Effects of Electroplating Effluents on Growth, Heavy Metals Accumulation and Concentrations in Amaranthus viridis Lin.

Pollution in recent times has become prevalent due to industrial expansion,hence,releasing pollutants into the environ-ment.Thus,this study aimed at investigating the effects of effluents from electroplating companies on growth,heavy metals accumulation and concentrations in Amaranthus viridis.Seeds of A.viridis were obtained from the National Institute of Hor-ticulture,Ibadan.Loam soils were collected from Lagos State University and two samples of electroplating effluents were obtained from Oregun,Lagos.Seeds were sown,nursed,and transplanted in a uniform bucket filled with 5 kg loam soil and transplanted seedlings were treated with Effluent A(5 and 10%conc.)and Effluent B(5 and 10%conc.)and control respec-tively.Growth parameters such as plant height and so on were measured and plant samples harvested were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance.Results revealed that Effluents A and B are highly acidic and above discharge limits.Also,the result revealed that 5%conc.of Effluents A and B had more effects on growth(p<0.05)of A.viridis across the harvests than 10%conc.in relation to control.This result showed that the effluent samples affect the growth rhythms of plants.Results further revealed vigorous–1–1 accumulation of the heavy metals:Zn(241.66µg kg±0.10 at third harvest in Effluent A:10%),Cu(68.25µg kg±0.23 at–1–1 first harvest in Effluent B:5%),Cr(500µg kg±0.90 in harvests at all concentrations.)and Ni(500µg kg±0.90 at third harvest in Effluent B:5%)and all these metals are far above the control and permissible limits of WHO/FAO recommenda-tions.From this study,it could be concluded that electroplating effluents had adverse effects on growth and increased metals’bioaccumulation in A.viridis.Therefore,the treatment of effluents to enhance an eco-friendly environment should be done.

基于COI序列的翡翠股贻贝Perna viridis线粒体遗传特性分析及其近缘种间的系统关系探讨

应用通用引物COIL 1490和COIH 2198对翡翠股贻贝Perna viridis的性腺和体细胞线粒体DNA进行PCR扩增,获得661bp长度的COI基因片段,经过比对性腺与体细胞的COI片段,发现雄性性腺与体细胞COI基因均为一个单倍型,即体内只有一种线粒体DNA类型,没有发现双单性遗传现象,雌、雄性腺的COI基因片段变异率很低(0.31%)。应用PAUP构建NJ树、MP树以及贝叶斯法构建了贝叶斯树,对股贻贝属3种间的系统关系进行了分析,结果表明,翡翠股贻贝P.viridis、P.canaliculus和P.perna之间的分化与分歧年代的估算是相吻合的。

黄连内生真菌Albifimbria viridis的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱和反相高效液相制备色谱(HPLC),从黄连内生真菌Albifimbria viridis固体发酵物中分离纯化得到8个化合物,通过波谱学数据分析并结合其物理性质,将其鉴定为:Roridin J(1)、verrucarin A(2)、verrucarin L acetate(3)、Calcarisporin B1(4)、verrucarin J(5)、Isotrichoverrin A(6)、Isotrichoverrin B(7)、16-hydroxyroridin A(8).以上化合物均首次从Albifimbria viridis中分离得到.利用MTT法检测了化合物1~8对MCF-7和A549细胞的体外细胞毒活性,结果显示化合物4、6、8对MCF-7(人乳腺细胞)具有显著的抑制活性.

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis (Prymnesiophyceae):Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years. Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth, pigments, lipid peroxidation, and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis, in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt （Co） and manganese （Mn）, especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress. In response to Co^2＋, lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control, as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn^2＋. Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner, depending on the metal assayed： after Co^2＋ treatments, total superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was irregular, although it was not significantly affected by Mn^2＋ exposure. Co^2＋ and Mn^2＋ stimulated the activities of catalase （CAT） and glutathione （GSH）, whereas, glutathione peroxidase （GPX） showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co^2＋ treatments and decreased gradually with Mn^2＋ concentration, up to 50 μmol/L, and then rose very rapidly, reaching to about 38.98% at 200 μmol/L Mn^2＋. These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced, to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.

