The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.Th...The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer,infectious diseases,metabolic disorders,and mental health conditions.Herein,we used metatranscriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma,as well as oral and anal swab samples,from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses.In total,eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified,belonging to six viral families,including Flaviviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvovirinae,Picornaviridae,Sedoreoviridae,and Spinareoviridae.Notably,the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time.Three viruses-hepacivirus 1,parvovirus,and picornavirus-exhibited low genetic similarity(<70%)with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale,indicating novelty.Conversely,three other viruses-hepacivirus 2,hepatovirus A and hepevirus-exhibited high similarity(>94%)to known viral strains.Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants.These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews,highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for crossspecies transmission.展开更多
Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition.Several microbial agents,mostly bacteria,have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease.On the other hand,oral cav...Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition.Several microbial agents,mostly bacteria,have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease.On the other hand,oral cavity is a rich reservoir for viruses since it contains a wide variety of cell types that can be targeted by viruses.Traditionally,the focus of research about the oral flora has been on bacteria because the most widespread oral diseases,like periodontitis and dental caries,are outcomes of bacterial infection.However,recently and especially after the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019,there is a growing tendency toward including viruses also into the scope of oral microbiome investigations.The global high prevalence of periodontitis and viral infections may point out to a concomitant or synergistic effect between the two.Although the exact nature of the mechanism still is not clearly understood,this could be speculated through the manipulation of the immune system by viruses;hence facilitating the furthermore colonization of the oral tissues by bacteria.This review provides an extensive and detailed update on the role of the most common viruses including herpes family(herpes simplex,varicella-zoster,Epstein-Barr,cytomegalovirus),Human papillomaviruses,Human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the initiation,progression and prognosis of periodontitis.展开更多
H10 subtype avian influenza viruses(AIV)have been circulating in China for 40 years.H10 AIVs in China have expanded their host range from wild birds to domestic poultry and mammals,even human.Most of the H10 subtype A...H10 subtype avian influenza viruses(AIV)have been circulating in China for 40 years.H10 AIVs in China have expanded their host range from wild birds to domestic poultry and mammals,even human.Most of the H10 subtype AIVs reported in China were isolate from the southeast part.We isolated an H10N3 AIV,A/Chicken/Liaoning/SY1080/2021(SY1080),from live poultry market(LPM)in Liaoning Province of the Northeast China.SY1080replicated efficiently in mice lungs and nasal turbinates without prior adaptation.We systematically compared SY1080 with other H10 subtype isolates in China.Phylogenetic analysis showed that SY1080 and most of the H10strains belonged to the Eurasian lineage.H10 AIVs in China have formed 63 genotypes.SY1080 as well as the H10N3 strains from human infections belonged to G60 genotype.H10Nx AIV acquired multiple mammalian adaptive and virulence related mutations during circulation and the recent reassortants derived internal genes from chicken H9N2 AIVs.The H10Nx subtypes AIVs posed potential threat to public health.These results suggested we should strengthen the surveillance and evaluation of H10 subtype strains.展开更多
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus(AIV)is widely prevalent in poultry and wild birds globally,and has become the predominant subtype circulating in poultry in China.The H9N2 AIV can directly or indirectly(by se...The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus(AIV)is widely prevalent in poultry and wild birds globally,and has become the predominant subtype circulating in poultry in China.The H9N2 AIV can directly or indirectly(by serving as a"donor virus")infect humans,posing a significant threat to public health.Currently,there is a lack of in-depth research on the prevalence of H9N2 viruses in Shanxi Province,central China.In this study,we isolated 14 H9N2 AIVs from October 2020 to April 2022 in Shanxi Province,and genetic analysis revealed that these viruses belonged to 7 different genotypes.Our study on animals revealed that the H9N2 strains we identified displayed high transmission efficiency among chicken populations,and exhibited diverse replication abilities within these birds.These viruses could replicate efficiently in the lungs of mice,with one strain also demonstrating the capacity to reproduce in organs like the brain and kidneys.At the cellular level,the replication ability of different H9N2 strains was evaluated using plaque formation assays and multi-step growth curve assays,revealing significant differences in the replication and proliferation efficiency of the various H9N2 viruses at the cellular level.The antigenicity analysis suggested that these isolates could be classified into 2 separate antigenic clusters.Our research provides crucial data to help understand the prevalence and biological characteristics of H9N2 AIVs in central China.It also highlights the necessity of enhancing the surveillance of H9N2 AIVs.展开更多
