Effects of Heavy Metals and Saline-alkali on Growth,Physiology and Biochemistry of Orychophragmus violaceus

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of heavy metals and saline-alkali on growth, physiology and biochemistry of Orychophragmus violaceus. [Method] Taken Orychophragmus violaceus as materials, growth, physiology and biochemistry were explored under stress of saline-alkali and heavy metals (light, moderate and severe saline-alkali, Pb, Pb + Cd, light saline-alkali + Pb, moderate saline-alkali + Pb, severe saline-alkali + Pb, light saline-alkali + Pb + Cd, moderate saline-alkali + Pb + Cd and severe saline-alkali + Pb + Cd) with control group set. [Result] Light stress of saline-alkali had little effect on membrane permeability, as follows: MDA contents in leaves and root systems declined by 25.6% and 9.0% compared with control group; Pb (500 mg/L) stress promoted synthetization of photosynthetic pigments, as follows: chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid increased by 0.86%, 0.69% and 6.25% than those of control group; combined stresses of Pb and Cd destroyed synthetization of photosynthetic pigments, among which carotenoid was more sensitive; under combined stresses of saline-alkali, Pb and Cd, POD and SOD activities, soluble saccharides and Pro content all increased and activities of POD and SOD in root system were both higher than those in leaves. [Conclusion] Orychophragmus violaceus is with resistance against light combined stresses of saline-alkali and Pb (500 mg/L).

Morphological and Cytogenetic Analysis on the Advanced Generations of Generic Hybrids between Brassica napus and Orychophragmus violaceu

[Objective] This study aimed to reveal the genetic changes of advanced generation hybrids between Brassica napus and Orychophragmus violaceus. [Method] The morphological characteristics such as the plant shape, branching sites, leaf shape, leaf color, primary branches and secondary branches, as well as the cytological characteristics of the advanced generation hybrids (F8-F10) between B. napus and O. violaceus were observed. [Result] The morphology analysis revealed that the hybrid progeny was more like B. rapa in leaf shape, leaf color, plant shape and early flowering phenotype, whereas more like B. napus in number of secondary branches, silique length and 1 000-seed weight. Analysis on the cytogenetics characteristics showed that these advanced inbred progenies were hypoploids with less than 38 chromosomes; moreover, all the chromosomes from O. violaceus had been lost. Chromosome pairings at meiotic diakinesis of hybrids between the advanced inbred progenies and B. rapa revealed that chromosomes lost in hypoploids possibly belonged to the C genome of B. oleracea. With generations developing, chromosomes number of plants from two populations gradually increased and developed into the number of B. napus (2n=38). [Conclusion] This study will provide reference to reveal the source of chromosome lost in hypoploids and the morphological change of hybrids.

基于LC-MS/MS技术对蓝藻Gloeobacter violaceus PCC7421细胞膜的蛋白质组学研究

Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421是一种在进化上很古老的无类囊体蓝藻,由于光合作用电子传递链与呼吸系统在其细胞质膜上共存,这两个系统可能会共享一些元件,为研究其光合作用系统结构的独特之处,应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)技术对其细胞膜蛋白进行蛋白质组学分析。经鉴定发现,G.violaceus的细胞质膜上具有PSⅠ、PSⅡ和细胞色素b6等光合作用关键蛋白,同时具有呼吸作用过程中的关键酶1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶、F0F1-ATP酶α和β亚基、细胞分裂蛋白、硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐转运蛋白、青霉素结合蛋白以及多种药物受体ABC转运蛋白。由此可知,G.violaceus的细胞质膜不仅能够同时进行光合作用和呼吸作用,且营养盐运输等转运功能也同时存在。G.violaceus的全基因数据分析显示其基因序列具有独特性,其蛋白注释相对比较少,因此其蛋白功能的研究需要更多数据的支持。

诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)Toc33基因编码区的克隆及序列分析

以诸葛菜(Orychophragmusviolaceus)新鲜嫩叶为材料提取总DNA,并以其为模板,根据已报道的拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)Toc33基因的编码序列,设计一对PCR引物,扩增诸葛菜叶绿体外膜蛋白转运器构件蛋白基因Toc33,得到两条扩增带,将这两条带分别割胶回收,与T载体连接转化E.coli,筛选重组子并测序,结果表明克隆到的这两个片段分别长1475bp,1573bp,通过同源性比较发现,它们之间的同源性达到88%.这两个片段与拟南芥Toc33基因有较高的同源性,分别命名为OvToc33 1,OvToc33 2.参考拟南芥Toc33外显子和氨基酸序列,分别确定了所克隆的两个诸葛菜Toc33基因片段的7个外显子和6个内含子,得到了诸葛菜Toc33基因的全编码区序列,并推导了其氨基酸序列.这两个DNA序列与拟南芥Toc33基因编码区的同源性分别高达91.8%和92.4%,说明这一蛋白是高度保守的.