Uptake,Depuration and Subcellular Distribution of Cadmium in Various Tissues of Perna viridis

Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from a local mariculture site and placed in pre-cleaned sea water tanks containing 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.3 μg/ml CdCl2. The level of Cd in the gill, viscera and gonad was measured. The concentration of Cd in the 3 tissues increased linearly over 4 days' of exposure. The rate of uptake depends on the concentration of Cd in the water. In the 3 tissues studied, the maximum rate of uptake (Vmax) was highest in the gill (500μg/g dry weight/day), followed by viscera (100μg/g dry weight/day) and gonad (56.8 μg/g dry weight/day). The majority of the Cd taken up was bound to a fraction of the heat-stable proteins similar to metallothioneins. The rate of Cd depuration from the tissues was poor. There was no change in Cd concentration over 8 days' depuration in clean water

Three new pyrrole alkaloids from the endophytic fungus Albifimbria viridis

Three new pyrrole alkaloids albifipyrrols A-C(1-3),were isolated from the endophytic fungus Albifimbria viridis col-lected from the Chinese medicinal plant.Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectro-metric analyses.All compounds were evaluated for immunosuppressive activity.Fortunately,compound 2 exhibits certain inhibition specifically against the LPS-induced proliferation of B lymphocyte cells with IC50 value 16.16μM.

BIOMONITORING OF AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CADMIUM,COPPER,LEAD AND ZINC IN THE COASTAL WETLAND WATER BY USING GILLS OF THE GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS

The distribution and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in the gills and remaining soft tissues of Perna viridis collected from 12 geographical sites (10 from the west and 2 from the east coastal waters) of Peninsular Malaysia. All samples showed that the levels of Cd, Pb and Zn were generally higher in the gill than those in the remaining soft tissues. These results could be due to the fact that gills are the first organ of metal accumulation and larger surface area with mucus sheets in the organ. Since the mussel gill is a better accumulator of Cd, Pb and Zn of ambient seawater than remaining soft tissue, it is a potential indicator of ambient levels of dissolved metals in the ambient seawater. However, further validations based on laboratory conditions are needed.

Catalyzed Trisodium Citrate as a Medium for Heavy Metals Treatment in Green-Lipped Mussels (<i>Perna viridis</i>)

This research was carried out to study the heavy metals removal like arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and mercury (Hg) from Perna viridis. The trisodium citrate with Ru/Mn (25:75)-Al2O3 catalyst were used for the treatment medium with optimum treatment conditions at 500 μg/g of dosage, at temperature of 35°C ± 1°C, at pH 7, for 5 hours of duration and in the presence of compressed air (flow rate 895.50 mL/min). The introduction of Ru/Mn (25:75)-Al2O3 catalyst at 100°C calcination temperature on the trisodium citrate medium indicates the reduction of heavy metals which achieved the permissible limit by Malaysian Food Regulations (1985) and Commission Regulation of EU (2006). The original concentrations of As: 1.65 ± 0.89 μg/g, Hg: 12.42 ± 0.53 μg/g, Pb: 6.25 ± 0.69 μg/g, Cd: 1.27 ± 0.25 μg/g and Ni: 2.00 ± 1.05 μg/g were reduced to As: 0.75 ± 0.04 μg/g (54.34%), Hg: 0.4 ± 0.02 μg/g (96.79%), Pb: 1.07 ± 0.02 μg/g (82.89%), Cd: 0.32 ± 0.10 μg/g (75.02%) and Ni: 0.76 ± 0.01 μg/g (61.83%). ICP-MS and MHS-AAS techniques were used for the metals analysis and the catalyst was characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and Nitrogen Absorption (NA).

