Substitutions of stem-loop subdomains in internal ribosome entry site of Senecavirus A:Impacts on rescue of sequence-modifying viruses

Senecavirus A(SVA)has a positive-sense,single-stranded RNA genome.Its 5´untranslated region harbors an internal ribosome entry site(IRES),comprising 10 larger or smaller stem-loop structures(including a pseudoknot)that have been demonstrated to be well conserved.However,it is still unclear whether each stem-loop subdomain,such as a single stem or loop,is also highly conserved.To clarify this issue in the present study,a set of 29 SVA cDNA clones were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis(SDM)on the IRES.The SDM-modified scenarios included:(1)stem-formed complementary sequences exchanging with each other;(2)loop transversion;(3)loop transition;and(4)point mutations.All cDNA clones were separately transfected into cells for rescuing viable viruses,whereas only four SVAs of interest could be recovered,and were genetically stable during 20 passages.One progeny grew significantly slower than the other three did.The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that none of the SDM-modified IRESes significantly inhibited the IRES activity.Our previous study indicated that a single motif from any of the ten stem structures,if completely mutated,would cause the failure of virus recovery.Interestingly,our present study revealed three stem structures,whose individual complementary sequences could exchange with each other to rescue sequence-modifying SVAs.Moreover,one apical loop was demonstrated to have the ability to tolerate its own full-length transition,also having no impact on the recovery of sequence-modifying SVA.The present study suggested that not every stem-loop structure was strictly conserved in its conformation,while the full-length IRES itself was well conserved.This provides a new research direction on interaction between the IRES and many factors.

Identification of novel mammalian viruses in tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer,infectious diseases,metabolic disorders,and mental health conditions.Herein,we used metatranscriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma,as well as oral and anal swab samples,from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses.In total,eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified,belonging to six viral families,including Flaviviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvovirinae,Picornaviridae,Sedoreoviridae,and Spinareoviridae.Notably,the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time.Three viruses-hepacivirus 1,parvovirus,and picornavirus-exhibited low genetic similarity(<70%)with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale,indicating novelty.Conversely,three other viruses-hepacivirus 2,hepatovirus A and hepevirus-exhibited high similarity(>94%)to known viral strains.Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants.These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews,highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for crossspecies transmission.

Surveillance of arthropod-borne viruses in Benin,West Africa 2020–2021:detection of dengue virus 3 in Aedes aegypti(Diptera:Culicidae)

Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,reaching from an acute febrile illness to the more severe,sometimes fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.

Progress in oncolytic viruses modified with nanomaterials for intravenous application

In oncolytic virus(OV)therapy,a critical component of tumor immunotherapy,viruses selectively infect,replicate within,and eventually destroy tumor cells.Simultaneously,this therapy activates immune responses and mobilizes immune cells,thereby eliminating residual or distant cancer cells.However,because of OVs’high immunogenicity and immune clearance during circulation,their clinical applications are currently limited to intratumoral injections,and their use is severely restricted.In recent years,numerous studies have used nanomaterials to modify OVs to decrease virulence and increase safety for intravenous injection.The most commonly used nanomaterials for modifying OVs are liposomes,polymers,and albumin,because of their biosafety,practicability,and effectiveness.The aim of this review is to summarize progress in the use of these nanomaterials in preclinical experiments to modify OVs and to discuss the challenges encountered from basic research to clinical application.

Rapid inactivation of human respiratory RNA viruses by deep ultraviolet irradiation from light-emitting diodes on a high-temperatureannealed AlN/Sapphire template

Efficient and eco-friendly disinfection of air-borne human respiratory RNA viruses is pursued in both public environment and portable usage.The AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet(DUV)light-emission diode(LED)has high practical potentials because of its advantages of variable wavelength,rapid sterilization,environmental protection,and miniaturization.Therefore,whether the emission wavelength has effects on the disinfection as well as whether the device is feasible to sterilize various respiratory RNA viruses under portable conditions is crucial.Here,we fabricate AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with different wavelength on high-temperature-annealed(HTA)AlN/Sapphire templates and investigate the inactivation effects for several respiratory RNA viruses.The AlN/AlGaN superlattices are employed between the template and upper n-AlGaN to release the strong compressive stress(SCS),improving the crystal quality and interface roughness.DUV LEDs with the wavelength of 256,265,and 278 nm,corresponding to the light output power of 6.8,9.6,and 12.5 mW,are realized,among which the 256 nm-LED shows the most potent inactivation effect in human respiratory RNA viruses,including SARS-CoV-2,influenza A virus(IAV),and human parainfluenza virus(HPIV),at a similar light power density(LPD)of~0.8 mW/cm2 for 10 s.These results will contribute to the advanced DUV LED application of disinfecting viruses with high potency and broad spectrum in a portable and eco-friendly use.

