An Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Interface Converter Based on Analogous Virtual Synchronous Generator

In the DC microgrid,the lack of inertia and damping in power electronic converters results in poor stability of DC bus voltage and low inertia of the DC microgrid during fluctuations in load and photovoltaic power.To address this issue,the application of a virtual synchronous generator(VSG)in grid-connected inverters control is referenced and proposes a control strategy called the analogous virtual synchronous generator(AVSG)control strategy for the interface DC/DC converter of the battery in the microgrid.Besides,a flexible parameter adaptive control method is introduced to further enhance the inertial behavior of the AVSG control.Firstly,a theoretical analysis is conducted on the various components of the DC microgrid,the structure of analogous virtual synchronous generator,and the control structure’s main parameters related to the DC microgrid’s inertial behavior.Secondly,the voltage change rate tracking coefficient is introduced to adjust the change of the virtual capacitance and damping coefficient flexibility,which further strengthens the inertia trend of the DC microgrid.Additionally,a small-signal modeling approach is used to analyze the approximate range of the AVSG’s main parameters ensuring system stability.Finally,conduct a simulation analysis by building the model of the DC microgrid system with photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage(BES)in MATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results from different scenarios have verified that the AVSG control introduces fixed inertia and damping into the droop control of the battery,resulting in a certain level of inertia enhancement.Furthermore,the additional adaptive control strategy built upon the AVSG control provides better and flexible inertial support for the DC microgrid,further enhances the stability of the DC bus voltage,and has a more positive impact on the battery performance.

Coordinated control strategy for a PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator

Due to the characteristics of intermittent photovoltaic power generation and power fluctuations in distributed photovoltaic power generation,photovoltaic grid-connected systems are usually equipped with energy storage units.Most of the structures combined with energy storage are used as the DC side.At the same time,virtual synchronous generators have been widely used in distributed power generation due to their inertial damping and frequency and voltage regulation.For the PV-storage grid-connected system based on virtual synchronous generators,the existing control strategy has unclear function allocation,fluctuations in photovoltaic inverter output power,and high requirements for coordinated control of PV arrays,energy storage units,and photovoltaic inverters,which make the control strategy more complicated.In order to solve the above problems,a control strategy for PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator is proposed.In this strategy,the energy storage unit implements maximum power point tracking,and the photovoltaic inverter implements a virtual synchronous generator algorithm,so that the functions implemented by each part of the system are clear,which reduces the requirements for coordinated control.At the same time,the smooth power command is used to suppress the fluctuation of the output power of the photovoltaic inverter.The simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed method from three aspects:grid-connected operating conditions,frequency-modulated operating conditions,and illumination sudden-drop operating condition.Compared with the existing control strategies,the proposed method simplifies the control strategies and stabilizes the photovoltaic inverter fluctuation in the output power of the inverter.

Research on Seamless Switching Control Strategy Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator

This paper studies the voltage, phase and current tracking strategy to eliminate voltage and current mutations when the virtual synchronous generator is switching between grid-connected and islanded. By using these strategies the inverter can realize secondary frequency regulation and voltage regulation. If the phase is near 0 or 2π a little disturbance may made the PLL output a big error, so a new PLL is proposed by this paper. A sine module is added in the PLL to avoid this error. In order to verify the strategy proposed by this paper a simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the control strategy can realize seamless switching.

Consensus-Based Distributed Control with Communication Time Delays for Virtual Synchronous Generators in Isolate Microgrid

A consensus-based distributed control method of coordinated VSGs with communication time delays in isolate microgrid is proposed. When time delays are considered in communication, there are some effects on frequency restoration and active power output allocation. In the control structure, only local information exchange is needed, while the final frequency can be controlled to the nominal value and the VSGs can automatically share loads according to their rated values. An AC microgrid with three VSGs and some loads is implemented. The proposed control strategy is verified by MATLAB/ Simulink simulation results.

