On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 20...On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.展开更多
By using the Mixture Model and radial velocity data from CfA redshift catalogue, we resolve the substructures of the Virgo cluster. Distances of three main subclusters are determined by the Tully-Fisher galaxies, they...By using the Mixture Model and radial velocity data from CfA redshift catalogue, we resolve the substructures of the Virgo cluster. Distances of three main subclusters are determined by the Tully-Fisher galaxies, they are 18.0±1.3Mpc, 25.0±2 3Mpc and 30.9±3.1Mpc respectively, which implicate that they are independent clusters, and the Virgo area has a significant depth in the line-of -sight direction.展开更多
The Virgo cluster of galaxies is of great importance to study the development of the universe due to its close distance from the earth as well as being the center of the local super cluster. The problem that faces Vir...The Virgo cluster of galaxies is of great importance to study the development of the universe due to its close distance from the earth as well as being the center of the local super cluster. The problem that faces Virgo cluster studies is that it shares the same right ascension (RA) and Declination (DEC) ranges with large number of background as well as foreground galaxies. This study aims to geometrically and statistically estimate Virgo cluster membership. The study employs Virgo cluster data, prepared by Harvard University. The radial velocity (RV) data of the Virgo cluster were treated and employed in exchange of missing galaxies’ third dimension, taking advantage of their proportionality. The data were treated by K-means algorithm, using Matlab 2014, and visual and logical exclusion of extremity galaxies to determine the rational center of the Virgo galaxies cluster. Results were presented, compared and discussed. Finally distances of galaxies from the Virgo cluster center were employed along with normal probability distribution characteristics to identify the most probable Virgo cluster members from the range of Virgo cluster of galaxies. The results showed that out of 17,466 objects surveyed in Virgo galaxy range, only few of galaxies were estimated to be genuine Virgo members.展开更多
From the variety of types of portraiture,there evolved the imaging of a self-portrait as we see in Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638).The self-portrait is a unique work of art,an int...From the variety of types of portraiture,there evolved the imaging of a self-portrait as we see in Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638).The self-portrait is a unique work of art,an intimate record of a sitter’s personality.It is an acknowledgment of worth,an exercise in technique,and a designator of era,style,and likeness.The self-portrait can be a study in expression,an impersonation of a virtue,or a document in a history of aging.As William Shakespeare noted in Hamlet,“[The self-portrait is]to show virtue her own feature,scorn her own image,and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.”In the sixteenth-century in Italy,artists often included themselves or their self-portraits in religious and secular scenes as a type of signature,as seen in the paintings of the Longhi family.In their many depictions of Saint Catherine of Alexandria,the Longhis composed two types of such images:a single-solo-image of the saint;and also her presence in a group with saints-a theme known as holy conversation.In her paintings,Barbara Longhi preferred to depict the solo image of Saint Catherine of Alexandria,using herself as a model for the figure of the saint or as a muse impersonating or personifying the saint’s virgo virtue.This essay is composed of two parts:(1)a brief explanation of the meaning of self-portraits in sixteenth-century Italy;and(2)a study of Barbara Longhi’s self-portraits as Saint Catherine of Alexandria.展开更多
Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638)enjoyed creating small devotional paintings depicting holy saints,in particular Saint Agnes(c.291-304).This saint’s life and martyrdom was recorded by the Bishop of Milan,Saint Amb...Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638)enjoyed creating small devotional paintings depicting holy saints,in particular Saint Agnes(c.291-304).This saint’s life and martyrdom was recorded by the Bishop of Milan,Saint Ambrose(339-397),a Doctor of the Church and theologian,in his book Concerning Virgins(374)and by Jacobus de Voragine,the Archbishop of Genoa,in his Golden Legend(Legenda Aurea,1275).The saint’s story continues to be imaged and recounted to the present day because she is an icon of a pure and virtuous adolescent female.Barbara Longhi,along with her father,Luca Longhi(1507-1580),painted several versions of Saint Agnes.In their many depictions they composed two types of images:a single-solo-image of the saint;and her presence in a group of saints-a theme known as holy conversation.In her paintings of Saint Agnes,however,Barbara Longhi preferred to depict the solo image of the saint as virgo,a young maiden of virtue.This essay is composed of two parts:(1)an account of the life and martyrdom of Saint Agnes;and(2)an iconographical interpretation of Barbara Longhi’s Saint Agnes of Rome.展开更多
Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will pr...Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant.展开更多
In this paper, we study an application of deep learning to the advanced laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory(LIGO)and advanced Virgo coincident detection of gravitational waves(GWs) from compact binary ...In this paper, we study an application of deep learning to the advanced laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory(LIGO)and advanced Virgo coincident detection of gravitational waves(GWs) from compact binary star mergers. This deep learning method is an extension of the Deep Filtering method used by George and Huerta(2017) for multi-inputs of network detectors.Simulated coincident time series data sets in advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo detectors are analyzed for estimating source luminosity distance and sky location. As a classifier, our deep neural network(DNN) can effectively recognize the presence of GW signals when the optimal signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of network detectors ≥ 9. As a predictor, it can also effectively estimate the corresponding source space parameters, including the luminosity distance D, right ascension α, and declination δ of the compact binary star mergers. When the SNR of the network detectors is greater than 8, their relative errors are all less than 23%.Our results demonstrate that Deep Filtering can process coincident GW time series inputs and perform effective classification and multiple space parameter estimation. Furthermore, we compare the results obtained from one, two, and three network detectors;these results reveal that a larger number of network detectors results in a better source location.展开更多
文摘On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.
