Transient Damping of Virtual Synchronous Generator for Enhancing Synchronization Stability during Voltage Dips

Virtual synchronous generators(VSGs)are widely introduced to the renewable power generation,the variablespeed pumped storage units,and so on,as a promising gridforming solution.It is noted that VSGs can provide virtual inertia for frequency support,but the larger inertia would worsen the synchronization stability,referring to keeping synchronization with the grid during voltage dips.Thus,this paper presents a transient damping method of VSGs for enhancing the synchronization stability during voltage dips.It is revealed that the loss of synchronization(LOS)of VSGs always accompanies with the positive frequency deviation and the damping is the key factor to remove LOS when the equilibrium point exists.In order to enhance synchronization stability during voltage dips,the transient damping is proposed,which is generated by the frequency deviation in active power loop.Additionally,the proposed method can realize seamless switching between normal state and grid fault.Moreover,detailed control design for transient damping gain is given to ensure the synchronization stability under different inertia requirements during voltage dips.Finally,the experimental results are presented to validate the analysis and the effectiveness of the improved transient damping method.

Research on Control Strategy of Grid-connected Brushless Doubly-fed Wind Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Control

The brushless doubly-fed wind power system based on conventional power control strategies lacks ‘inertia’ and the ability to support grid,which leads to the decline of grid stability.Therefore,a control strategy of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator(BDFRG) based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG) control is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.The output characteristics of BDFRG based on VSG are similar to a synchronous generator(SG),which can support the grid frequency and increase the system ‘inertia’.According to the mathematical model of BDFRG,the inner loop voltage source control of BDFRG is derived.In addition,the specific structure and parameter selection principle of outer loop VSG control are expounded.The voltage source control inner loop of BDFRG is combined with the VSG control outer loop to establish the overall architecture of BDFRG-VSG control strategy.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy are verified in the simulation.

Improved Strategy of Grid-Forming Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Transient Damping

The grid-forming virtual synchronous generator(GFVSG)not only employs a first-order low-pass filter for virtual inertia control but also introduces grid-connected active power(GCAP)dynamic oscillation issues,akin to those observed in traditional synchronous generators.In response to this,an improved strategy for lead-lag filter based GFVSG(LLF-GFVSG)is presented in this article.Firstly,the grid-connected circuit structure and control principle of typical GFVSG are described,and a closed-loop small-signal model for GCAP in GFVSG is established.The causes of GCAP dynamic oscillation of GFVSG under the disturbances of active power command as well as grid frequency are analyzed.On this basis,the LLF-GFVSG improvement strategy and its parameter design method are given.Finally,the efficiency of the proposed control strategy in damping GCAP dynamic oscillations under various disturbances is verified using MATLAB simulations and experimental comparison results.

Coordinated control strategy for a PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator

Due to the characteristics of intermittent photovoltaic power generation and power fluctuations in distributed photovoltaic power generation,photovoltaic grid-connected systems are usually equipped with energy storage units.Most of the structures combined with energy storage are used as the DC side.At the same time,virtual synchronous generators have been widely used in distributed power generation due to their inertial damping and frequency and voltage regulation.For the PV-storage grid-connected system based on virtual synchronous generators,the existing control strategy has unclear function allocation,fluctuations in photovoltaic inverter output power,and high requirements for coordinated control of PV arrays,energy storage units,and photovoltaic inverters,which make the control strategy more complicated.In order to solve the above problems,a control strategy for PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator is proposed.In this strategy,the energy storage unit implements maximum power point tracking,and the photovoltaic inverter implements a virtual synchronous generator algorithm,so that the functions implemented by each part of the system are clear,which reduces the requirements for coordinated control.At the same time,the smooth power command is used to suppress the fluctuation of the output power of the photovoltaic inverter.The simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed method from three aspects:grid-connected operating conditions,frequency-modulated operating conditions,and illumination sudden-drop operating condition.Compared with the existing control strategies,the proposed method simplifies the control strategies and stabilizes the photovoltaic inverter fluctuation in the output power of the inverter.

Consensus-Based Distributed Control with Communication Time Delays for Virtual Synchronous Generators in Isolate Microgrid

A consensus-based distributed control method of coordinated VSGs with communication time delays in isolate microgrid is proposed. When time delays are considered in communication, there are some effects on frequency restoration and active power output allocation. In the control structure, only local information exchange is needed, while the final frequency can be controlled to the nominal value and the VSGs can automatically share loads according to their rated values. An AC microgrid with three VSGs and some loads is implemented. The proposed control strategy is verified by MATLAB/ Simulink simulation results.

An Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Interface Converter Based on Analogous Virtual Synchronous Generator

In the DC microgrid,the lack of inertia and damping in power electronic converters results in poor stability of DC bus voltage and low inertia of the DC microgrid during fluctuations in load and photovoltaic power.To address this issue,the application of a virtual synchronous generator(VSG)in grid-connected inverters control is referenced and proposes a control strategy called the analogous virtual synchronous generator(AVSG)control strategy for the interface DC/DC converter of the battery in the microgrid.Besides,a flexible parameter adaptive control method is introduced to further enhance the inertial behavior of the AVSG control.Firstly,a theoretical analysis is conducted on the various components of the DC microgrid,the structure of analogous virtual synchronous generator,and the control structure’s main parameters related to the DC microgrid’s inertial behavior.Secondly,the voltage change rate tracking coefficient is introduced to adjust the change of the virtual capacitance and damping coefficient flexibility,which further strengthens the inertia trend of the DC microgrid.Additionally,a small-signal modeling approach is used to analyze the approximate range of the AVSG’s main parameters ensuring system stability.Finally,conduct a simulation analysis by building the model of the DC microgrid system with photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage(BES)in MATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results from different scenarios have verified that the AVSG control introduces fixed inertia and damping into the droop control of the battery,resulting in a certain level of inertia enhancement.Furthermore,the additional adaptive control strategy built upon the AVSG control provides better and flexible inertial support for the DC microgrid,further enhances the stability of the DC bus voltage,and has a more positive impact on the battery performance.

Research on Seamless Switching Control Strategy Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator

This paper studies the voltage, phase and current tracking strategy to eliminate voltage and current mutations when the virtual synchronous generator is switching between grid-connected and islanded. By using these strategies the inverter can realize secondary frequency regulation and voltage regulation. If the phase is near 0 or 2π a little disturbance may made the PLL output a big error, so a new PLL is proposed by this paper. A sine module is added in the PLL to avoid this error. In order to verify the strategy proposed by this paper a simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the control strategy can realize seamless switching.

Active Power Allocation of Virtual Synchronous Generator Using Particle Swarm Optimization Approach

In recent years, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing due to energy and environmental issues, causing several problems in the power system. These problems are usually more apparent in microgrids. One of the problems that could arise is frequency stability issue due to lack of inertia in microgrids. Lack of inertia in such system can lead to system instability when a large disturbance occurs in the system. To solve this issue, providing inertia support to the microgrids by a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) utilizing energy storage system is a promising method. In applying VSG, one important aspect is regarding the set value of the active power output from the VSG. The amount of allocated active power during normal operation should be determined carefully so that the frequency of microgrids could be restored to the allowable limits, as close as possible to the nominal value. In this paper, active power allocation of VSG using particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented. The results show that by using VSG supported by active power allocation determined by the method, frequency stability and dynamic stability of the system could be improved.

Modelling and Implementation of Multi-source Isolated Microgrid Using Virtual Synchronous Generator Technology

To improve the living standards,economical efficiency and environmental protection of isolated islands,remote areas and other areas with weak electric power facilities construction,a multi-source independent microgrid system is studied,including diesel generators,photovoltaic power generation system,wind power generation system and energy storage unit.Meanwhile,in order to realize the voltage and frequency stability control of AC bus of multisource microgrid,the virtual synchronous generator technology is introduced into the energy storage unit,and the charge and discharge control of the energy storage battery are simulated as the control behavior characteristics of synchronous motors,so as to provide damping and inertia support for the microgrid.The operation mode and control principle of each energy subsystem are expounded and analyzed.The algorithm principle of virtual synchronous generator and the control method of energy storage unit are given.Then,the working modes of the microgrid system under different environmental conditions are analyzed,and the multi-source microgrid system simulation model is built based on MATLAB/Simulink.The simulation results show that the microgrid system can run stably under different working modes and the energy storage unit using the virtual synchronous generator technology can provide good voltage and frequency support for the microgrid system.Finally,experiments verify the supporting function of energy storage unit on the voltage and frequency of the microgrid system.

