Improving Video Watermarking through Galois Field GF(2^(4)) Multiplication Tables with Diverse Irreducible Polynomials and Adaptive Techniques

Video watermarking plays a crucial role in protecting intellectual property rights and ensuring content authenticity.This study delves into the integration of Galois Field(GF)multiplication tables,especially GF(2^(4)),and their interaction with distinct irreducible polynomials.The primary aim is to enhance watermarking techniques for achieving imperceptibility,robustness,and efficient execution time.The research employs scene selection and adaptive thresholding techniques to streamline the watermarking process.Scene selection is used strategically to embed watermarks in the most vital frames of the video,while adaptive thresholding methods ensure that the watermarking process adheres to imperceptibility criteria,maintaining the video's visual quality.Concurrently,careful consideration is given to execution time,crucial in real-world scenarios,to balance efficiency and efficacy.The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)serves as a pivotal metric to gauge the watermark's imperceptibility and video quality.The study explores various irreducible polynomials,navigating the trade-offs between computational efficiency and watermark imperceptibility.In parallel,the study pays careful attention to the execution time,a paramount consideration in real-world scenarios,to strike a balance between efficiency and efficacy.This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the interplay of GF multiplication tables,diverse irreducible polynomials,scene selection,adaptive thresholding,imperceptibility,and execution time.The evaluation of the proposed algorithm's robustness was conducted using PSNR and NC metrics,and it was subjected to assessment under the impact of five distinct attack scenarios.These findings contribute to the development of watermarking strategies that balance imperceptibility,robustness,and processing efficiency,enhancing the field's practicality and effectiveness.

Multiresolution Video Watermarking Algorithm Exploiting the Block-Based Motion Estimation

This paper presents a novel technique for embedding a digital watermark into video frames based on motion vectors and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In the proposed scheme, the binary image watermark is divided into blocks and each watermark block is embedded several times in each selected video frame at different locations. The block-based motion estimation algorithm is used to select the video frame blocks having the greatest motion vectors magnitude. The DWT is applied to the selected frame blocks, and then, the watermark block is hidden into these blocks by modifying the coefficients of the Horizontal sub-bands (HL). Adding the watermark at different locations in the same video frame makes the scheme more robust against different types of attacks. The method was tested on different types of videos. The average peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and the normalized correlation (NC) are used to measure the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm does not affect the visual quality of video frames and the scheme is robust against a variety of attacks.

New Fragile Watermarking Technique to Identify Inserted Video Objects Using H.264 and Color Features

The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video industry,and it is essential to find effective solutions to prevent tampering and modification of digital video content during its transmission through digital media.However,there are stillmany unresolved challenges.This paper aims to address those challenges by proposing a new technique for detectingmoving objects in digital videos,which can help prove the credibility of video content by detecting any fake objects inserted by hackers.The proposed technique involves using two methods,the H.264 and the extraction color features methods,to embed and extract watermarks in video frames.The study tested the performance of the system against various attacks and found it to be robust.The evaluation was done using different metrics such as Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM),Bit Correction Ratio(BCR),and Normalized Correlation.The accuracy of identifying moving objects was high,ranging from 96.3%to 98.7%.The system was also able to embed a fragile watermark with a success rate of over 93.65%and had an average capacity of hiding of 78.67.The reconstructed video frames had high quality with a PSNR of at least 65.45 dB and SSIMof over 0.97,making them imperceptible to the human eye.The system also had an acceptable average time difference(T=1.227/s)compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

An Anti-Recompression Video Watermarking Algorithm in Bitstream Domain

Following the popularity of digital video application,video copying and dissemination have become very easy;however,this makes video hacking and piracy a potential threat in video communication.Video watermarking technology can solve the problem of copyright protection,and thus,it has been extensively researched.The robustness of the video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain is poor,especially the anti-recompression ability,since the watermarked video may be compressed again before transmitting.Considering this,this paper proposes a video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain based on moving object detection.To increase the robustness of the watermarking scheme,the moving macroblocks that belong to the moving object in each P frame can be identified via the moving object detection algorithm.Then,watermark embedding in the moving macroblocks is performed using codeword substitution to ensure the consistency of the bitstream.Moving object detection and watermark embedding are independent and are both carried out in the bitstream domain by partially decoding the bitstream;this avoids the complete decoding and reconstruction of the video,making the method to be highly efficient.The simulation results confirm that the proposed method is robust against recompression and has little impact on the video visual quality and no influence on the bit rate.

Video Identification Based on Watermarking Schemes and Visual Cryptography

Related to the growth of data sharing on the Internet and the wide-spread use of digital media,multimedia security and copyright protection have become of broad interest.Visual cryptography(VC)is a method of sharing a secret image between a group of participants,where certain groups of participants are defined as qualified and may combine their share of the image to obtain the original,and certain other groups are defined as prohibited,and even if they combine knowledge of their parts,they can’t obtain any information on the secret image.The visual cryptography is one of the techniques which used to transmit the secrete image under the cover picture.Human vision systems are connected to visual cryptography.The black and white image was originally used as a hidden image.In order to achieve the owner’s copy right security based on visual cryptography,a watermarking algorithm is presented.We suggest an approach in this paper to hide multiple images in video by meaningful shares using one binary share.With a common share,which we refer to as a smart key,we can decrypt several images simultaneously.Depending on a given share,the smart key decrypts several hidden images.The smart key is printed on transparency and the shares are involved in video and decryption is performed by physically superimposing the transparency on the video.Using binary,grayscale,and color images,we test the proposed method.