Senecavirus A(SVA)has a positive-sense,single-stranded RNA genome.Its 5´untranslated region harbors an internal ribosome entry site(IRES),comprising 10 larger or smaller stem-loop structures(including a pseudokno...Senecavirus A(SVA)has a positive-sense,single-stranded RNA genome.Its 5´untranslated region harbors an internal ribosome entry site(IRES),comprising 10 larger or smaller stem-loop structures(including a pseudoknot)that have been demonstrated to be well conserved.However,it is still unclear whether each stem-loop subdomain,such as a single stem or loop,is also highly conserved.To clarify this issue in the present study,a set of 29 SVA cDNA clones were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis(SDM)on the IRES.The SDM-modified scenarios included:(1)stem-formed complementary sequences exchanging with each other;(2)loop transversion;(3)loop transition;and(4)point mutations.All cDNA clones were separately transfected into cells for rescuing viable viruses,whereas only four SVAs of interest could be recovered,and were genetically stable during 20 passages.One progeny grew significantly slower than the other three did.The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that none of the SDM-modified IRESes significantly inhibited the IRES activity.Our previous study indicated that a single motif from any of the ten stem structures,if completely mutated,would cause the failure of virus recovery.Interestingly,our present study revealed three stem structures,whose individual complementary sequences could exchange with each other to rescue sequence-modifying SVAs.Moreover,one apical loop was demonstrated to have the ability to tolerate its own full-length transition,also having no impact on the recovery of sequence-modifying SVA.The present study suggested that not every stem-loop structure was strictly conserved in its conformation,while the full-length IRES itself was well conserved.This provides a new research direction on interaction between the IRES and many factors.展开更多
Efficient and eco-friendly disinfection of air-borne human respiratory RNA viruses is pursued in both public environment and portable usage.The AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet(DUV)light-emission diode(LED)has high practi...Efficient and eco-friendly disinfection of air-borne human respiratory RNA viruses is pursued in both public environment and portable usage.The AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet(DUV)light-emission diode(LED)has high practical potentials because of its advantages of variable wavelength,rapid sterilization,environmental protection,and miniaturization.Therefore,whether the emission wavelength has effects on the disinfection as well as whether the device is feasible to sterilize various respiratory RNA viruses under portable conditions is crucial.Here,we fabricate AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with different wavelength on high-temperature-annealed(HTA)AlN/Sapphire templates and investigate the inactivation effects for several respiratory RNA viruses.The AlN/AlGaN superlattices are employed between the template and upper n-AlGaN to release the strong compressive stress(SCS),improving the crystal quality and interface roughness.DUV LEDs with the wavelength of 256,265,and 278 nm,corresponding to the light output power of 6.8,9.6,and 12.5 mW,are realized,among which the 256 nm-LED shows the most potent inactivation effect in human respiratory RNA viruses,including SARS-CoV-2,influenza A virus(IAV),and human parainfluenza virus(HPIV),at a similar light power density(LPD)of~0.8 mW/cm2 for 10 s.These results will contribute to the advanced DUV LED application of disinfecting viruses with high potency and broad spectrum in a portable and eco-friendly use.展开更多
H9N2 avian influenza virus(AIV) has widely circulated in poultry worldwide and sporadic infections in humans and mammals. During our surveillance of chicken from 2019 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China, we isolated 1...H9N2 avian influenza virus(AIV) has widely circulated in poultry worldwide and sporadic infections in humans and mammals. During our surveillance of chicken from 2019 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China, we isolated 11 H9N2AIVs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the eight gene segments of the 11 isolates were closely related to several sublineages of Eurasian lineage: BJ/94-like clades(HA and NA genes), G1-like clades(PB2 and M genes), and SH/F/98-like clades(PB1, PA, NP and NS genes). The isolates showed mutation sites that preferentially bind to humanlike receptors(HA) and mammalian fitness sites(PB2, PB1 and PA), as well as mutations in antigen and drug resistance sites. Moreover, studies with mice revealed four isolates with varying levels of pathogenicity. The average antibody titer of the H9N2 AIVs was 8.60 log2. Based on our results, the epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 AIVs should be strengthened.展开更多
Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,...Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,reaching from an acute febrile illness to the more severe,sometimes fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.展开更多