Phylogenetic and epidemiological characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Shandong Province, China from 2019 to 2021

H9N2 avian influenza virus(AIV) has widely circulated in poultry worldwide and sporadic infections in humans and mammals. During our surveillance of chicken from 2019 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China, we isolated 11 H9N2AIVs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the eight gene segments of the 11 isolates were closely related to several sublineages of Eurasian lineage: BJ/94-like clades(HA and NA genes), G1-like clades(PB2 and M genes), and SH/F/98-like clades(PB1, PA, NP and NS genes). The isolates showed mutation sites that preferentially bind to humanlike receptors(HA) and mammalian fitness sites(PB2, PB1 and PA), as well as mutations in antigen and drug resistance sites. Moreover, studies with mice revealed four isolates with varying levels of pathogenicity. The average antibody titer of the H9N2 AIVs was 8.60 log2. Based on our results, the epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 AIVs should be strengthened.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Badnaviruses Infecting Banana in Burkina Faso

Badnaviruses are serious plant pararetroviruses affecting banana and causes serious economic losses to banana production worldwide. This study aims to examine the variability of BSV and SCBV nature infecting banana in Burkina Faso. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used the Badna FP/RP specific primers for the RT/RNase H regions present in badnaviruses. The PCR yielded about 579 bp amplicons from banana infected by BSV and SCBV. The 38 BSV isolates recorded low nucleotide identity ranging from 58.9% - 98.1%. Based on percentage nucleotide sequence identity and phylogenetic analyse, BSV isolates were categorized into four groups: 1, 2, 3 and 4. Group 4 shared 76.9% - 100% identity with BSOL species. However, Groups 1 and 3 recorded a low identity ranging, from 76.8% - 79.2%, 68.8% - 79.7% with BSCV, and 72.8% - 79.0% between Group 2 and BSOLV. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were assigned to a potentially new BSV species. The two SCBV isolates recorded a low nucleotide identity of 68% among themselves indicating high diversity. In addition, SCBV_Cd and SCBV_CE showed high nucleotide identity 91.3% and 58.7% with SCBV_C and SCBV, when they were compared to all published SCBV genotypes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed the segregation of SCBV isolates into two genotypes, SCBV_Cd in C and SCBV_CE segregated in a new genotype namely Z. Recombination analyses showed weak signatures of recombination among some of the BSV and SCBV sequences.

Efficacy and mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine prevention and treatment for respiratory viruses

Respiratory virus infection was the most common viral infection in clinical practice with the greatest impact,including the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),posing a huge threat to the world's public health and human life safety.Commonly used antiviral drugs have obvious side effects and a narrow scope of application.Respiratory viruses are susceptible to infection,mutation,and prevalence,which also pose challenges to traditional antiviral drugs and vaccine development.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has a long history of treating infectious diseases,with many herbs and compounds.Its multi-component,multi-target and multi-path characteristics have made it have great advantages and potential in the development of new anti-respiratory virus drugs.This review summarized TCM for the prevention and treatment of common respiratory viruses,and provided new strategies for the research and development of new TCM antiviral drugs and for responding to infectious respiratory virus diseases.

Bat pluripotent stem cells reveal unusual entanglement between host and viruses

Bats are distinctive among mammals due to their ability to fly, use laryngeal echolocation, and tolerate viruses. However,there are currently no reliable cellular models for studying bat biology or their response to viral infections. Here, we createdinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two species of bats: the wild greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) andthe greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). The iPSCs from both bat species showed similar characteristics and had a geneexpression profile resembling that of cells attacked by viruses. They also had a high number of endogenous viral sequences,particularly retroviruses. These results suggest that bats have evolved mechanisms to tolerate a large load of viral sequences andmay have a more intertwined relationship with viruses than previously thought. Further study of bat iPSCs and their differentiatedprogeny will provide insights into bat biology, virus host relationships, and the molecular basis of bats' special traits.

Bat pluripotent stem cells reveal unusual entanglement between host and viruses

Bats are distinctive among mammals due to their ability to fly,use laryngeal echolocation,and tolerate viruses.However,there are currently no reliable cellular models for studying bat biology or their response to viral infections.Here,we created induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)from two species of bats:the wild greater horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)and the greater mouse-eared bat(Myotis myotis).The iPSCs from both bat species showed similar characteristics and had a gene expression profile resembling that of cells attacked by viruses.They also had a high number of endogenous viral sequences,particularly retroviruses.These results suggest that bats have evolved mechanisms to tolerate a large load of viral sequences and may have a more intertwined relationship with viruses than previously thought.Further study of bat iPSCs and their differentiated progeny will provide insights into bat biology,virus host relationships,and the molecular basis of bats'special traits.

