Standardized Production Technology of Virus-free Seed Potato

The research reviewed standardized production technology of virus-free seed potato, including stem tip isolation, tissue culture seedling production, breeder＇s seed and protospecies production, and standard potato tubers＇ production, and concluded a set of standardized production technology for virus-free seed potato, in order to provide theoretical references for improving potato yield.

Study on Virus-free Breeding Technology of Potato Microtuber

It is the simplest,fastest and effective way to improve the yield level of potato by selecting high quality virus-free seed potato for field production and maintaining the original characters of virus-free minituber. Microtuber is featured by small volume,no pathogen,convenient storage and transportation,which can be induced in summer with high temperature and humidity,and overcome a series of problems such as poor survival rate of transplanted test-tube plantlets,and easy pollution of cutting tips. Therefore,it can replace conventional test-tube plantlets directly for reproduction. Meantime,if minitubers are sown ahead of time using cold frame,the growth stage of potato minituber will avoid the occurrence period of aphids. The use of gauze cover for insect prevention has good effect on maintaining the excellent characters of microtuber. The yield and quality of virus-free potato are greatly improved by means of virus-free culture of shoot tip seedlings,subculture propagation of virus-free seedlings,induction of microtubers by dark culture,cultivation of breeder’s seeds in greenhouse and screenhouse to preserve the characters of potato.

Correlations between delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll, metabolism and yield of plants. III. Influence of viral infection on field plants and new technology of clone selection of virus-free planting potato

At the end of potato plants vegetation virus in-fection induced both decrease in maximum amplitude of delayed fluorescence maximal amplitude and increase half time of its decrease, as well as reduction in the amount of stems, plants’ height and assimilation area surface, yield, acceleration of plants development and their early die-off. The differences of DF pa-rameters and yields between strongly and weakly infected plants increase in case of a combined virus infection. In industrial test of the selection of virus-free planting potato by the use of DF parameter, a rise in the yield and de-crease degree of viral infection of crops was obtained.

Synergistic effects of vegetation layers of maize and potato intercropping on soil erosion on sloping land in Yunnan Province, China

Intercropping, as an overyielding system, can decrease soil erosion on sloping land through the presence of dense canopy covers. However, the structure mechanism in canopy is still unclear. We conducted a two-year field experiment on runoff plots, exploring whether the interaction between vegetation layers reduce soil erosion in maize and potato intercropping systems. The maize, potato, and weed layers in the intercropping system were removed by a single layer, two layers and three layers, respectively(total of 8 treatments including all layers removed as the control). Then, throughfall, runoff and sediment were measured at the plot and row scale on a weekly basis. Based on the difference between each treatment and the control, we calculated and found a relative reduction of runoff and sediment by any combination of the two vegetation layers greater than the sum of each single layer. In 2016 and 2017, the highest relative reduction of runoff reached 15.65% and 46.73%, respectively. Sediment loss decreased by 33.96% and 42.77%, respectively. Moreover, runoffand sediment reduced by the combination of all vegetation layers(no layers removed) was also larger than the sum of that by each single layer. In 2016 and 2017, the highest relative reduction of runoff reached 7.32% and 3.48%, respectively. So, there were synergistic effects among multi-level(two or three layers) vegetation layers in terms of decreasing soil erosion on sloping land. Maize redistributes more throughfall at the maize intra-specific row and the maize and potato inter-specific, which is favorable for the synergistic effect of reducing soil erosion. This finding shows an important mechanism of maize and potato intercropping for soil and water conservation, and may promote the application of diverse cropping systems for sustainable agriculture in mountainous areas.

Research Progress and Prospect on Prevention and Control Measures of Sweet Potato Virus Disease

Sweet potato virus disease is a serious biological threat to sweet potato,which seriously affects the development of sweet potato industry in China.This paper gives a brief introduction to the main defensive measures of sweet potato virus disease,such as cutting of virus infection source,killing of viral transmission media,cultivation and application of virus-free sweet potato,use of antiviral agents,breeding of varieties with virus resistance,and mild strain cross protection,so as to provide some reference for this field.