In oncolytic virus(OV)therapy,a critical component of tumor immunotherapy,viruses selectively infect,replicate within,and eventually destroy tumor cells.Simultaneously,this therapy activates immune responses and mobil...In oncolytic virus(OV)therapy,a critical component of tumor immunotherapy,viruses selectively infect,replicate within,and eventually destroy tumor cells.Simultaneously,this therapy activates immune responses and mobilizes immune cells,thereby eliminating residual or distant cancer cells.However,because of OVs’high immunogenicity and immune clearance during circulation,their clinical applications are currently limited to intratumoral injections,and their use is severely restricted.In recent years,numerous studies have used nanomaterials to modify OVs to decrease virulence and increase safety for intravenous injection.The most commonly used nanomaterials for modifying OVs are liposomes,polymers,and albumin,because of their biosafety,practicability,and effectiveness.The aim of this review is to summarize progress in the use of these nanomaterials in preclinical experiments to modify OVs and to discuss the challenges encountered from basic research to clinical application.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFC2300900,2021YFC2301300)Academic Promotion Programme of Shandong First Medical University (2019QL006)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020QH274)Yunnan Key Research and Development Program (202103AQ100001,202102AA310055)Key Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-SW-L11)。
文摘The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer,infectious diseases,metabolic disorders,and mental health conditions.Herein,we used metatranscriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma,as well as oral and anal swab samples,from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses.In total,eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified,belonging to six viral families,including Flaviviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvovirinae,Picornaviridae,Sedoreoviridae,and Spinareoviridae.Notably,the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time.Three viruses-hepacivirus 1,parvovirus,and picornavirus-exhibited low genetic similarity(<70%)with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale,indicating novelty.Conversely,three other viruses-hepacivirus 2,hepatovirus A and hepevirus-exhibited high similarity(>94%)to known viral strains.Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants.These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews,highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for crossspecies transmission.
文摘Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition.Several microbial agents,mostly bacteria,have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease.On the other hand,oral cavity is a rich reservoir for viruses since it contains a wide variety of cell types that can be targeted by viruses.Traditionally,the focus of research about the oral flora has been on bacteria because the most widespread oral diseases,like periodontitis and dental caries,are outcomes of bacterial infection.However,recently and especially after the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019,there is a growing tendency toward including viruses also into the scope of oral microbiome investigations.The global high prevalence of periodontitis and viral infections may point out to a concomitant or synergistic effect between the two.Although the exact nature of the mechanism still is not clearly understood,this could be speculated through the manipulation of the immune system by viruses;hence facilitating the furthermore colonization of the oral tissues by bacteria.This review provides an extensive and detailed update on the role of the most common viruses including herpes family(herpes simplex,varicella-zoster,Epstein-Barr,cytomegalovirus),Human papillomaviruses,Human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the initiation,progression and prognosis of periodontitis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1800200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170539,32000357)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program,China(XLYC2007114)。
文摘H10 subtype avian influenza viruses(AIV)have been circulating in China for 40 years.H10 AIVs in China have expanded their host range from wild birds to domestic poultry and mammals,even human.Most of the H10 subtype AIVs reported in China were isolate from the southeast part.We isolated an H10N3 AIV,A/Chicken/Liaoning/SY1080/2021(SY1080),from live poultry market(LPM)in Liaoning Province of the Northeast China.SY1080replicated efficiently in mice lungs and nasal turbinates without prior adaptation.We systematically compared SY1080 with other H10 subtype isolates in China.Phylogenetic analysis showed that SY1080 and most of the H10strains belonged to the Eurasian lineage.H10 AIVs in China have formed 63 genotypes.SY1080 as well as the H10N3 strains from human infections belonged to G60 genotype.H10Nx AIV acquired multiple mammalian adaptive and virulence related mutations during circulation and the recent reassortants derived internal genes from chicken H9N2 AIVs.The H10Nx subtypes AIVs posed potential threat to public health.These results suggested we should strengthen the surveillance and evaluation of H10 subtype strains.