New Karyological and Morphometric Data on Poorly Known Bufo surdus and Bufo luristanicus in Comparison with Data of Diploid Green Toads of the Bufo viridis Complex from South of Iran

Previous studies on the Bufo viridis complex, which is distributed broadly across Iran, are incomplete and restricted to a few regions or a few samples. In this paper a new detailed study on the B. viridis complex in southern of Iran （from West to East） is presented. The analysis of 18 morphometric characters with univariate and multivariate methods reveals significant differences between three members of the B. viridis complex namely B. variabilis, B. luristanicus, and B. surdus distributed in southern part of Iran. Our result help to resolve an old taxonomic problem about B. surdus subgroup （taxa closely related to B. surdus） confirming that B. luristanicus and B. surdus are distinct species. Moreover, for the first time we report and describe karyotype details of B. luristanicus and B. surdus which confirmed that they are diploid. Karyological studies demonstrate that all toads from three mentioned species have 2n = 22 chromosomes. These chromosomes are arranged into two groups. First group has six large chromosomes and the second group is composed of five small chromosomes. These chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric. The number of submetacentric chromosomes is different in three mentioned species of B. viridis complex. Neither sexual heteromorphism, nor secondary constriction was observed in any pairs of chromosomes.

The Asian Green Mussel <i>Perna viridis</i>(Linnaeus 1758): 20 Years after Its Introduction in Trinidad and Tobago

Invasive species are often characterised by the introduction of low numbers of individuals and a small genetic pool which could give rise to a population with a lower genetic diversity than the original population. Perna viridis was first reported on the west coast of Trinidadin1990 inthe Point Lisas Industrial estate. They may have been first introduced either as juvenile free floating mussels (spat) or as adults attached to the hulls of ships. This gregarious species spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean toVenezuela,KingstonHarbor(Jamaica) and by 1999 was reported inTampaBay(Florida). Genetic analysis was done on tissue samples fromTrinidadto determine the genetic similarity of newly collected specimens (2009) with archived specimens (collected 1994). Results suggest that there may not be any genetic variation in the population of Perna viridis, even approximately 20 years after initial colonization. These results suggest that there was no evidence of genetic bottlenecks in the population of P. viridis fromTrinidad.

Phytochemical Profiling with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of <i>Amaranthus viridis</i>L. Leaf and Seed Extracts

Methanol extracts of the dried leaves and seeds of Amaranthus viridis were collected and used for phytochemicals and antibacterial analysis. By detecting the MIC and zone inhibition, the antibacterial activity was determined against different bacterial and fungal strains. The extract yields from the leaves and seeds ranged 5.5-6.1 and 2.42%-3.72% w/w, respectively. Phytochemical investigation of this plant determines that tanins (6.07%-5.96%), saponins (53%-32%), alkaloids (13.14% - 11.42%), protiens (16.76%-24.51%) and glycosides (63.2%-32.3%) were rich in leaves. The extracts also contained appreciable levels of total phenolic contents (2.81-3.61 GAE, g/100 g), total flavanoid contents (18.4-5.42 QE, g/100 g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, showing IC50 (83.45-75.95 μg/mL) along with reducing power was calculated. The MIC of extracts ranged 178 - 645 μg/mL. The results of this study suggest the possibility of using the methanolic extracts in treating the diseases caused by the test organisms.

The Rate of Aging of the <i>Dunaliella viridis</i>Teodor. Culture Depends on the Algae Pre-Adaptation to Copper Sulfate Toxic Effect

Two sublines of microalgae Dunaliella viridis Teodor. were obtained: CuS—a subline sensitive to toxic concentration of copper ions and CuR—a subline resistant to toxic concentration of copper ions. The chronological aging of cultures was revealed in increase of DNA (polyploidization) and triacylglycerols (TAG) content in microalgae cells. The adaptation of D. viridis to toxic concentrations of copper ions resulted in formation of an adaptive epygenotype characterized by increased content of carbonylated proteins and decreased content of proline compared to the CuS-subline. The adaptation of D. viridis to toxic concentrations of copper ions resulted in the increase of the rate of chronological aging compared to the CuS-subline. Four subcultures with different rates of transplanting were obtained from each subline. The rate of replicative aging was shown to be dependent on the rate of chronological aging of subcultures (passage rate). The pre-adaptation of D. viridis to toxic concentrations of copper ions was accompanied by increase of accumulation rate of TAG and DNA in cells, which was interpreted as a sign of cellular aging during the progressive passages of the algae culture.