Research on Control Strategy of Grid-connected Brushless Doubly-fed Wind Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Control

The brushless doubly-fed wind power system based on conventional power control strategies lacks ‘inertia’ and the ability to support grid,which leads to the decline of grid stability.Therefore,a control strategy of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator(BDFRG) based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG) control is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.The output characteristics of BDFRG based on VSG are similar to a synchronous generator(SG),which can support the grid frequency and increase the system ‘inertia’.According to the mathematical model of BDFRG,the inner loop voltage source control of BDFRG is derived.In addition,the specific structure and parameter selection principle of outer loop VSG control are expounded.The voltage source control inner loop of BDFRG is combined with the VSG control outer loop to establish the overall architecture of BDFRG-VSG control strategy.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy are verified in the simulation.

Active Power Allocation of Virtual Synchronous Generator Using Particle Swarm Optimization Approach

In recent years, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing due to energy and environmental issues, causing several problems in the power system. These problems are usually more apparent in microgrids. One of the problems that could arise is frequency stability issue due to lack of inertia in microgrids. Lack of inertia in such system can lead to system instability when a large disturbance occurs in the system. To solve this issue, providing inertia support to the microgrids by a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) utilizing energy storage system is a promising method. In applying VSG, one important aspect is regarding the set value of the active power output from the VSG. The amount of allocated active power during normal operation should be determined carefully so that the frequency of microgrids could be restored to the allowable limits, as close as possible to the nominal value. In this paper, active power allocation of VSG using particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented. The results show that by using VSG supported by active power allocation determined by the method, frequency stability and dynamic stability of the system could be improved.

The Novel Current Control for Virtual Synchronous Generator

In recent years, power generation using renewable energy sources has been developed as a solution to the global warming problem. Among these power generation methods, wind power generation is increasing. However, as the penetration level of wind power generation increases, the low inertia and lack of synchronous power characteristics of the penetrated power system can have a significant impact on the transient stability of the grid. The virtual synchronous generator provides the ability of virtual inertia and synchronous power to interconnected inverters. The interconnected inverter with the virtual synchronous generator ability uses, in general, PI control based current controller. This paper proposes a new current-control method and compares it with conventional methods. The proposed current control is a method that follows virtual synchronous generator model that changes every moment by solving the discrete-time linear quadratic optimal control problem for each sampling time interval. The new method follows the conventional method, and therefore the reactive power fluctuation can be suppressed and the interconnected inverter will be downsized.

A Study of Discrete-Time Optimum Current Controller for the Virtual Synchronous Generator under Constraints

In recent years, power generation using renewable energy sources has been increasing as a solution to the global warning problem. Wind power generation can generate electricity day and night, and it is relatively more efficient among the renewable energy sources. The penetration level of variable-speed wind turbines continues to increase. The interconnected wind turbines, however, have no inertia and no synchronous power. Such devices can have a serious impact on the transient stability of the power grid system. One solution to stabilize such grid with renewable energy sources is to provide emulated inertia and synchronizing power. We have proposed an optimal design method of current control for virtual synchronous generators. This paper proposes an optimal control method that can follow the virtual generator model under constrains. As a result, it is shown that the proposed system can suppress the peak of the output of semiconductor device under instantaneous output voltage drop.

Virtual Synchronous Generator Based Current Synchronous Detection Scheme for a Virtual Inertia Emulation in SmartGrids

Renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic wind turbines, and wave power converters, use power converters to connect to the grid which causes a loss in rotational inertia. The attempt to meet the increasing energy demand means that the interest for the integration of renewable energy sources in the existing power system is growing, but such integration poses challenges to the operating stability. Power converters play a major role in the evolution of power system towards SmartGrids, by regulating as virtual synchronous generators. The concept of virtual synchronous generators requires an energy storage system with power converters to emulate virtual inertia similar to the dynamics of traditional synchronous generators. In this paper, a dynamic droop control for the estimation of fundamental reference sources is implemented in the control loop of the converter, including active and reactive power components acting as a mechanical input to the virtual synchronous generator and the virtual excitation controller. An inertia coefficient and a droop coefficient are implemented in the control loop. The proposed controller uses a current synchronous detection scheme to emulate a virtual inertia from the virtual synchronous generators. In this study, a wave energy converter as the power source is used and a power management of virtual synchronous generators to control the frequency deviation and the terminal voltage is implemented. The dynamic control scheme based on a current synchronous detection scheme is presented in detail with a power management control. Finally, we carried out numerical simulations and verified the scheme through the experimental results in a microgrid structure.