基金Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province,China(202103021224156)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202788)+5 种基金Special Research Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University for High-level Talents,China(2021XG004)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Shanxi Agricultural University,China(2021BQ78)special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province,China(202304051001041)?Shanxi Province Excellent Doctoral Work Award-Scientific Research Project,China(SXBYKY2021005,SXBYKY2021063,SXBYKY2022014)the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project”,China(20211331-13)earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province,China.
文摘The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus(AIV)is widely prevalent in poultry and wild birds globally,and has become the predominant subtype circulating in poultry in China.The H9N2 AIV can directly or indirectly(by serving as a"donor virus")infect humans,posing a significant threat to public health.Currently,there is a lack of in-depth research on the prevalence of H9N2 viruses in Shanxi Province,central China.In this study,we isolated 14 H9N2 AIVs from October 2020 to April 2022 in Shanxi Province,and genetic analysis revealed that these viruses belonged to 7 different genotypes.Our study on animals revealed that the H9N2 strains we identified displayed high transmission efficiency among chicken populations,and exhibited diverse replication abilities within these birds.These viruses could replicate efficiently in the lungs of mice,with one strain also demonstrating the capacity to reproduce in organs like the brain and kidneys.At the cellular level,the replication ability of different H9N2 strains was evaluated using plaque formation assays and multi-step growth curve assays,revealing significant differences in the replication and proliferation efficiency of the various H9N2 viruses at the cellular level.The antigenicity analysis suggested that these isolates could be classified into 2 separate antigenic clusters.Our research provides crucial data to help understand the prevalence and biological characteristics of H9N2 AIVs in central China.It also highlights the necessity of enhancing the surveillance of H9N2 AIVs.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Found ation of China(32273000)the Qingdao Demonstration Project for People-benefit from Science and Techniques,China(23-2-8-xdny-14nsh and 24-2-8-xdny-4-nsh)+1 种基金the National Program of Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship,China(202310435039)the Open Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology,China(M2023-03)。
文摘Senecavirus A(SVA)has a positive-sense,single-stranded RNA genome.Its 5´untranslated region harbors an internal ribosome entry site(IRES),comprising 10 larger or smaller stem-loop structures(including a pseudoknot)that have been demonstrated to be well conserved.However,it is still unclear whether each stem-loop subdomain,such as a single stem or loop,is also highly conserved.To clarify this issue in the present study,a set of 29 SVA cDNA clones were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis(SDM)on the IRES.The SDM-modified scenarios included:(1)stem-formed complementary sequences exchanging with each other;(2)loop transversion;(3)loop transition;and(4)point mutations.All cDNA clones were separately transfected into cells for rescuing viable viruses,whereas only four SVAs of interest could be recovered,and were genetically stable during 20 passages.One progeny grew significantly slower than the other three did.The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that none of the SDM-modified IRESes significantly inhibited the IRES activity.Our previous study indicated that a single motif from any of the ten stem structures,if completely mutated,would cause the failure of virus recovery.Interestingly,our present study revealed three stem structures,whose individual complementary sequences could exchange with each other to rescue sequence-modifying SVAs.Moreover,one apical loop was demonstrated to have the ability to tolerate its own full-length transition,also having no impact on the recovery of sequence-modifying SVA.The present study suggested that not every stem-loop structure was strictly conserved in its conformation,while the full-length IRES itself was well conserved.This provides a new research direction on interaction between the IRES and many factors.