Comparative Antiproliferative Action of Two Extracts from <i>Tilia x viridis</i>on Normal and Tumoral Lymphocytes: Rela-tionship with Antioxidant Activity

Tilia species have been used in Asia, Europe and in America to treat anxiety and also for the treatment of colds and inflammation. The oxygen reactive species (ROS) (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide anion (O2) are involve in the balance cell proliferation/death in lymphocytes. It was reported the presence of flavonoids in Tilia species which possess antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine comparatively the effect of an aqueous (AE) and ethanol (E) extract from Tilia x viridis, on the proliferation of tumoral and normal concanavalin A stimulated murine lymphocytes in relation to antioxidant activities such as peroxidase (Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities involves in H2O2 modulation. Also a phytochemical pattern of the two extracts in relation to flavonoids content was determined. Both extracts presented antiproliferative action on both type of lymphocytes but E was more selective on the tumoral lymphocytes inhibition (EC50 (μg/ml, Mean ±SEM) (tumoral): 50 ± 4;EC50;(normal lymphocytes): 323 ± 20);this action was related to a high polyphenols content (150 ± 10 mg/g extract) and high “per se” SOD and low Px activities. In conclusion, the extracts could be a source of antioxidant compounds which contribute to a selective antiproliferative action on tumoral cells, acting through the modulation of H2O2 levels.

Essential Oils from Mentha viridis(L).L.and Mentha pulegium L.:Cytogenotoxic Effects on Human Cells

The essential oils from Mentha viridis (L). L. and Mentha pulegium L. were studied to assess their inhibitory potential on phospholipase from snake venoms and to determine their cytogenotoxic action on human cells. These essential oils were able to inhibit the breakdown of phospholipids induced by venoms of snakes of the Bothrops genus. Both oils presented hemolytic activity, although the Mentha viridis (L). L. oil induced hemolysis only at the highest concentrations (14.6 and 29 μL&#183mL-1). The essential oil from M. viridis induced 3.9;8.6 and 16.2 times greater damage to human leukocyte DNA than that observed with the positive control (100 μg&#183μL-1 doxorubicin) at concentrations of 0.25;0.5 and 1.0 μL&#183mL-1, respectively. A similar effect was observed for the oil from M. pulegium (2.1, 2.5 and 15.8 times greater damage). The results extend the characterization of these essential oils and demonstrate their potential use in industries.

Characterization of the antigenic properties of pollen allergen in Amaranthus viridis

To characterize and purify the allergen extracted from Amaranthus viridis pollen.Extracts of Amaranthus viridis pollen was prepared and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.The protein bands were visualized by staining the gel with Coomassis blue and analyzed by immuno-blotting with serum from 30 allergic patients and from 20 normal people.30 protein bands were detected in SDS-PAGE.2 of these bands with molecular weight of 75 kD a and 67 kD a,showed immumo-reactivity with IgE in the sera from patients with allergy to Amaranthus viridis pollen.The 75 kD a and 67 kD a protein was the major allergen.Meamwhile,Ion-exchange chromatography with DE-52 was used for purification of the antigens.The purified products were characterized by Westerm-blotting.Result from the Ion-exchange chromatography indicated that the pollen allergens(75 kD a and 67 kD a)from the Amaranthus viridis pollen were eluted in theⅠandⅡpeak.The study shows pollen extracts from Amaranthus viridis pollen was purified and characterized and the major allergen was 75 kD a and 67 kD a protein.