Study on the Flower Development of Testtube Plantletsof Orychophragmus violaceus

In this study, testtube plantlets of O.Violaceus were cultured on MS media and treated with low temperature, phytohormones, etc. The following results were obtained: 1. The cold treatment of 5～7℃ for more than 7 days was needed for flower initiation of the testtube plantlets originated from germinated seeds. 2. When cultured on the MS media supplemented with 2mg/L gibberellin (GA3), the testtube plantlets could initiate flowers without cold treatment. 3. When the MS media was supplemented with a reduced amount of NH4NO3, flower initiation of the testtube plantlets could be accelerated. The results of the study on flower development of O.Violaceus may be useful for the production of testtube flowers of this ornamental plant species.

Preliminary Studies on the Intergeneric Hybridization Between Brassica napus with OguCMS and Orychophragmus violaceus

In the cross between B. napus with OguCMSOrychophragmus violaceus, pre-fertilizatiocompatibility was observed. An intergeneric hybrid was successfully obtained by usinovary culture. The hybrid status was confirmed by cytology, morphology, fertilityisozyme and miosis analysis. The seed setting rate was 0.0072%. An amphidiploid of thhybrid was also produced by the use of chromosome-doubling method with 0.1% colchicinetreatment. Obtaining this hybrid and its amphidiploid has important theoretical anutilization value.

油菜品质改良的重要天然遗传资源——诸葛菜(ORYCHOPHRAGMUS VIOLACEUS)利用前景展望

Orychophragmus Violaceus L.O.E.Schulz属,中国种,诸葛菜,其种子含有特高含油率和特高亚油酸,且具有十分理想的脂肪酸组成的天然植物资源。从现资料看,属世界上的首次发现,也是我国第一个低芥酸源,就油苯脂肪酸组成改良育种的前景看,本文已论证,这里是一个极其宝贵的天然资源。

Does bicarbonate affect the nitrate utilization and photosynthesis of Orychophragmus violaceus?

The effect of bicarbonate(HCO_3^-) on the growth and development of plants varies by species. To better understand inorganic carbon and nitrogen assimilation changes of karst-adaptable plants under different HCO_3^- treatments, we conducted experiments on seedlings and in vitro plantlets of Orychophragmus violaceus(Ov).We found that the vital photosynthesis potential(as measured by net photosynthetic rate, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem-II, photochemical quenching coefficient, and the instantaneous carbon isotope ratio of3-phosphoglycerate) was consistent under different HCO_3^- treatments of Ov. Bicarbonate's lack of effect on carbon assimilation of Ov may be related to carbonic anhydrase in Ov converting HCO_3^- to H2 O and CO2. In this way, Ov could prevent HCO_3^- ion toxicity and high pH from harming its growth and development under HCO_3^- stress.This study also found that high HCO_3^- concentrations could promote nitrogen assimilation and utilization of Ov through changes in related indexes(foliar nitrogen isotope fractionation ratio, stable nitrogen isotope assimilation ratio, foliar stable nitrogen isotope fractionation, nitrate nitrogen utilization efficiency, and nitrate utilization share)under different HCO_3^- treatments. Bicarbonate has different effects on photosynthesis and on inorganic nitrogen assimilation of Ov, which may be connected tophotosynthesis providing electrons for nitrate/nitrite reduction through the photosynthetic chain.

诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)查尔酮合成酶基因OvCHS的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank发布的基因序列,设计PCR引物,分别从诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)的花瓣基因组DNA和cDNA克隆到查尔酮合成酶基因,并定名为OvCHS,序列已上传至NCBI数据库,登陆号为EF408918。序列分析表明,OvCHS基因的基因组全长为1263 bp,具一个75 bp的内含子,编码区全长为1188 bp,编码395个氨基酸。与模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)查尔酮合成酶基因AtCHS比较发现,两基因编码区有135个碱基不同,相似性为88.64%,氨基酸序列中仅16个氨基酸残基的差异,相似性达95.95%。

Transformation of Orychophragmus violaceus Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens And Regeneration of Transgenic Plantsa

In this paper, we reported firstly the transgenic plants of Orychophragmus violateus in the world. Excised cotyledon and hypocotyls of Orychophragmus violaceus were used as explants for genetic transformation. After 2-3 days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A208SE(PROA93),the hypocotyls and cotyledon were transferred onto selection medium containing 25 mg/L Km and 250 mg/L Ap. 8 weeks later, shoots emerged,then the shoots were excised and transferred onto root medium containing 25 mg/L Km and 100 mg/L Cef. The roots were formed within 4-5 weeks.The whole plants were transplanted into pots and grew well. The frequency of plant regeneration of hypocotyls was about 30%,and that of cotyledon was 51%.The regenerated plants showed high enzymatic activities ofglucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II. Southern blot analysis confirmed that NPT II gene had been stably integrated into the chromosomal genome of Orychophragmus violaceus .the transformation frequency of hypocotyls was 10%,and that of cotyledon was 5.5%.

诸葛菜Orychophragmus violaceu(sL.)O.E.Schulz.

诸葛菜是十字花科诸葛菜属一年或二年生草本植物,高可达50 cm,无毛;茎直立,基生叶及下部茎生叶大头羽状全裂,顶裂片近圆形或短卵形,侧裂片卵形或三角状卵形,叶柄疏生细柔毛;花紫色、浅红色或褪成白色,花萼筒状,紫色,花瓣宽倒卵形,密生细脉纹,长角果线形,种子卵形至长圆形,黑棕色,4~5月开花,5~6月结果。

PEG－mediated Gene Transfer into Orychophragmus Violaceus Cotyledon Protoplast and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants

Transgenic plants were obtained by PEG-mediated tranfer of foreign gene into cotyledon protoplasts of Orychophragums violaceus. Systematic study was carricd out on PEG-mediatcd transformation of cotyledon protoplast using transient expression system, which showed 25-30 μg of pasmid, 15% PEG and a pH value of 8.0 as the optimal parameters contributing to the highest expression level. Using these parameters, cotyledon protoplasts were isolated, treated with bacterial plasmid DNA (pBI222 with HPT as selective marker) and PEG, and cultured at a density of 5×10 4/ml.After 10-15 days,they were selected by adding 25 μg/ml hygromycine. One month later, a few calli were observed, which were then transferred onto a solid medium with 50-100 μg/ml hygromycine for proliferation. Later they were transferred successively onto differentiation and rooting media and finally hygromycineresistant whole plants were obtaincd. The plants grew well in pots and a regeneration rate of 5 ×10(-5) was achieved. Then,excised leaves of the transgenic plants were used as explants for Southern blot analysis, which confirmed the stable integration of HPT gene into the chromosomal genome of Orychophragmus violaceus The transformation frequency was 10-5.

The genome of Orychophragmus violaceus provides genomic insights into the evolution of Brassicaceaepolyploidizationandits distinct traits

Orychophragmus violaceus,referred to as‘‘eryuelan’’(February orchid)in China,is an early-flowering ornamental plant.The high oil content and abundance of unsaturated fatty acids in O.violaceus seeds make it a potential high-quality oilseed crop.Here,we generated a whole-genome assembly for O.violaceus using Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing technologies.The assembled genome of O.violaceus was~1.3 Gb in size,with 12 pairs of chromosomes.Through investigation of ancestral genome evolution,we determined that the genome of O.violaceus experienced a tetraploidization event from a diploid progenitor with the translocated proto-Calepineae karyotype.Comparisons between the reconstructed subgenomes of O.violaceus identified indicators of subgenome dominance,indicating that subgenomes likely originated via allotetraploidy.O.violaceus was phylogenetically close to the Brassica genus,and tetraploidy in O.violaceus occurred approximately 8.57 million years ago,close in time to the whole-genome triplication of Brassica that likely arose via an intermediate tetraploid lineage.However,the tetraploidization in Orychophragmus was independent of the hexaploidization in Brassica,as evidenced by the results from detailed phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of the break and fusion points of ancestral genomic blocks.Moreover,identification of multi-copy genes regulating the production of high-quality oil highlighted the contributions of both tetraploidization and tandem duplication to functional innovation in O.violaceus.These findings provide novel insights into the polyploidization evolution of plant species and will promote both functional genomic studies and domestication/breeding efforts in O.violaceus.