基金supports from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3605001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62121005,62004196,61725403,31922004,and 61827813)+2 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2023223)Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS20200182)Innovation Team Project from the Hubei Province(2020CFA015).
文摘Efficient and eco-friendly disinfection of air-borne human respiratory RNA viruses is pursued in both public environment and portable usage.The AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet(DUV)light-emission diode(LED)has high practical potentials because of its advantages of variable wavelength,rapid sterilization,environmental protection,and miniaturization.Therefore,whether the emission wavelength has effects on the disinfection as well as whether the device is feasible to sterilize various respiratory RNA viruses under portable conditions is crucial.Here,we fabricate AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with different wavelength on high-temperature-annealed(HTA)AlN/Sapphire templates and investigate the inactivation effects for several respiratory RNA viruses.The AlN/AlGaN superlattices are employed between the template and upper n-AlGaN to release the strong compressive stress(SCS),improving the crystal quality and interface roughness.DUV LEDs with the wavelength of 256,265,and 278 nm,corresponding to the light output power of 6.8,9.6,and 12.5 mW,are realized,among which the 256 nm-LED shows the most potent inactivation effect in human respiratory RNA viruses,including SARS-CoV-2,influenza A virus(IAV),and human parainfluenza virus(HPIV),at a similar light power density(LPD)of~0.8 mW/cm2 for 10 s.These results will contribute to the advanced DUV LED application of disinfecting viruses with high potency and broad spectrum in a portable and eco-friendly use.
文摘H9N2 avian influenza virus(AIV) has widely circulated in poultry worldwide and sporadic infections in humans and mammals. During our surveillance of chicken from 2019 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China, we isolated 11 H9N2AIVs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the eight gene segments of the 11 isolates were closely related to several sublineages of Eurasian lineage: BJ/94-like clades(HA and NA genes), G1-like clades(PB2 and M genes), and SH/F/98-like clades(PB1, PA, NP and NS genes). The isolates showed mutation sites that preferentially bind to humanlike receptors(HA) and mammalian fitness sites(PB2, PB1 and PA), as well as mutations in antigen and drug resistance sites. Moreover, studies with mice revealed four isolates with varying levels of pathogenicity. The average antibody titer of the H9N2 AIVs was 8.60 log2. Based on our results, the epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 AIVs should be strengthened.
基金Supported by the German Research Foundation (JO 1276/5-1)the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) under the project NEED (01Kl2022).
文摘Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,reaching from an acute febrile illness to the more severe,sometimes fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFA0909900,X.Z.2022YFC2403401,F.L.)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32222045 and 32171384,X.Z.82073368,F.L.)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(Grant No.XLYC2007071,F.L.)the Top-notch Talents Project of 2022“Kunlun Yingcai Advanced Innovation and Entrepreneurship”in Qinghai Province(Y.X.)。
文摘In oncolytic virus(OV)therapy,a critical component of tumor immunotherapy,viruses selectively infect,replicate within,and eventually destroy tumor cells.Simultaneously,this therapy activates immune responses and mobilizes immune cells,thereby eliminating residual or distant cancer cells.However,because of OVs’high immunogenicity and immune clearance during circulation,their clinical applications are currently limited to intratumoral injections,and their use is severely restricted.In recent years,numerous studies have used nanomaterials to modify OVs to decrease virulence and increase safety for intravenous injection.The most commonly used nanomaterials for modifying OVs are liposomes,polymers,and albumin,because of their biosafety,practicability,and effectiveness.The aim of this review is to summarize progress in the use of these nanomaterials in preclinical experiments to modify OVs and to discuss the challenges encountered from basic research to clinical application.
