Analysis on the Offside and Vacancy in the Administration of the Village Party Branch and the Villagers′ Committee in Sichuan Province——Based on Villagers′ Autonomy

In the paper, the researches on the administration scope, the leadership style of the village party branch, the core status of village party branch and the autonomy of villagers′ committee are expounded. On the basis of the empirical investigation of countryside in Sichuan Province, the offside and vacancy of the administration of the "two committees in village" in the villagers′ autonomy are studied tentatively. The results show that the offside and vacancy of the "two committees in village" can be divided into three types, covering the village party branch-dominated, the villagers′ committee-dominated type and the antagonism of the two village committees. The reasons for the offside and vacancy of administration of the "two committees in village" are analyzed, including the fragility of the two committees of the village; the imbalanced power sources of the two committees of the village; the imbalance of the competition for interests of the two committees and the negative effects of traditional politics and culture. The countermeasures are put forward, for example, reinforcing the system construction of rural grassroots organizations; expanding the democratic election modes such as "two-vote system " and "selecting one from the two recommended"; establishing the coordinative and supervisory mechanisms between the two committees in the village and introducing into college-graduate village officials to improve the quality of rural cadres.

Effectiveness of ICU Diaries: Improving “Distorted Memories” Encountered during ICU Admission

Background: It is said that after ICU discharge, 40% of patients suffer from acute stress symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, caused by “distorted memories” (memory loss and delusions) due to various treatments in the ICU. This study focused on the quantitative and qualitative effects of ICU diaries on distorted memories that patients encountered during their time in the ICU. Aim: To assess improving distorted memories by providing information during ICU admission to patients to relieve the acute stress symptoms after ICU discharge. Design and Methods: This nonrandomized controlled trial included patients aged ≥20 years who had received treatment for ≥3 days in the ICU. Using ICU memory tool, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) approximately 1 week after ICU discharge, then HADS and ASDS prior to hospital discharge, the change in mean values were compared between two groups (control and intervention) using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The intervention group was surveyed prior to hospital discharge using semi-structured interviews, and descriptions were analyzed by the content analysis method of Krippendorff. Results: Twenty-three participants were included in the control group, and 17 in the intervention group. When comparing subjects with distorted memories between the groups, we found reduced values for HADS anxiety (7.1 ± 3.8 to 5.7 ± 2.7, p = 0.011), HADS depression (8.6 ± 5.0 to 7.2 ± 4.3, p = 0.003), and ASDS (46.9 ± 13.8 to 43.8 ± 11.4, p = 0.012) in the intervention group. Based on the narrations, patients wanted to investigate facts in the ICU diary while having someone help them to remember these events. Conclusion: Improving distorted memories during ICU admissions may relieve acute stress symptoms. In addition, these patients needed someone to investigate facts from the ICU admission.

Research on the Judicial Relief System of Villagers' Autonomy Rights

Starting from the division of the functions of the village committee,the use of self-government rights of the villagers was examined in view of the different functions.Judicial remedies should be screened whether or not the exercise of autonomy,as well as the main disputes in order to determine the specific litigation.The responsibility determination of the villagers' autonomy rights prosecution in different circumstances is put forward.

Synthesization of high-capacity auto-associative memories using complex-valued neural networks

In this paper, a novel design procedure is proposed for synthesizing high-capacity auto-associative memories based on complex-valued neural networks with real-imaginary-type activation functions and constant delays. Stability criteria dependent on external inputs of neural networks are derived. The designed networks can retrieve the stored patterns by external inputs rather than initial conditions. The derivation can memorize the desired patterns with lower-dimensional neural networks than real-valued neural networks, and eliminate spurious equilibria of complex-valued neural networks. One numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness and superiority of the presented results.

Knowledge Level about HIV/AIDS among the Villagers of Comilla District, Bangladesh

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has grown on an unprecedented scale since it was first recognized, and presently it is considered as a well known global public health crisis. In making the health policy where millions of populations are at risk, it is necessary to understand the knowledge level about HIV/AIDS. So, this study aimed at to investigate the knowledge level about HIV/AIDS among the villagers. Data and necessary information were collected from one hundred villagers of Salmanpur from Comilla district, Bangladesh through a structured questionnaire. The collected data were used for univariate analysis, to carry out the description of the variables;and to justify the total score of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the respondents, Cronbach’s alpha (α) was calculated. The results revealed that almost all the respondents (92.00%) were ever heard about HIV/AIDS and half of them (51.00%) were known it as a communicable disease. Majority of the respondents (62.00%) believed that it is caused by heterosexual relation as well as sex with HIV positive persons. However, a good number of respondents were found unaware about the major causes and preventive ways of AIDS. Less than half of the respondents (45.00%) had medium knowledge (α = 0.34 - 0.66) and only 36.00% had the enough knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The knowledge level is increasing with the increase of education level, and the respondents who involved in agricultural works are found the lowest knowledge level (47.00%) about HIV/AIDS. The villagers were known about HIV/AIDS but they do not have accurate information about the ways in which AIDS virus can or cannot be transmitted. Therefore, effective programs should be taken to increase the knowledge level about HIV/AIDS among the villagers in Bangladesh.