Control of Virtual Synchronous Generator for Frequency Regulation Using a Coordinated Self-adaptive Method

Power inverter adopting virtual synchronous generator(VSG)control can provide inertia support for distributed generation systems.However,it cannot take into account the dynamic regulation characteristics of frequency.Thus,when the system encounters a sudden change in load or disturbance,the dynamic process of frequency regulation will be greatly influenced.In view of this issue,an improved VSG control strategy based on a coordinated self-adaptive(CSA)method is proposed.The time domain analysis method is used to study the influences of virtual inertia and damping parameter perturbation on the system steady and dynamic performances.Furthermore,in order to make the control strategy suitable for large load changes and suppress frequency variations beyond the limit,the secondary frequency modulation is introduced into the control loop.Through the coordinated adaptive control of virtual inertia,virtual damping and frequency modulation,the dynamic performance of vSG frequency regulation can be obviously improved.Simulation and experiment results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed CSA control strategy.

基于功角保持的VSG低电压穿越控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)控制通过模拟同步发电机的运行特性,达到并网逆变器为电网提供惯性支撑的目的。传统VSG在电网发生短路故障时容易导致输出电流越幅与功角振荡,无法为电网提供无功支撑,使逆变器不具备低电压穿越能力。文章提出一种VSG低电压穿越控制策略,故障期间保持功角稳定,故障恢复期间通过基于虚拟功率的功角保持环节实现预并列,故障恢复后输出功率能够快速恢复至给定值,运行模式之间能够平滑快速切换,实现低电压穿越。仿真验证了该控制策略的正确性与有效性。

基于功率微分项的双VSG有功功率振荡抑制策略

针对虚拟同步发电机(VSG)双机并联运行时产生的有功功率振荡问题,通过建立双VSG系统的小信号模型,分析了有功功率振荡产生的机理,提出一种基于改进虚拟阻抗的瞬态功率均分策略和一种基于功率微分项的自适应惯量和阻尼的功率振荡抑制策略,将有功功率微分项与角加速度结合起来实现惯量的自适应调节,同时将有功功率微分项引入阻尼控制环节以替代传统的阻尼项,实现阻尼的自适应调节。所提出的策略可以使动态时VSG之间的角频率差更快速地趋近于零,从而减小有功功率振荡的超调,改善频率动态响应性能。搭建了VSG并联的仿真模型,仿真结果表明:所提改进控制策略可以使瞬态时实现有功均分,使动态时的有功功率振荡超调减小41%,振荡过程减小了1秒。

基于角频率暂态前馈的VSG控制策略

针对虚拟同步发电机(VSG)并网时,输出功率的稳态性能与动态性能之间存在耦合,无法同时满足抑制有功振荡和电网一次调频的需求,提出基于角频率暂态前馈的控制策略,通过补偿输出功率,减小Δω,进而减小振荡过程。该控制策略可以有效抑制有功振荡,并且实现了稳态性能与动态性能间的解耦,不会影响一次调频特性,同时提高了响应速度。首先建立VSG有功闭环小信号模型,分析了输出功率稳态性能与动态性能之间的矛盾,并根据同步发电机功角特性分析了有功振荡机理;在此基础上提出了基于角频率暂态前馈的控制策略,利用闭环零极点与Bode图分析了所提控制策略对系统的影响;最后通过仿真和RT-LAB半实物平台验证了所提控制策略的可行性与优越性。

基于暂态导数极性分段优化的VSG二次调频控制策略

二次调频能使电力系统在一次调频过程中始终满足频率稳定的要求。采用虚拟同步发电机VSG控制策略的并网逆变器在离网运行时仅具备一次调频特性,若VSG的输出频率超出安全工作区间时将会对微电网的稳定运行产生影响,因此,需在有功控制环加入固定积分系数来实现频率无差控制的二次调频,但传统二次调频存在恢复时间与频率振荡的固有矛盾。提出一种根据暂态导数极性分段优化的改进VSG二次调频策略,该策略基于频率恢复特性,将频率恢复过程划分为2个阶段,并分别配置不同的积分系数,使得整个频率恢复时间缩短,且避免了频率的振荡,并给出了所提方法关键参数的设定依据。最后通过仿真与基于HIL的半实物平台验证了所提策略的可靠性。