Rps.viridis光合反应中心分子间相互作用对电子转移机理影响的理论研究

摘要 基于晶体结构并经QM/MM优化后的结构数据,用量子化学密度泛函（DFT,B3LYP）方法,在6-31G基组水平上,对紫色光合细菌Rhodoseudomonas（Rps.）viridis反应中心内,色素分子与蛋白质环境中氨基酸残基以及水分子间的配位及氢键等相互作用对反应中心原初电子转移反应机理的影响进行了探讨.结果表明:组氨酸残基的轴向配位使色素分子的ELUMO显著升高,这对电子转移能够进行极为重要;而氢键作用使色素分子的ELUMO有所降低,有利于说明电子转移由原初电子给体P沿L分支进行.文中结果支持电子转移反应为不经过辅助细菌叶绿素的一步过程.

青狗尾草(Setaria viridis)SBP基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白家族作为一种转录调控因子广泛存在于植物中,起着调节生长发育及多种生理生化反应。目前,其编码基因已从多种植物中分离鉴定,但是在作为单子叶C4模式生物的青狗尾草中却尚未研究。本研究基于生物信息学方法,从青狗尾草全基因组中鉴定出17个SBP基因,对这些基因的结构、理化性质、染色体定位以及共线性进行分析,并且探讨了这些基因在不同组织的表达情况,此外,还对SBP蛋白质的基序和系统进化进行了分析。结果表明17个SBP基因分布于9条染色体上,其中SvSBP1与SvSBP9、SvSBP3和SvSBP12、SvSBP4和SvSBP14具有线性同源性,共有11个基因包含miR156结合位点。这些基因编码的SBP蛋白表现出不同物种的某些SBP蛋白之间较同一物种的SBP蛋白的遗传关系更近,暗示这些SBP家族成员的基本特征早在单双子叶植物分化之前就已经形成。SvSBP2、SvSBP8、SvSBP13、SvSBP17在所有组织中都有表达,SvSBP15、SvSBP16在所有组织中都不表达外,其余基因均在不同组织中特异性表达,其中花序分生组织中表达的基因数最多,暗示这些基因可能在青狗尾草花的形成中扮演重要角色,并与胁迫响应和叶片的生长发育相关。本研究为进一步鉴定基因功能、阐明青狗尾草生长发育的分子机理提供基础性信息。

Clavuridins A and B, two new trinor-guaiane sesquiterpenes isolated from the Xisha soft coral Clavularia viridis

In the present study, two new trinor-guaiane sesquiterpenes, named clavuridins B(1), and A(2), along with three known sesquiterpenes(3-5), were isolated from the Xisha soft coral Clavularia viridis. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis with Cu Kα radiation and by comparison with related model compounds. Compounds 1 and 3–5 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity.

Phenotypic Plasticity of Life History Characteristics: Quantitative Analysis of Delayed Reproduction of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) in the Songnen Plain of China

Green foxtail （Setaria viridis L.） is a common weed species in temperate regions. Research on the effect of delayed reproduction on the phenotypic plasticity and regularity of the vegetative and reproductive growth is of vital significance for understanding population regulation and control of the weed in the growing season. Green foxtail seeds were sown every 10 days from 25 June to 24 August of 2004. The growth and production metrics were measured via harvesting tufts and statistical analysis was carried out. The results showed that the reproductive tillers, seed number, seed biomass and one thousand-seed weight of plants at the first sowing （25 June） approximately increased 28.8, 7 827.0, 1 104,0 and 12.3 times compared with that at the last sowing （24 August）, respectively. Total tillers, reproductive tillers and height increased linearly as the reproductive period delayed, however, biomass increased exponentially. Quadratic equations best explained the relationships between the delayed reproductive period and seed number, inflorescence length, one thousand-seed weight, seed biomass. Based on the quantity and quality of seed production, weeding young seedlings emerging before July can be the most effective weed-control strategy in the Songnen Plain.

Clavirolide G,a new rare dolabellane-type diterpenoid from the Xisha soft coral Clavularia viridis

One new dolabellane-type diterpenoid.named clavirolide C（1）,and one known related analogue（3）.have been isolated from the soft coral Cavularia viridis collected off the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea.Its structure and absolute configuration were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis,electronic circular dichroism.and compared with literature model compounds.The cytotoxic activity of these two compounds was evaluated against a panel of human tumor cell lines.Compound 1 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against KB and HL-60 cells.