Evaluation of Six Modern Varieties of Potatoes for Yield, Plant Growth Parameters and Resistance to Insects and Diseases

Six modern varieties of potatoes (Diamant, Cardinal, Granola, Felsina, Provento and Asterix) were investigated for their growth parameters and yield to determine their suitability for production in Bangladesh. Results indicate significant variations among the varieties in the yield and morphological characteristics and no difference in the number of main stems per hill. Among the six studied varieties, Asterix produced the greatest yield (29.60 t/ha), the greatest number of tubers per hill (13 tubers/hill), the largest percentage (84%) of medium sized tubers (28 - 55 mm diameter), and the greatest plant height (61.33 cm). Diamant performed second after Asterix with a yield of 28.33 t/ha, and a plant height of 59.0 cm. Felsina produced the lowest yield (25.13 t/ha) and the lowest number of tubers per hill (8.67 tubers/hill). In a farmers’ perception study, where farmers scored the yield and resistance to diseases and insect damage of the six varieties, from 1 to 6 (6 being the highest and 1 being the lowest), Asterix was the most preferred variety by farmers with scores of 6, 5.67 and 5.83 for yield, disease resistance and insect resistance respectively. Provento was the least preferred by farmers with a score of overall performance of 4. The results of this study indicate that Asterix and Diamant have the potential to be grown successfully by the farmers in Bangladesh.

Estimation of Potato Biomass and Yield Based on Machine Learning from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

The estimation of potato biomass and yield can optimize the planting pattern and tap the production potential.Based on partial least square(PLSR),multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector machine(SVM),random forest(RF),BP neural network and other machine learning algorithms,the biomass estimation model of potato in different growth stages is constructed by using single variables such as original spectrum,first-order differential spectrum,combined spectrum index and vegetation index(VI)and their coupled combination variables.The accuracy of the models is compared and analyzed,and the best modeling method of biomass in different growth stages is selected.Based on the optimized modeling method,the biomass of each growth stage is estimated,and the yield estimation model of different growth stages is constructed based on the estimation results and the linear regression analysis method,and the accuracy of the model is verified.The results showed that in tuber formation stage,starch accumulation stage and maturity stage,the biomass estimation accuracy based on combination variable was the highest,the best modeling method was MLR and SVM,in tuber growth stage,the best modeling method was MLR,the effect of yield estimation is good.It provides a reference for the algorithm selection of crop biomass and yield models based on machine learning.

Effects of Agro-Ecological Practices on the Productivity of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and Soil Fertility in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso

This study consisted to evaluate the effects of ecological practices on the yield performance of the JEWEL of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). The study was conducted in a Sudano-Sahelian cropping system (Lantargou, eastern region of Burkina Faso). Agro-ecological practices consisted of the inputs of 3.20 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash (CO + WA);4.90 t/ha of wood ash (WA);6.40 t/ha of compost (CO) were compared to control with no inputs (T0). Each treatment was repeated four times. The crop management consisted of plowing, harrowing, raising of ridges with 40 cm height, burying of treatments, transplanting of cuttings, two weeding’s, and using of biopesticide called PIOL for crop protection. Composite soil samples per treatment were also collected at tuber harvest and analyzed to determine the effects of treatments on residual soil fertility. Results showed that the plant heights and diameters under the CO were significantly (P < 0.001) improved by 16% and 12% compared to T0. The WA treatment significantly increased the number of large tubers by 43% (P ≤ 0.01) compared to T0. Total tuber numbers, large tuber numbers and tuber yields of sweet potato under CO + WA were significantly (P < 0.001) and respectively improved by 27%, 50% and 31% compared to T0. All treatments increased soil organic matter, N, P and K contents, and reduced soil acidity compared with those obtained under T0. Soil K content was improved by 39% under CO + WA, and soil N content by 34% under WA compared to T0. Soil C/N ratio under CO + WA was reduced by 20% compared others treatments. But, the CO + WA treatment outperformed by improving residual soil N content by 38%, and the WA treatment by increasing soil K content by 50% compared to T0. In addition, soil pHH2O increased by 1.2 units under WA treatment compared to T0. As conclusion, the application of 6.4 t/ha of compost performed well to improve the vegetative growth of orange-fleshed sweet potato while the inputs of 3.2 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash were efficacy to significantly increase the tuber yields and improve the residual fertility of soil.