一种风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的VSG变参数负荷频率控制策略

风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。

基于超前滞后环节附加前馈阻尼的VSG控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在引入同步机二阶转子运动方程,增大电力系统等效惯量的同时,也引入了同步发电机的振荡特性,有功低频振荡等动态稳定性问题也随之而来。引入调速侧电力系统稳定器(governor power system stabilizer,GPSS)能有效抑制VSG的功率低频振荡,但其在超调量及调节时间方面的控制效果仍有待提高。通过建立VSG的小信号模型从极点配置角度分析其稳定性,揭示基于GPSS的VSG控制策略在功率动态响应上存在较高超调和较长调节时间的原因。基于此,参考GPSS控制思想,提出了一种基于超前滞后环节附加前馈阻尼补偿的虚拟同步发电机控制策略。并从理论上分析验证了所提控制策略在不影响系统稳态特性的前提下,能够提供调整自由度更高的正阻尼,在有效地抑制功率超调的同时提高了系统的调节速度,从而更好地抑制了有功功率的低频振荡。最后通过MATLAB/Simulink进行对比仿真,仿真结果与理论分析结果一致,证明了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。

基于佳点集-t分布变异的麻雀算法VSG控制策略研究

为进一步优化虚拟同步发电机在给定有功扰动或电网频率突变扰动时存在的问题,提出了一种基于佳点集-t分布变异的麻雀算法VSG控制策略,该策略采用佳点集对麻雀种群进行初始化,引入正态分布修改发现者位置更新公式,并在麻雀个体位置更新后加入自适应t分布变异策略,利用测试函数验证了ISSA算法具有良好寻优能力。在VSG控制单元中引入ISSA算法,对VSG系统参数进行优化,获得一组符合需求的最优解。利用Simulink对比仿真常规VSG控制策略、SSA优化下的VSG和ISSA优化下的VSG控制策略,验证了当系统出现扰动时,该控制策略对于频率和有功功率振荡均有较好的抑制效果,且相对于另外两种控制策略,在响应速度、超调量、稳定性等方面的表现更优。

基于有功分数阶微分校正的储能VSG并网有功响应策略

为了解决在有功功率指令、电网频率2种扰动情况下储能虚拟同步机(VSG)并网有功难以兼顾良好的动态特性和稳态性能的问题,提出了一种基于有功分数阶微分校正的VSG(AFDC-VSG)并网有功响应优化控制策略。分别建立典型VSG、AFDC-VSG这2种控制策略的并网有功闭环小信号模型,并给出相应的参数设计过程。利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件对比分析不同控制策略在2种扰动下储能VSG的并网有功响应特性,并建立储能VSG并网系统的实验平台。仿真和实验结果共同验证了所提AFDC-VSG策略在优化储能VSG并网有功响应性能方面的有效性与优越性。

基于VSG的附加阻尼控制及其在光储并网系统中的应用

大规模光伏就近接入系统后,将导致系统的惯性整体下降,在系统遭受扰动后降低其稳定裕度,极端情况下出现功率振荡。将基于虚拟同步的附加阻尼控制策略应用于光储并网系统中。首先,建立光储并网的小信号模型,分析系统的阻尼特性;其次,在光储逆变侧采用基于虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)的附加阻尼控制,并通过小信号模型分析了附加阻尼控制对系统频率振荡的影响;再次,在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中建立光储并网系统仿真模型,与传统控制策略进行对比,结果验证了所提附加阻尼控制的有效性和正确性。

提高储能VSG并网有功响应性能的暂态阻尼策略

储能虚拟同步发电机(VSG)的并网有功在有功指令与电网频率2种扰动下存在动态超调与稳态偏差。提出有功微分反馈补偿(ADFBC)和有功微分前馈补偿(ADFFC)2种暂态阻尼策略,并在分别建立典型VSG、ADFBC和ADFFC 3种策略并网有功闭环小信号模型的基础上,给出了相应的参数设计方法。仿真和实验对比结果均验证了所提ADFBC和ADFFC暂态阻尼策略可有效提高储能VSG并网有功响应,在2种扰动下其并网有功既无动态超调又无稳态偏差。