Genome assembly of the Brassicaceae diploid Orychophragmus violaceus reveals complex whole-genome duplication and evolution of dihydroxy fatty acid metabolism

Orychophragmus violaceus is a Brassicaceae species widely cultivated in China,particularly as a winter cover crop in northern China because of its low-temperature tolerance and low water demand.Recently,O.violaceus has also been cultivated as a potential industrial oilseed crop because of its abundant 24-carbon dihydroxy fatty acids(diOH-FAs),which contribute to superior high-temperature lubricant properties.In this study,we performed de novo assembly of the O.violaceus genome.Whole-genome synteny analysis of the genomes of its relatives demonstrated that O.violaceus is a diploid that has undergone an extrawhole-genome duplication(WGD)after the Brassicaceae-specific a-WGD event,with a basic chromosome number of x=12.Formation of diOH-FAs is hypothesized to have occurred after the WGD event.Based on the genome and the transcriptome data from multiple stages of seed development,we predicted that OvDGAT1-1 and OvDGAT1-2 are candidate genes for the regulation of diOH-FA storage in O.violaceus seeds.These results may greatly facilitate the development of heat-tolerant and eco-friendly plant-based lubricants using O.violaceus seed oil and improve our understanding of the genomic evolution of Brassicaceae.

花生与绿肥轮作对土壤含水量和土壤肥力的影响

探讨在冬春裸地上种植绿肥对后茬作物春花生养分含量、土壤含水量和土壤肥力的影响,为山东地区春花生等冬闲田建立一种合理的轮作方式提供理论依据。在田间试验条件下,设置了春花生—冬闲田、夏花生—冬小麦、春花生—二月兰和春花生—毛叶苕子4种轮作处理。结果表明:种植二月兰和毛叶苕子绿肥作物,可促进后茬作物花生氮磷钾养分增加,二月兰增加程度高于毛叶苕子。种植二月兰和毛叶苕子绿肥作物,可提高后茬作物花生土壤含水量和土壤肥力,在0~20 cm土层中,2021年,与春花生—冬闲田相比,春花生—二月兰、春花生—毛叶苕子土壤相对含水量分别升高了4.70%、6.14%,在20~40、40~60 cm土层中也表现出相似趋势,2022年与2021年相比,表现出相似规律;与春花生—冬闲田相比,春花生—二月兰处理有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量平均增加了5.71%、8.98%、7.22%和7.72%,春花生—毛叶苕子处理有机质、碱解氮含量平均增加了4.54%、14.91%。可以利用春花生种植期间的冬春裸地种植一季冬绿肥,促进后茬作物养分积累量增加,改善土壤肥力。

盐胁迫对二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus)种子萌发的影响

为了了解盐渍化土壤条件对二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus)种子萌发的影响,及种子萌发及萌发过程中可溶性糖、蛋白质、淀粉酶活性的影响,本研究分别用浓度为0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%、1.5%的NaCl、Na_2SO_4和二者质量比为1:1的混合盐处理二月兰种子,并观测溶性糖、蛋白质、淀粉酶活性。结果表明,二月兰种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均随着盐浓度增加而下降,且盐浓度愈高对种子萌发抑制作用愈强。二月兰种子耐盐适宜范围为NaCl 0.29%、Na_2SO_4 0.30%、混合盐0.24%,耐盐半致死浓度为NaCl 0.63%、Na_2SO_4 0.65%、混合盐0.60%,耐盐极限浓度为NaCl 1.18%、Na_2SO_41.21%、混合盐1.18%。说明二月兰种子萌发中蛋白质的分解受到一定程度的抑制,较高浓度盐处理强烈抑制了淀粉酶活性,盐处理使可溶性糖含量增加。为以后二月兰在盐渍化条件下的应用提供理论依据。