茎段和穴盘大小对北方叶用甘薯越冬育苗的影响

为探索北方叶用甘薯越冬穴盘育苗,设置4个茎段大小(4、6、8、10 cm,用D1、D2、D3、D4表示)和5种穴盘规格(32、50、72、105、128孔),搭配14个处理,研究不同搭配对种苗成活率、幼苗长势(茎粗、株高等)和鲜重等指标的影响。结果表明:相同穴盘下,随着茎段增长,幼苗的成活率、叶片数、基部茎粗和株高呈现增加的趋势,进而地上部鲜重和整株鲜重也随之增加,以D4处理最高。相同茎段下,随着穴盘孔数增加,幼苗的叶片数、基部茎粗、株高、地上部鲜重和全株鲜重减少,源于穴盘对地下部的影响,以32孔处理最高。不同茎段和穴盘搭配下,D4-32处理的生长情况最好,3月中旬,对于地上部鲜重而言,D2-72处理(9.79 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果(两者间无显著性差异),其叶片数、基部茎粗和株高等指标满足移栽水平;对于整株鲜重而言,D2-105处理(10.21 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果,且可节省228.1%的育苗面积,参考其重量,1月中旬,D3-72处理下的地上部和整株鲜重接近上述两个处理的水平,可节省125.0%的育苗面积。综合秧苗生长情况与经济效益,3月中旬移栽时,推荐D2-105,即含2个腋芽茎段与105孔穴盘的搭配,如有生产条件在1月中旬移栽,推荐D3-72,即含3个腋芽茎段与72孔穴盘的搭配。

不同施肥水平下叶面肥对菜用甘薯生长的影响

为探索不同叶面肥和减氮施肥对菜用甘薯生长的影响,本研究采用盆栽试验,设置不同处理,研究不同施肥水平不同叶面肥的使用对菜用甘薯生长状况、叶片叶绿素相对含量、食味品质、分枝数和产量的影响。结果表明,叶面肥菜籽饼肥对菜用甘薯产量和分枝数提升效果最好,氨基酸肥2和花多多次之。菜籽饼肥和氨基酸肥1对提升品质效果最好,但氨基酸肥1对产量提升效果一般。减氮施肥结合喷叶面菜籽饼肥后产量和分枝数均与常规施肥水平相当。

菜用甘薯品种评价及营养品质分析

本研究对25个菜用甘薯品种进行茎尖表型性状描述、食味以及营养品质评价,并对产量进行比较。结果表明:福菜薯18号、万菜薯5号、湘菜薯2号、鄂菜薯2号、湘菜薯4号、宁菜薯3号、川菜薯211、鄂菜薯3号、福菜薯23、薯绿1号食用品质综合表现与对照福薯7-6相当。隶属函数法评价结果表明,叶片营养品质综合排名前十的依次为福菜薯23、福菜薯18号、万菜薯7号、湘菜薯4号、台农71、万菜薯5号、鄂菜薯2号、湘菜薯3号、宁菜薯4号、鄂菜薯10号;叶柄营养品质综合排名前十的依次为鄂菜薯2号、万菜薯5号、台农71、万菜薯1号、广菜薯3号、福菜薯22、宁菜薯4号、湘菜薯4号、湘菜薯3号、宁菜薯1号;茎营养品质综合排名前十的依次为万菜薯19号、湘菜薯4号、万菜薯8号、鄂菜薯10号、台农71、宁菜薯1号、福菜薯22、川菜薯211、万菜薯5号、福菜薯18号。参试品种中,湘菜薯4号和川菜薯211的茎叶产量显著低于对照品种福薯7-6,其余品种均高于对照或与对照相当。生产上可根据菜用甘薯的营养品质和产量特性进行开发利用及配套栽培技术管理。

基质土壤与氮钾配合施用对菜用甘薯品质的影响

探究不同基质土壤中追施不同氮钾肥对菜用甘薯茎尖品质的影响,采用盆栽试验,以湖北主栽菜用甘薯“鄂菜薯10号”为供试材料,在泥炭土、有机基质栽培土、田间土中追施不同氮钾肥处理,测定菜用甘薯在不同处理下可溶性总糖、蔗糖、硝酸盐、总黄酮、总酚等品质指标.结果表明:增施氮肥降低了菜用甘薯茎尖总酚、总黄酮、绿原酸质量分数,提高了蔗糖和硝酸盐质量分数;钾肥降低了可溶性总糖质量分数;3种基质土壤类型对菜用甘薯硝酸盐呈显著正相关性.综合而言,3种基质土壤中田间土种植菜用甘薯总糖和多酚类物质积累最多,泥炭土中氮、钾肥追施量分别为3.22 g/m 2,0.69 g/m 2,有机基质栽培土每次追施钾肥0.69 g/m 2,田间土不施肥时可溶性总糖、蔗糖、总黄酮、总酚、绿原酸等积累效果最佳.