梅尼埃病患者伴随常见变应性疾病的调查与分析

目的调查梅尼埃病患者伴随的变应性疾病情况,分析其临床特点。方法通过前瞻性队列研究,连续纳入确诊的梅尼埃病患者152例作为病例组,纳入性别、年龄相匹配的社区随机抽取的非梅尼埃病志愿者100名作为对照组;通过问卷调查对存在的变应性因素进行分析研究。结果病例组比对照组伴随的变应性因素发生率高。(1)病例组中变应性鼻炎的患病率[28.29%(43/152)]高于对照组[16.00%(16/100)],差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.080,P=0.024);有病毒感染史的比例[50.00%(76/152)]高于对照组[33.33%(33/100)],差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=7.102,P=0.008);(2)病例组中偏头痛的患病率[37.50%(57/152)]高于对照组[22.00%(22/100)],差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.733,P=0.009),有偏头痛的梅尼埃病患者中伴随变应性疾病[56.14%(32/57)]和病毒感染史[66.67%(38/57)]的比例也较无偏头痛者比例高[32.63%(31/95)和40.00%(38/95)](χ^(2)=8.113,P=0.004;χ^(2)=10.133,P=0.001)。结论梅尼埃病患者伴随的变应性疾病发生率较高。有病毒感染史者占比较高的原因还应做进一步研究。

Viruses and autism: A Bi-mutual cause and effect

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a group of heterogeneous,multi-factorial,neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay.Infection is a significant trigger of autism,especially during the critical developmental period.There is a strong interplay between the viral infection as a trigger and a result of ASD.We aim to highlight the mutual relationship between autism and viruses.We performed a thorough literature review and included 158 research in this review.Most of the literature agreed on the possible effects of the viral infection during the critical period of development on the risk of developing autism,especially for specific viral infections such as Rubella,Cytomegalovirus,Herpes Simplex virus,Varicella Zoster Virus,Influenza virus,Zika virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Viral infection directly infects the brain,triggers immune activation,induces epigenetic changes,and raises the risks of having a child with autism.At the same time,there is some evidence of increased risk of infection,including viral infections in children with autism,due to lots of factors.There is an increased risk of developing autism with a specific viral infection during the early developmental period and an increased risk of viral infections in children with autism.In addition,children with autism are at increased risk of infection,including viruses.Every effort should be made to prevent maternal and early-life infections and reduce the risk of autism.Immune modulation of children with autism should be considered to reduce the risk of infection.

病毒感染与宿主抗感染免疫之间“博弈”——凋亡、坏死和焦亡分子机制

细胞死亡是宿主抗病毒感染免疫的重要组成部分,病毒感染可引起不同形式宿主细胞死亡,包括溶解性和非溶解性两种细胞死亡类型。这两种细胞死亡类型不仅能够消除病毒感染细胞,而且还能够利用炎症因子释放进一步促进宿主先天和适应性免疫进程。反之,病毒也发展出不同规避机制来抑制宿主细胞死亡进而促进自身感染。本文就病毒感染与宿主抗病毒感染免疫之间的“博弈”——凋亡、坏死和焦亡调控机制研究进展进行综述,旨在为深入理解病毒的分子致病机制以及开发新的抗病毒策略提供参考资料。

体液过量相关大B细胞淋巴瘤1例

患者男性,70岁,因“反复腹痛、腹胀9个月、再发15天”于2022年8月31日就诊于贵州医科大学附属医院。在此前发病8个月期间,3次以“腹膜炎”收入当地县医院,通过腹腔穿刺引流腹水等对症治疗后病情有好转,因疾病反复发作为求明确诊断就诊于贵州医科大学附属医院感染科。查体:移动性浊音阳性,双下肢水肿,其余未见异常。