Formation of high density TiN nanocrystals and its application in non-volatile memories

Non-volatile memory based on TiN nanocrystal （TiN-NC） charge storage nodes embedded in SiO2 has been fabricated and its electrical properties have been measured. It was found that the density and size distribution of TiN-NCs can be controlled by annealing temperature. The formation of well separated crystalline TiN nano-dots with an average size of 5 nm is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the existence of a transition layer of TiNxOy/SiON oxide between TiN-NC and SiO2, which reduces the barrier height of tunnel oxide and thereby enhances programming/erasing speed. The memory device shows a memory window of 2.5V and an endurance cycle throughout 10^5. Its charging mechanism, which is interpreted from the analysis of programming speed （dVth/dt） and the gate leakage versus voltage characteristics （Ig vs Vg）, has been explained by direct tunnelling for tunnel oxide and Fowler Nordheim tunnelling for control oxide at programming voltages lower than 9V, and by Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling for both the oxides at programming voltages higher than 9V.

THE CODING GAINS OF MEMORIES

The coding gains including self-gain, mutual-gain and their variations for coding memory are denned, and the formulas for computing the gains are derived. The coding gains, used as the criteria, will be enable us to select an efficient code for memory system design quantitatively. Finally, the numerical results of some examples are analysed and discussed.

Brain Interactions between Extinction and Reconsolidation in the Treatment of Fear Memories

Memory traces become labile at the time of retrieval, and this initiates two protein synthesis-dependent processes in the brain: extinction, which inhibits their further retrieval, and reconsolidation, which may enhance retrieval or change the memory’s content. Extinction may itself suffer reconsolidation. Interactions between these processes may be applied to the treatment of fear memories, such as those underlying the post-traumatic stress disorder.

Designing current–strain-assisted superconductor–ferromagnet multi-bit memories

Current superconducting memory devices lack the basic quality of high memory density for practical memories,mainly due to the size limitations of superconducting quantum interference devices.Here,we propose a superconductor–ferromagnet bilayer device with strain-pulse-assisted multi-bit ladder-type memory,by using strain-engineered ferromagnet domain structure to control carrier concentration in the superconductor,which is simulated by coupled Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert and Ginzburg–Landau equations.Current-and strain-pulses are observed to deterministically control the resistivity of superconductor for one and two-bit device arrangements.The average carrier concentration of superconductor is observed to have multiple metastable states that can be controllably switched using current-pulse and strain-pulse to determine multiple resistivity states.These findings confirm the eligibility of superconductor–ferromagnet bilayers to be used as ladder-type multibit memories and open a new way for further theoretical and experimental investigations of the cryogenic memories.

Health Hazards among Coastal Villagers of Pakistan Due to Arsenic Contaminated Drinking Water

Water supply has become insufficient for the rapidly rising population in Pakistan. As in other parts of Pakistan, coastal villagers also become helpless to use ground water for drinking and daily consumption, due to their need and their not knowing about the quality of water. A number of patients arrived to Karachi hospitals, suffering from a strange disease and this study has been done to find the exact cause of this disease by assuming that arsenic contaminated drinking water may be one of the possibilities. Maximum permissible limit (MRL) of arsenic in drinking water of Pakistan has been calculated by analysis of 50 samples of supply water as 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that most of the residents of Ibrahim Hyderi, Rehri, Chashma, Mubarak, Fagheer Muhammad and Gul Hasan Goths (villages) of the coastal belt of the Karachi city were suffering from melanosis, leuco-melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsum, non-pitting oedema, gangrene and skin cancer that might be due to arsenic contamination in drinking water. Studied subjects were seriously affected due to paralyzing lower limbs, arms and other body parts in the coastal belt of Karachi, which was observed to be the most prominent health hazards of arsenic. The majority of victims were children. This community problem demands proper addressing and extensive research for improving the quality of life of these villagers.