海洋真菌Aspergillus violaceus WZXY-m64-17中的抗菌活性成分

目的研究海洋真菌Aspergillus violaceus WZXY-m64-17中的抗菌活性成分。方法利用硅胶、反相ODS、Sephadex LH-20、半制备HPLC等色谱学方法对菌株固体发酵物进行分离纯化;利用NMR、MS、UV、IR等波谱学技术手段,结合文献数据比对,确定化合物的结构。并通过肉汤稀释法测定了单体化合物的抗金葡萄球菌和抗耐药菌活性。结果分离鉴定了6个化合物,分别为2-hydroxyemodin(1)、emodin(2)、nidurufin(3)、versicolorin B(4)、sterigmatocystin(5)、terrequinone A(6),其中化合物4、6具有较好的抗菌活性。结论海洋真菌Aspergillus violaceus能够产生一系列醌类化合物,其中部分化合物具有良好抗金葡萄球菌和抗耐药菌活性。

Nuclear reconstitution of demembranated Orychophragmus violaceus sperm in Xenopus laevis egg extracts

The cell-free extracts from animal Xenopus laevis egg could induce chromatin decon- densation and pronuclear formation from demembranated plant (Orychophragmus violaceus)sperm. The demembranated Orychophragmus violaceus sperm began to swell in 30 min incubation, and then were gradually decondensed. The reassembly of nuclear envelope in the reconstituted nuclei had been visualized by means of electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy. Membrane vesicles fused to form the double envelope around the periphery of the decondensed chromatin. The morphology of the newly formed nucleus, with a double membrane, was similar to those nuclei after fertilization. Transmission electron microscope micrograph of the whole mount prepared nuclear matrix-lamina showed the reconstituted nucleus to be filled with a dense network.

中国原产十字花科植物诸葛菜的基因组及遗传研究

诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus(L.)O.E.Schulz,别称二月兰)为我国原产的十字花科观赏植物,也是芸苔属作物遗传改良的种质资源。本研究总结了诸葛菜的细胞遗传学、与芸苔属栽培种杂种的细胞学行为、性状的染色体定位、长链双羟基脂肪酸的发现等方面的研究进展。诸葛菜(2n=24)的基因组较大(大约1.3 Gb)、染色体较长、染色均匀。诸葛菜及其单倍体的减数分裂配对行为揭示出其基因组的同源多倍体性质。最新的基因组测序结果也表明,诸葛菜二倍体祖先具有x=7的tPCK核型,其在大约600~800万年前经历了一次特异的基因组四倍化事件,然后经过染色体重组及着丝粒失活产生现在n=12的基因组。诸葛菜(父本)与芸苔属6个栽培种(母本)的属间杂种所表现出的母本特异的细胞学行为,与双亲的基因组结构和固有的染色体行为有关;诸葛菜染色体因表现体积较大与染色较深的特征,而易于与芸苔属染色体相区别。通过创建甘蓝型油菜-诸葛菜附加系,将诸葛菜的锯齿叶、基部多分枝、紫花、双羟基脂肪酸合成等几个性状定位到特定的染色体上。诸葛菜种子油中富含长链双羟基脂肪酸,具有比蓖麻油更好的润滑效果。诸葛菜还具有潜在的药用价值。最后,对今后诸葛菜的研究方向及利用进行了讨论。

二月兰形态性状的变异分析

二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus)是集食用、保健、饲用和观赏于一身的优良地被植物。其遗传背景单一、生长周期短,是发展模式植物的优良材料。为了开发其育种价值,我们对二月兰的形态变异式样进行了初步分析。共选取了北京和南京地区的7个居群的34个表型性状进行观测。通过计算分析发现:株高、茎和花序分枝等性状受环境影响较大,因而其分类价值不大;叶形、毛被、叶缘锯齿等性状的变异在居群内是连续的,所以也不是可靠的分类性状;而花部性状的一些变异,包括花瓣的颜色、大小、形态,基本不受环境影响,且这些变异在居群内是不连续的,所以其分类价值相对较高。对17个数值性状的方差分析和多重比较结果表明,在同一年度内,大部分性状在不同地区间差异不显著,在居群间差异极显著;而在不同年度内,居群间差异不显著。最后,对7个居群和30个表型性状进行了数量分类:Q分析表明北京颐和园、南京紫金山山顶公园和南京中山植物园居群比较相似,而北京圆明园、北京海淀区后八家苗圃、南京情侣园和北京天坛公园居群较相似。R分析揭示了二月兰花部、叶部、反映植株毛被和颜色以及表现植株生长量的性状间均具有一定的相关性。这些研究可为种下等级的划分和进一步的遗传研究以及品种培育提供一定的参数资料。