生姜-壳聚糖保鲜液对马铃薯净菜贮藏品质的影响

本文以马铃薯为原料,通过无菌水、0.1%生姜提取液、0.1%生姜-壳聚糖保鲜液、0.5%生姜-壳聚糖保鲜液四种不同浸泡方式,测定马铃薯净菜在贮藏期内Vc含量、失重率、多酚氧化酶活性、菌落总数、感官品质。结果表明:生姜提取液对马铃薯净菜有一定的保鲜效果,生姜-壳聚糖保鲜液保鲜效果更好。0.5%生姜-壳聚糖保鲜液可以有效减缓马铃薯净菜Vc的损耗,降低失重率,抑制PPO酶活性和微生物的生长繁殖,保持马铃薯净菜的感官品质;贮藏第7d时,Vc含量、失重率、PPO酶活性、菌落总数和感官评分分别为24.61mg/100g、0.97%、2.61U/g、2.14 lg CFU/g、16.19分。

5个菜用甘薯品种对低温胁迫的响应及其耐寒性评价

为了筛选菜用甘薯的耐寒性鉴定指标,建立耐寒性数学评价模型,为菜用甘薯耐寒资源鉴定与评价提供依据,以5个菜用甘薯品种为材料,在12 h光照、12 h黑暗的条件下,以8.1~14.7℃(均温10.9℃)进行低温胁迫处理8 d,分别于处理后0、2、4、6、8 d测定甘薯叶片的SPAD值、膜脂过氧化相关指标、膜保护系统相关指标和细胞渗透调节物等,并运用主成分分析、隶属函数分析和逐步回归分析等方法对不同品种甘薯的耐寒性进行综合评价。结果显示:在低温胁迫条件下,不同品种甘薯的理化指标变化趋势存在一定差异;5个菜用甘薯品种的耐寒性表现为福菜薯23>福薯7-6>薯绿1号>C9>福菜薯18;菜用甘薯耐寒性评价数学模型PV(预测值)估计精度大于90%;脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量可作为菜用甘薯耐寒性鉴定指标。

3个菜用甘薯新品系比较试验

本研究以3个菜用甘薯新品系福18-C3、福18-C19和福18-C21为研究对象,在湖南地区进行比较试验,对3个新品系的主要基本性状、嫩茎农艺性状、鲜薯产量及营养品质进行测定,并对嫩茎农艺性状与鲜薯产量进行相关性分析。结果表明:3个菜用甘薯新品系茎尖均全绿无毛,符合菜用甘薯的外观标准;18-C3、福18-C19和福18-C21的鲜薯产量分别为5436.15、21781.80、20792.25 kg/hm^(2)。相关性分析发现,嫩茎节间长度与茎粗度、叶片长都成极显著正相关关系,与叶片宽成显著正相关关系;鲜薯产量与叶片宽成显著正相关关系,与叶柄长度成极显著负相关关系。品质分析发现,福18-C3和福18-C19的可溶性糖含量分别为1.25%和1.17%,还原性糖含量分别为8.25%和7.45%,均显著高于福18-C21。福18-C3和福18-C19综合性状优良,可扩大种植和用于后续新品种登记及推广。

基于电子鼻对不同植物油油炸薯片的区分

以大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油、花生油及棕榈油5种植物油油炸的薯片为研究对象,利用电子鼻检测其在储藏期内(0~60 d)的风味物质变化,根据主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)、线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)和Fisher判别分析,考察电子鼻对5种植物油油炸薯片区分效果。结果表明,在整个储藏期内电子鼻传感器对样品的氮氧化物、硫化物和芳香类物质响应值高;PCA分析和LDA分析都可以代表样品的主要信息,但LDA分析的区分效果较PCA分析更明显;Fisher判别分析除0 d时1个样品被误判,总正确判别率为96.0%,其余样品均未被误判,总正确判别率均为100.0%。