基于十八年跨度的乙型肝炎病毒基因型I分子进化研究

目的 探索乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)基因型I长期进化特征。方法 从广西隆安研究队列中选取已明确感染基因型I的HBsAg无症状携带者作为研究对象,检测其血清HBV标志物和病毒载量。使用酚氯仿法提取HBV DNA,采用巢式PCR扩增HBV全基因组,进行克隆测序,运用BioEdit、Mega等软件对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果 共纳入9名研究对象,获得279条全长基因序列。系统进化树分析结果显示,22.2%(2/9)的研究对象HBV基因型发生了转换,从基因型I1转换成基因型C1。2004年所有研究对象HBV毒株均发生X基因核心基因启动子(BCP)双突变(nt1762A→T/1764 G→A);88.9%(8/9)的研究对象HBV毒株发生PreC基因nt1896(G→A)终止密码突变。多数研究对象发生免疫逃避突变和耐药突变,共检出18种免疫逃逸突变和6种多重耐药突变。研究对象GD056、XW511、GA135、XX55、CZ647、TX119、WX058和YF201携带的毒株免疫逃逸突变率分别为:69.6%、7.5%、96.7%、94.4%、11.8%、4.7%、100.0%和100.0%;研究对象GA135、XW511、WX058、XX55、YF201、CZ647和TX119携带的毒株耐药突变率分别为:6.7%、2.5%、3.8%、50.0%、4.5%、2.9%和4.7%。66.7%、55.6%和44.4%的研究对象2004年和/或2022年携带的HBV毒株分别在PreS/S基因、X基因和PreC/C基因受到正向选择压力,所有研究对象携带的HBV毒株在P基因以负向选择压力占主导。结论 在自然感染进程中,HBV基因型I可以发生基因型转换,基因型I在一些常见的临床相关热点突变上突变率较高,部分毒株可出现免疫逃避突变和耐药突变,HBV基因组各个开放读码框所受的选择压力不相同。

国际病毒分类委员会及其在线报告现状及发展

面对日益增长的新病毒种类和数量,及其复杂的内在关系,现有的病毒分类方法已凸显出其局限性。2019年,病毒分类和命名的权威机构国际病毒分类委员会(the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,ICTV),基于病毒的系统进化关系提出了一种全新的、包含15个分类等级或阶元的病毒分类系统,并已经在ICTV的官方网站https://ictv.global/上线发布,公众可以在线免费查找动态的病毒分类信息。新的病毒分类系统能更好地揭示病毒错综复杂的内在关系以及群体进化机制,使我们能以更客观及系统的方法对病毒进行分类和命名。本文就ICTV网站有关病毒分类的主要概况,特别是最新的病毒分类和ICTV报告进展作一综述。

中药复方抗呼吸道病毒性疾病研究进展

近年来,据不完全统计,由病原微生物引起的所有呼吸道疾病中,由病毒导致的急性呼吸道感染约占80%,是目前世界范围内发病率最高的疾病。呼吸道病毒,如严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)、SARS-CoV-2,甲型流感病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒等,对社会公共卫生安全构成较大威胁,目前,还没有开发出特效药。由于中药具有多组分多靶点的协同作用,在呼吸道病毒疾病的预防、治疗康复和保健方面具有独特的优势,近年来,许多临床医生和研究人员从不同层面对中药治疗呼吸道病毒疾病进行了一系列研究和探索,对中医药的临床疗效和治疗机制有了更清晰的认识。本文通过综述中医药治疗呼吸道病毒疾病的临床疗效研究和作用机制,为中医药更好治疗呼吸道病毒疾病提供有力的证据,以期推动中医药的发展及其在呼吸道病毒疾病方面的潜在应用。

流感病毒改造新策略及其应用

流感病毒有着极强的变异性和传播性,常在全球范围内引起季节性的流感爆发。流感病毒的基因组序列、蛋白结构与功能、病毒的包装机制等环节研究相对清楚,也是一种重要的模式病毒,用于条件控制基因元件的发现和确证,构建智能响应型病毒等。随着反向遗传学与合成生物学的发展,通过基因工程改造的流感病毒能更好地控制病毒复制来提高疫苗的安全性,以及诱发机体产生强烈的免疫反应,在肿瘤免疫治疗领域引发广泛关注。本文描述了蛋白质水解靶向嵌合病毒、条件复制型流感减毒活病毒和高干扰素敏感病毒等三种新型减毒流感病毒改造策略,并对编码过早终止密码子的嵌合抗原肽的流感病毒、与PD-L1或CTLA4免疫检查点重组的流感病毒、截短的NS1片段表达GM-CSF的流感病毒分别对黑色素瘤、肝癌的溶瘤作用进行评述。未来,将通过创新性地运用不同策略、不同病毒来构建减毒活疫苗和溶瘤病毒,以便在临床上获得更加安全有效的治疗手段。

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在病毒性心肌炎中的作用

病毒性心肌炎(VMC)是临床常见的心血管疾病,炎症免疫应答是VMC的主要发病病因。中性粒细胞作为先天免疫应答的一部分在VMC中发挥的作用过去很少被研究。然而多个研究表明,中性粒细胞可通过一种新的防御机制即中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)的形成参与多种疾病。并且,最近在活动性心肌炎患者和VMC模型心肌病理活检中都发现有NETs形成,因此NETs被推测在VMC发病过程中发挥一定作用。本文就NETs在VMC中的作用作一综述。

Advances in Zika virus vaccines and therapeutics:A systematic review

Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.