文摘By using the Mixture Model and radial velocity data from CfA redshift catalogue, we resolve the substructures of the Virgo cluster. Distances of three main subclusters are determined by the Tully-Fisher galaxies, they are 18.0±1.3Mpc, 25.0±2 3Mpc and 30.9±3.1Mpc respectively, which implicate that they are independent clusters, and the Virgo area has a significant depth in the line-of -sight direction.
文摘The Virgo cluster of galaxies is of great importance to study the development of the universe due to its close distance from the earth as well as being the center of the local super cluster. The problem that faces Virgo cluster studies is that it shares the same right ascension (RA) and Declination (DEC) ranges with large number of background as well as foreground galaxies. This study aims to geometrically and statistically estimate Virgo cluster membership. The study employs Virgo cluster data, prepared by Harvard University. The radial velocity (RV) data of the Virgo cluster were treated and employed in exchange of missing galaxies’ third dimension, taking advantage of their proportionality. The data were treated by K-means algorithm, using Matlab 2014, and visual and logical exclusion of extremity galaxies to determine the rational center of the Virgo galaxies cluster. Results were presented, compared and discussed. Finally distances of galaxies from the Virgo cluster center were employed along with normal probability distribution characteristics to identify the most probable Virgo cluster members from the range of Virgo cluster of galaxies. The results showed that out of 17,466 objects surveyed in Virgo galaxy range, only few of galaxies were estimated to be genuine Virgo members.
文摘From the variety of types of portraiture,there evolved the imaging of a self-portrait as we see in Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638).The self-portrait is a unique work of art,an intimate record of a sitter’s personality.It is an acknowledgment of worth,an exercise in technique,and a designator of era,style,and likeness.The self-portrait can be a study in expression,an impersonation of a virtue,or a document in a history of aging.As William Shakespeare noted in Hamlet,“[The self-portrait is]to show virtue her own feature,scorn her own image,and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.”In the sixteenth-century in Italy,artists often included themselves or their self-portraits in religious and secular scenes as a type of signature,as seen in the paintings of the Longhi family.In their many depictions of Saint Catherine of Alexandria,the Longhis composed two types of such images:a single-solo-image of the saint;and also her presence in a group with saints-a theme known as holy conversation.In her paintings,Barbara Longhi preferred to depict the solo image of Saint Catherine of Alexandria,using herself as a model for the figure of the saint or as a muse impersonating or personifying the saint’s virgo virtue.This essay is composed of two parts:(1)a brief explanation of the meaning of self-portraits in sixteenth-century Italy;and(2)a study of Barbara Longhi’s self-portraits as Saint Catherine of Alexandria.
文摘Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638)enjoyed creating small devotional paintings depicting holy saints,in particular Saint Agnes(c.291-304).This saint’s life and martyrdom was recorded by the Bishop of Milan,Saint Ambrose(339-397),a Doctor of the Church and theologian,in his book Concerning Virgins(374)and by Jacobus de Voragine,the Archbishop of Genoa,in his Golden Legend(Legenda Aurea,1275).The saint’s story continues to be imaged and recounted to the present day because she is an icon of a pure and virtuous adolescent female.Barbara Longhi,along with her father,Luca Longhi(1507-1580),painted several versions of Saint Agnes.In their many depictions they composed two types of images:a single-solo-image of the saint;and her presence in a group of saints-a theme known as holy conversation.In her paintings of Saint Agnes,however,Barbara Longhi preferred to depict the solo image of the saint as virgo,a young maiden of virtue.This essay is composed of two parts:(1)an account of the life and martyrdom of Saint Agnes;and(2)an iconographical interpretation of Barbara Longhi’s Saint Agnes of Rome.
文摘Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11873001,11633001,11673008,and 61501069)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Grant No.cstc2018jcyjAX0767)+4 种基金the Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB23040100)Newton International Fellowship Alumni Followon Fundingthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities Project(Grant Nos.106112017CDJXFLX0014,and 106112016CDJXY300002)Chinese State Scholarship FundNewton International Fellowship Alumni Follow on Funding
文摘In this paper, we study an application of deep learning to the advanced laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory(LIGO)and advanced Virgo coincident detection of gravitational waves(GWs) from compact binary star mergers. This deep learning method is an extension of the Deep Filtering method used by George and Huerta(2017) for multi-inputs of network detectors.Simulated coincident time series data sets in advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo detectors are analyzed for estimating source luminosity distance and sky location. As a classifier, our deep neural network(DNN) can effectively recognize the presence of GW signals when the optimal signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of network detectors ≥ 9. As a predictor, it can also effectively estimate the corresponding source space parameters, including the luminosity distance D, right ascension α, and declination δ of the compact binary star mergers. When the SNR of the network detectors is greater than 8, their relative errors are all less than 23%.Our results demonstrate that Deep Filtering can process coincident GW time series inputs and perform effective classification and multiple space parameter estimation. Furthermore, we compare the results obtained from one, two, and three network detectors;these results reveal that a larger number of network detectors results in a better source location.