厨余尾液对叶用甘薯产量和品质的影响

为促进厨余垃圾资源化利用,并减少厌氧发酵对环境的污染,采用好氧发酵工艺制备厨余尾液,以叶用甘薯为材料,设置不同厨余尾液和化肥用量,探究厨余尾液对叶用甘薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明:化肥减量配施适量厨余尾液可以提高叶片蛋白质、黄酮和多酚含量,改善其品质;提高叶用甘薯的株高和产量,其中,A4处理组的叶用甘薯的株高和产量最高,A5处理组的蛋白质和黄酮含量最高,A4处理组次之,A3处理组的叶用甘薯叶片多酚含量最高。厨余尾液对叶用甘薯叶片的可溶性糖含量有负面影响,对VC和亚硝酸盐含量没有影响。化肥减量20%+全程厨余尾液浇灌可以有效提高叶用甘薯产量并改善用甘薯品质。

Design and experiment of conical diversion virus-free potato minituber precision seed-metering device

In order to accelerate the development of sowing mechanization of virus-free potato minituber,a conical diversion virus-free potato minituber precision seed-metering Device was designed according to the structural characteristics and agronomic requirements of virus-free potato minituber.The device is mainly composed of conical turntable,transmission shaft,outer baffle of seed-metering Device,baffle,seed outlet,seed cleaning device,type hole,etc.The working principle of conical diversion precision seed-metering device for virus-free potato minituber was expounded,and the stress analysis of virus-free potato minituber in each region was carried out.By EDEM discrete element simulation software,the structure of the type hole is optimized to determine the optimal structure of the type hole and according to the physical characteristics of virus-free potato minituber,the single factor experiments of the effects of length of type hole,cone disc speed and cone disc angle on seed filling performance were completed.The orthogonal regression test was carried out with the length of type hole,cone disc speed,and cone disc angle as the test objects,and the leakage rate and qualified rate as the response indexes.The regression models of leakage rate,replay rate,and qualified rate were established,and the parameters of the regression model were optimized.The optimal parameter combination is that the length of type hole is 33.61 mm,the cone disc speed is 6.35 r/min,and the cone disc angle is 26.59°.Bench test was carried out under the optimal conditions,the leakage rate was 3.80%,the replay rate was 0.80%,and the qualified rate was 95.40%,which was basically consistent with the prediction results of the regression model,and met the requirements of precision sowing of virus-free potato minituber.

基于变异系数对叶菜型甘薯新品系的选育分析

为了提高叶菜型甘薯新品系选育效率,探讨变异系数对叶菜型甘薯新品系选育的影响,以7个叶菜型甘薯品系为试验材料,研究其不同采摘期各品系间、各品系不同采摘期间及不同品系各重复间的茎尖数量、茎尖产量及其变异系数,并对茎尖性状及变异系数进行相关性分析。结果表明,叶菜型甘薯新品系茎尖性状的变异系数由大到小依次为各品系不同采摘期间、不同采摘期各品系间、不同品系各重复间;高产稳产新品系在各采摘期间的茎尖产量和茎尖数量的变异系数普遍较高,而重复间的变异系数较低;品系2019-1-15、2018-2-76、2018-2-37的茎尖产量比对照品种福薯7-6高,且产量差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);叶菜型甘薯茎尖数量与茎尖产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.5589,P<0.01),茎尖数量变异系数与茎尖产量变异系数呈极显著正相关(r=0.6683,P<0.01)。由此得出,变异系数对叶菜型甘薯新品系选育有重要意义,在高产稳产叶菜型甘薯新品系选育过程中,可以优先选择茎尖数量多的新品系,并综合考虑其茎尖产量和茎尖产量变异系数的影响;2019-1-15、2018-2-76、2018-2-37是相对高产稳产的叶菜型甘薯新品系。

14份菜用甘薯种质在海南的试验评价

【研究目的】为推广适宜海南的高产优质菜用甘薯品种,同时也为选育热带地区的菜用甘薯新品种奠定基础。【方法】经收集国内外的甘薯种质资源和初评后,对14份菜用甘薯种质进行形态特征、农艺性状、食味和营养成分进行试验评价。【结果】综合评价结果以福薯18、北海1号和灵山2号较佳。【结论】建议进一步生产试验。