Pattern imprinting in deep sub-micron static random access memories induced by total dose irradiation

Pattem imprinting in deep sub-micron static random access memories （SRAMs） during total dose irradiation is inves- tigated in detail. As the dose accumulates, the data pattern of memory cells loading during irradiation is gradually imprinted on their background data pattern. We build a relationship between the memory cell＇s static noise margin （SNM） and the background data, and study the influence of irradiation on the probability density function of ASNM, which is the difference between two data sides＇ SNMs, to discuss the reason for pattern imprinting. Finally, we demonstrate that, for micron and deep sub-micron devices, the mechanism of pattern imprinting is the bias-dependent threshold shift of the transistor, but for a deep sub-micron device the shift results from charge trapping in the shallow trench isolation （STI） oxide rather than from the gate oxide of the micron-device.

Cellular automata modelling of phase-change memories

A novel approach to modelling phase-transition processes in phase change materials used for optical and electrical data storage applications is presented. The model is based on a cellular automaton （CA） approach to predict crystallization behaviour that is linked to thermal and electrical simulations to enable the study of the data writing and erasing processes. The CA approach is shown to be able to predict the evolution of the microstructure during the rapid heating and cooling cycles pertinent to data storage technology, and maps crystallization behaviour on the nanoscale. A simple example based on possible future nonvolatile phase-change random access solid-state memory is presented.

Changes of Villagers' Welfare and Security in the Reconstruction of Urban Villages——A Case of Guangzhou Province,China

In the paper,the connotations of welfare are briefly outlined from the broad and narrow aspects and the changes of villagers' welfare ofurban villages in city are analyzed.In economic welfare terms,at the same time of losing their lands,villagers have obtain certain amount of landcompensation after the expropriation of lands.In non-economic welfare terms,the social status,lifestyle,environmental conditions and psychologi-cal state of the reallocated villagers have changed obviously.The status quo of the urban villages is outlined.Besides,the main problems in the ur-ban villages of Guangzhou are probed into,which covering the ubiquitous illegal utilization of lands and illegal construction,poor public order,lowpublic quality,imperfect public facilities and so on.The modes(Liede mode,Pazhou mode,Huadi mode and public self-financing mode) andcharacteristics of reconstructing the urban villages are concluded.The impact of the construction on villagers' welfare is concluded as well as the se-curity system for protecting villagers' welfare in the reconstruction of urban villages.It is suggested that the government and the villages should sharethe expenditures on the education and training of villages and share the input on infrastructure.In addition,the government and the villages shouldtake the responsibilities in terms of public security,culture and so on.

Rural Development Program for State-Level New Area in Western China: An Empirical Analysis and Policy Suggestions Based on Villagers' Wishes

Rural development that has been raised to an unprecedented strategic position has become an important fulcrum for China to maintain its rapid economic growth in the future when China's economy has entered a period of new normal. As a quintessential example in the state-level new area of western China and mountainous city, rural areas around Chongqing's Liangjiang New Area have typical preferential policies, space structure, and industrial layout. This study is different from the traditional rural research which focuses on the spatial arrangement of settlements and facilities. From the perspective of villagers' participation and field investigation, this study objectively understands the characteristics, advantages and problems of rural development, and explores the development problems in rural areas, so as to provide a reference for rural planning.

Problem identification and revitalization strategies for the recovery and reconstruction of traditional villages in the Ms 6.8 Luding Earthquake

Post-disaster reconstruction is a topic of global concern,and traditional villages have special heritage attributes and need to face more requirements and obstacles in post-disaster reconstruction.This paper summarizes four concepts based on the research on post-disaster reconstruction both domestically and internationally,as well as the recovery and reconstruction of cultural heritage.Through a field survey of traditional villages in the Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake-stricken area,it is found that there are problems such as insufficient awareness of heritage value,misalignment of scientific reconstruction technology,and insufficient protection of reconstruction elements during the reconstruction process.Traditional villages face the risk of declining or even loss of heritage value.In order to effectively protect traditional villages and inherit the carrier of regional culture,four targeted reconstruction response strategies are proposed,i.e.,to"establish special planning for traditional village preservation","emphasize recovery of the authenticity of village heritage","ensure elements for village heritage recovery"and"promote the activation and utilization of village heritage",based on the problems discovered during the survey and the four concepts summarized in the research on post-disaster reconstruction of traditional villages.The research results hope to provide useful reference for ancient cultural areas affected by earthquakes on how to protect cultural heritage during the post-disaster reconstruction process.