The Novel Current Control for Virtual Synchronous Generator

In recent years, power generation using renewable energy sources has been developed as a solution to the global warming problem. Among these power generation methods, wind power generation is increasing. However, as the penetration level of wind power generation increases, the low inertia and lack of synchronous power characteristics of the penetrated power system can have a significant impact on the transient stability of the grid. The virtual synchronous generator provides the ability of virtual inertia and synchronous power to interconnected inverters. The interconnected inverter with the virtual synchronous generator ability uses, in general, PI control based current controller. This paper proposes a new current-control method and compares it with conventional methods. The proposed current control is a method that follows virtual synchronous generator model that changes every moment by solving the discrete-time linear quadratic optimal control problem for each sampling time interval. The new method follows the conventional method, and therefore the reactive power fluctuation can be suppressed and the interconnected inverter will be downsized.

A Study of Discrete-Time Optimum Current Controller for the Virtual Synchronous Generator under Constraints

In recent years, power generation using renewable energy sources has been increasing as a solution to the global warning problem. Wind power generation can generate electricity day and night, and it is relatively more efficient among the renewable energy sources. The penetration level of variable-speed wind turbines continues to increase. The interconnected wind turbines, however, have no inertia and no synchronous power. Such devices can have a serious impact on the transient stability of the power grid system. One solution to stabilize such grid with renewable energy sources is to provide emulated inertia and synchronizing power. We have proposed an optimal design method of current control for virtual synchronous generators. This paper proposes an optimal control method that can follow the virtual generator model under constrains. As a result, it is shown that the proposed system can suppress the peak of the output of semiconductor device under instantaneous output voltage drop.

Virtual Synchronous Generator Based Current Synchronous Detection Scheme for a Virtual Inertia Emulation in SmartGrids

Renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic wind turbines, and wave power converters, use power converters to connect to the grid which causes a loss in rotational inertia. The attempt to meet the increasing energy demand means that the interest for the integration of renewable energy sources in the existing power system is growing, but such integration poses challenges to the operating stability. Power converters play a major role in the evolution of power system towards SmartGrids, by regulating as virtual synchronous generators. The concept of virtual synchronous generators requires an energy storage system with power converters to emulate virtual inertia similar to the dynamics of traditional synchronous generators. In this paper, a dynamic droop control for the estimation of fundamental reference sources is implemented in the control loop of the converter, including active and reactive power components acting as a mechanical input to the virtual synchronous generator and the virtual excitation controller. An inertia coefficient and a droop coefficient are implemented in the control loop. The proposed controller uses a current synchronous detection scheme to emulate a virtual inertia from the virtual synchronous generators. In this study, a wave energy converter as the power source is used and a power management of virtual synchronous generators to control the frequency deviation and the terminal voltage is implemented. The dynamic control scheme based on a current synchronous detection scheme is presented in detail with a power management control. Finally, we carried out numerical simulations and verified the scheme through the experimental results in a microgrid structure.

基于CCIs/VSGs混合的分布式发电系统研究

针对现有电流源并网逆变器与弱电网之间的交互稳定性以及新能源高渗透率带来的系统低惯量问题,提出在单一电流源逆变器系统中加入一定比例的虚拟同步机(VSG)运行。分别对混合系统中加入电压源型和电流源型VSG的容量占比与短路比(SCR)稳定域的关系进行了研究,加入电压源型VSG的系统SCR稳定域随VSG容量增大而增大,而加入电流源型VSG的系统SCR稳定域随VSG容量增大而减小。由此提出在单一电流源逆变器系统中加入一定比例双模式VSG,以实现混合系统一定的惯量储备及全SCR范围稳定运行。

基于机械导纳法的SGs/VSGs转矩–频率动力学建模与分析

为满足高渗透新能源并网的惯性和阻尼需求,虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)技术应运而生。然而,在指令功率或负载发生扰动时,易引发VSG间产生暂态功率环流和功频振荡,现有小信号分析模型难以全面描述上述问题。因此,该文运用机电比拟原理将同步发电机(synchronous generator,SG)的转子动力学模型类比为机械网络,进而提出一种基于机械导纳法的转矩–频率动力学建模方法。构建单台SG/VSG的机械导纳模型,进而拓展为多台SGs/VSGs并联的机械导纳模型。该模型可采用电路理论分析系统的功频特性,不仅可以给出详细的响应表达式,而且对采用不同控制策略的逆变器均具有一定的适用性。仿真结果验证了所建模型及理论分析的准确性和有效性。

Low-Frequency Oscillation Analysis of Grid-Connected VSG System Considering Multi-Parameter Coupling

