坏;采用格构式钢支架和减隔震装置可以增加避雷器的地震安全裕度,提升电气设备的抗震性能。

尖扎黄河特大桥减隔震措施合理布设研究

尖扎黄河特大桥采用(141+366+141)m连续钢桁拱跨越黄河,其建设环境复杂,抗震设计根据两水准设防和两阶段设计的抗震原则,将设计地震作为功能性验算水准,将罕遇地震作为安全性验算标准,以实现“中震不坏、大震可修”的目标。本文探讨了不同抗震约束体系方案,经计算比选,采用横向双固定支座方案,能够降低水平地震作用。通过比较黏滞阻尼器和双曲面球型减隔震支座两种抗震措施方案,对墩台内力、滞回曲线进行分析计算,结果表明黏滞阻尼器耗能效果更好。通过在活动主墩设置可自动泄压速度锁定器,形成多墩协同抗震体系,牢牢结合抗震设防的性能要求,使得桥梁的抗震性能大幅提升,并有效减少了震后的修复工作,确保结构安全。

橡胶夹芯钢管灌注隔震桩施工技术研究

在建筑行业中,一些高精密设备厂房、车间等对建筑物减隔震要求比较高,为避免周边环境道路等对建筑物的震动影响,通常情况下会在建筑物基础设置减震支座或者在建筑物周边设置隔震沟等减隔震措施。但也存在建筑物周边场地受限等情况,无法进行隔震沟等设置,因此考虑在建筑物桩基上包裹减隔震材料,进而切断或者减少周边环境道路等振动通过基础桩基对建筑物产生的影响。主要研究通过减隔震桩的设计减少周边环境对建筑物的影响,特殊环境下减隔震桩的施工,减隔震桩施工的质量保证以及减隔震桩施工过程中的安全问题等,总结的经验可供类似项目借鉴。

Optimal design for rubber concrete layered periodic foundations based on the analytical approximations of band gaps and mapping relations

The seismic performance of rubber concrete-layered periodic foundations are significantly influenced by their design,in which the band gaps play a paramount role.Aiming at providing better designs for these foundations,this study first proposes and validates the analytical formulas to approximate the bounds of the first few band gaps.In addition,the mapping relations linking the frequencies of different band gaps are presented.Furthermore,an optimal design method for these foundations is developed,which is validated through an engineering example.It is demonstrated that ensuring the superstructure’s resonance zones are completely covered by the corresponding periodic foundation’s band gaps can achieve satisfactory vibration attenuation effects,which is a good strategy for the design of rubber concrete layered periodic foundations.

高层隔震结构减震机理和设计分析

随着《建筑抗震管理条例》的颁布,隔震建筑在工程建设中的应用将越来越广泛。以福州某办公楼隔震结构设计为研究对象,采用有限元软件YJK和ETABS分析了主要振型的反应谱。给出了抗震设计目标确定的方法、地震波的选取方法和减震机理,得出了可供工程技术人员借鉴的主要结论:地震波选取时可通过观察地震波的时程曲线图的主要周期点和最大加速度值并对比反应谱与规范谱的拟合度,来判断其与建筑场地是否相适应;高层结构在底部设置隔震支座能够显著改善上部结构的地震反应谱,其减震机理并不是延迟周期而是滤波原理。

Nonlinear response of a multidirectional negative-stiffness isolation system via semirecursive multibody dynamic approach

This paper investigates an innovative negative-stiffness device(NSD)that modifies the apparent stiffness of the supported structure for seismic isolation.The NSD comprises a lower base on the bottom and a cap on the top,together with a connecting rod,vertical movable wall,and compressed elastic spring,as well as circumferentially arranged,pretensioned external ropes,and inclined shape memory wires.This configuration can deliver negative stiffness and energy dissipation in any direction within the horizontal plane.A numerical model of the device is developed through a two-step semirecursive method to obtain the force–displacement characteristic relationship.Such a model is first validated through comparison with the results obtained via the commercial software ADAMS.Finally,a large parametric study is performed to assess the role and the influence of each design variable on the overall response of the proposed device.Useful guidelines are drawn from this analysis to guide the system design and optimization.

陆上可控震源技术的未来发展与思考

本文首先回顾了陆上可控震源技术的发展历程,又介绍了目前具有国际领先水平的可控震源技术—高精度可控震源(EV-56)技术和新型横波可控震源(EV-56RS)技术。针对目前可控震源技术的工业化推广应用和研究现状,提出了可控震源技术面临的一些技术挑战和难点,同时给出了关于当前可控震源技术的发展和提高的一些技术思路与思考,希望能为广大震源科研技术人员提供一些技术层面的帮助和研究参考。