High-Capacity Quantum Associative Memories

We review our models of quantum associative memories that represent the “quantization” of fully coupled neural networks like the Hopfield model. The idea is to replace the classical irreversible attractor dynamics driven by an Ising model with pattern-dependent weights by the reversible rotation of an input quantum state onto an output quantum state consisting of a linear superposition with probability amplitudes peaked on the stored pattern closest to the input in Hamming distance, resulting in a high probability of measuring a memory pattern very similar to the input. The unitary operator implementing this transformation can be formulated as a sequence of one-qubit and two-qubit elementary quantum gates and is thus the exponential of an ordered quantum Ising model with sequential operations and with pattern-dependent interactions, exactly as in the classical case. Probabilistic quantum memories, that make use of postselection of the measurement result of control qubits, overcome the famed linear storage limitation of their classical counterparts because they permit to completely eliminate crosstalk and spurious memories. The number of control qubits plays the role of an inverse fictitious temperature. The accuracy of pattern retrieval can be tuned by lowering the fictitious temperature under a critical value for quantum content association while the complexity of the retrieval algorithm remains polynomial for any number of patterns polynomial in the number of qubits. These models thus solve the capacity shortage problem of classical associative memories, providing a polynomial improvement in capacity. The price to pay is the probabilistic nature of information retrieval.

Literary Memories, Historical Amnesia

The basic interest of this text is certain aspects in the relation between literature, history, and memory. Particullary, this relation has been examined through the prism of subverting the traditionally established distinction between history and literature, in which certain types of memory have its own contribution. The main focus, for that purpose, is based on the concepts ofpostmemory, secondary memory, apocryphal history, creative anachronism and figures of memory, and their applicative capacities concerning particular theme fields which express common interest both for history and literature

A Formal Analysis of Audio-video Montage in Modern Chinese Movie,My Memories of Old Beijing

My Memories of Old Beijing,from the perspective of contemporary Aesthetics,explores the position of people in the multicontext-overlapping society,including pre-modern,modern,post-modern eras,by the mechanism of Audio-video Montage.Its aesthetic significance lies in its representation of one way to revolt against fate in the course of Chinese modernization,its effective change of realistic people’s emotional structure,and hence one modern form of tragic humanism.

How Did Vinh Moc Village, Located near Vietnam DMZ, Protect Their Villagers from United States Air Force Bombardment during the Vietnam War?

The buried village is Vinh Moc where more than 1200 Vietnamese, including soldiers, who lived underground during the Vietnam War (1965 to 1972) were hand dug into red basalt bedrock. The Vinh Moc Village was strategically located on the border of North Vietnam and South Vietnam approximately 14 km north of the DMZ and along the shoreline of the South China Sea. During the Vietnam War, the US Air Force heavily bombed Vinh Moc. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) had an important military base on nearby Con Co Island. Brave civil volunteers from Vinh Moc would make the 28 km dangerous journey to the island, disguised as fishermen, to deliver supplies to the soldiers stationed there. The people who remained at Vinh Moc dug tunnels into red basalt hills in order to survive this onslaught. The American forces assessed the villagers of Vinh Moc were supplying food and armaments to the NVA garrison on the island of Con Co, which was in turn hindering the American bombers on their way to bomb Hanoi. The US military objective was to force the villagers of Vinh Moc to leave the area. The villagers initially dug the tunnels to a 10 m depth but the American forces designed bombs that burrowed down 10 m before exploding. The soil tunnels were then deepened to 30 m to provide safety for the soldiers and civilians working there during the intense US Air Force bombing. The primary objective of the research study was to determine how the soils and parent material of Vinh Moc Village, protected their villagers from the United States Air Force bombardment during the Vietnam War. In addition, the natural parent material at both the Vinh Moc and Cu Chi were assessed to determine why the tunnels were so resilient. The Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels were dug by hand in the Old Alluvium soils and parent material where iron in solution precipitated and became the soil binding material. The Vinh Moc tunnels were hand dug in porous, red basalt (bedrock) hills where the consolidated rock structure itself provided the required binding material. Neither site needed support beams to hold up the ceilings.

Villagers' Self-governance:Predicaments and Counter Measurements

With the reform and opening up of the rural economy and society,the villagers'self-governance has been in a dilemma in the process.The difficulties are mainly in the insufficient functions of the village committee,the lack of financial resources and inadequate human resources.On the analysis of the situations,the paper gives some practical solutions for the villagers'self-governance to get out of the dilemma by strengthening the construction of rural communities,cultivating diversified village self-government organizations,broadening the village's financial sources and developing rural human resources to promote the formation of the rural civil society.