With the increasing integration of new energy generation into the power system and the massive withdrawal of traditional fossil fuel generation,the power system is faced with a large number of stability problems.The phenomenon of low-frequency oscillation caused by lack of damping and moment of inertia is worth studying.In recent years,virtual synchronous generator(VSG)technique has been developed rapidly because it can provide considerable damping and moment of inertia.While improving the stability of the system,it also inevitably causes the problem of active power oscillation,especially the low mutual damping between the VSG and the power grid will make the oscillation more severe.The traditional time-domain state-space method cannot reflect the interaction among state variables and study the interaction between different nodes and branches of the power grid.In this paper,a frequency-domain method for analyzing low-frequency oscillations considering VSG parameter coupling is proposed.First,based on the rotor motion equation of the synchronous generator(SG),a secondorder VSG model and linearized power-frequency control loop model are established.Then,the differences and connections between the coupling of key VSG parameters and low-frequency oscillation characteristics are studied through frequency domain analysis.The path and influencemechanism of a VSG during low-frequency power grid oscillations are illustrated.Finally,the correctness of the theoretical analysis model is verified by simulation.

基于功率微分项的双VSG有功功率振荡抑制策略

针对虚拟同步发电机(VSG)双机并联运行时产生的有功功率振荡问题,通过建立双VSG系统的小信号模型,分析了有功功率振荡产生的机理,提出一种基于改进虚拟阻抗的瞬态功率均分策略和一种基于功率微分项的自适应惯量和阻尼的功率振荡抑制策略,将有功功率微分项与角加速度结合起来实现惯量的自适应调节,同时将有功功率微分项引入阻尼控制环节以替代传统的阻尼项,实现阻尼的自适应调节。所提出的策略可以使动态时VSG之间的角频率差更快速地趋近于零,从而减小有功功率振荡的超调,改善频率动态响应性能。搭建了VSG并联的仿真模型,仿真结果表明:所提改进控制策略可以使瞬态时实现有功均分,使动态时的有功功率振荡超调减小41%,振荡过程减小了1秒。

孤岛微电网多虚拟同步发电机频率无差协调控制策略

传统虚拟同步发电机的频率控制为有差控制,且虚拟惯量的引入使得虚拟同步发电机呈现二阶振荡特性,导致孤岛微电网多虚拟同步发电机并联系统在受到负荷扰动时面临频率偏移和有功超调的问题。针对此,提出了一种多虚拟同步发电机频率无差协调控制方法。该方法包含了兼具有功精确分配的频率无差调节控制和阻尼改进控制两部分,通过利用母线频率全局一致的“通信”效果,以分散式的形式协调系统内各台虚拟同步发电机,可主动消除微电网频率稳态偏差且实现各台虚拟同步发电机按照容量承担负荷有功功率,并抑制系统的有功超调。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了所提控制方法的有效性。

一种风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的VSG变参数负荷频率控制策略

风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。

考虑储能约束的神经网络VSG参数自适应控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(Virtual Synchronous Generator, VSG)控制策略常用于处理高比例新能源并网导致系统惯量、阻尼缺失的问题,储能单元的配置制约着VSG惯量阻尼的设定。首先,建立考虑储能荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)约束的VSG小信号模型,计算多约束条件下惯量阻尼取值范围。然后,借助径向基函数(Radial Basis Function, RBF)神经网络算法处理连续非线性函数的优点,提出一种计及储能约束的RBF神经网络VSG惯量阻尼自适应控制策略。该策略取频率偏差量和频率变化率为输入,输出为VSG转动惯量,根据二阶系统最优阻尼比确定阻尼系数取值。最后通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证,结果表明所提计及多约束的VSG自适应控制策略能够快速响应系统频率变化,优化系统动态调节能力;减小直流母线电压跌落,增强系统鲁棒性。

基于角频率暂态前馈的VSG控制策略

针对虚拟同步发电机(VSG)并网时,输出功率的稳态性能与动态性能之间存在耦合,无法同时满足抑制有功振荡和电网一次调频的需求,提出基于角频率暂态前馈的控制策略,通过补偿输出功率,减小Δω,进而减小振荡过程。该控制策略可以有效抑制有功振荡,并且实现了稳态性能与动态性能间的解耦,不会影响一次调频特性,同时提高了响应速度。首先建立VSG有功闭环小信号模型,分析了输出功率稳态性能与动态性能之间的矛盾,并根据同步发电机功角特性分析了有功振荡机理;在此基础上提出了基于角频率暂态前馈的控制策略,利用闭环零极点与Bode图分析了所提控制策略对系统的影响;最后通过仿真和RT-LAB半实物平台验证了所提控制策略的可行性与优越性。