A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTION FOR LAMINATED ORTHOTROPIC RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH VISCOELASTIC INTERFACES

When a body consists completely or even partly of viscoelastic materials, its response under static loading will be time-dependent. The adhesives used to glue together single plies in laminates usually exhibit a certain viscoelastic characteristic in a high temperature environment. In this paper, a laminated orthotropic rectangular plate with viscoelastic interfaces, described by the Kelvin-Voigt model, is considered. A power series expansion technique is adopted to approximate the time-variation of various field quantities. Results indicate that the response of the laminated plate with viscoelastic interfaces changes remarkably with time, and is much different from that of a plate with spring-like or viscous interfaces.

Measurement of Liquid Concentration Fields Near Interface with Cocurrent Gas-Liquid Flow Absorption Using Holographic Interferometry

Real-time laser holographic interferometry was applied to measure liquid concentrations of CO2 in the vicinity of gas-liquid free interface under the conditions of cocurrent gas-liquid flow for absorption of CO2 by ethanol. The influences of the Reynolds number on the measurable interface concentration and on the film thickness were discussed. The results show that CO2 concentration decreases exponentially along the mass transfer direction,and the concentration gradient increases as Reynolds number of either liquid or gas increases. CO2 concentrations fluctuate slightly along the direction of flow; on the whole, there is an increase in CO2 concentration. The investigation also demonstrated that film thickness decreases with the increase of Reynolds number of either of the two phases. Sherwood number representing the mass transfer coefficient was finally correlated as a function of the hydrodynamic parameters and the physical properties.

Growth and aggregation micromorphology of natural gas hydrate particles near gas-liquid interface under stirring condition

To investigate the morphological evolution of the whole growth and aggregation processes of hydrate crystals near the gas–liquid interface,we used a high-pressure visual reactor with high-speed camera to capture the micromorphology of hydrate particles in a natural gas+pure water system with pressure from 2.6 to 3.6 MPa and sub-cooling from 4.7 to 6.23C.The results showed that under low sub-cooling conditions,the amount and size of particles increased first and then decreased in the range of 0–330 lm,and the small particles always dominated.These particles can be roughly classified into two categories:planar flake particles and polyhedral solid particles.Then,the concept of maximum growth dominant particle size was proposed to distinguish the morphological boundary of growth and aggregation.In addition,the micro model was established to better reflect the effects of particle formation process and evolution mechanism near the gas–liquid interface under stirring condition.The results of this study can provide a guidance for flow assurance in multiphase pipeline.

Time-dependent response of laminated isotropic strips with viscoelastic interfaces

The two dimensional problem of simply supported laminated isotropic strips with viscoelastic interfaces and under static loading was studied. Exact solution was derived based on the exact elasticity equation and the Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic interfacial model. Numerical computations were performed for a strip consisting of three layers of equal thickness. Results indicated that the response of the laminate was very sensitive to the presence of viscoelastic interfaces.

THE SCATTERING OF GENERAL SH PLANE WAVE BY INTERFACE CRACK BETWEEN TWO DISSIMILAR VISCOELASTIC BODIES

The scattering of general SH plane wave by an interface crack between two dissimilar viscoelastic bodies is studied and the dynamic stress intensity factor at the crack-tip is computed. The scattering problem can be decomposed into two problems: one is the reflection and refraction problem of general SH plane waves at perfect interface (with no crack); another is the scattering problem due to the existence of crack. For the first problem, the viscoelastic wave equation, displacement and stress continuity conditions across the interface are used to obtain the shear stress distribution at the interface. For the second problem, the integral transformation method is used to reduce the scattering problem into dual integral equations. Then, the dual integral equations are transformed into the Cauchy singular integral equation of first kind by introduction of the crack dislocation density function. Finally, the singular integral equation is solved by Kurtz's piecewise continuous function method. As a consequence, the crack opening displacement and dynamic stress intensity factor are obtained. At the end of the paper, a numerical example is given. The effects of incident angle, incident frequency and viscoelastic material parameters are analyzed. It is found that there is a frequency region for viscoelastic material within which the viscoelastic effects cannot be ignored.

Measurement of Liquid Concentration Fields Near Interface with Cocurrent Gas-Liquid Flow Absorption Using Holographic Interferometry

Real-time laser holographic interferometry was applied to measure liquid concentrations of CO2 in the vicinity of gas-liquid free interface under the conditions of cocurrent gas-liquid flow for absorption of CO2 by ethanol. The influences of the Reynolds number on the measurable interface concentration and on the film thickness were discussed. The results show that CO2 concentration decreases exponentially along the mass transfer direction, and the concentration gradient increases as Reynolds number of either liquid or gas increases. CO2 concentrations fluctuate slightly along the direction of flow; on the whole, there is an increase in CO2 concentration. The investiga- tion also demonstrated that film thickness decreases with the increase of Reynolds number of either of the two phases. Sherwood number representing the mass transfer coefficient was finally correlated as a function of the hy- drodynamic parameters and the physical properties.

Adsorption structures of frothers at gas–liquid interface using DFT method

Density functional theory (DFT) simulation was performed to investigate the adsorption mechanisms between frothers and gas–liquid interface. In water phase, the polar head group of the frother molecule was connected with water molecules by hydrogen bonding, while the non-polar group showed that hydrophobic property and water molecules around it were repelled away. The adsorption of water molecules on single frother molecule suggests that the complexes of α-terpineol-7H2O, MIBC-7H2O and DF200-13H2O reach their stable structure. The hydration shell affects both the polar head group and the non-polar group. The liquid film drainage rate of DF200 is the lowest, while α-terpineol and MIBC are almost the same. The adsorption layer of frother molecules adsorbed at the gas-liquid interface reveals that the α-terpineol molecules are more neatly arranged and better distributed. The DF200 molecules are arranged much more loosely than MIBC molecules. These results suggest that the α-terpineol molecule layer could better block the diffusion of gas through the liquid film than DF200 and MIBC. The simulation results indicate that the foam stability of α-terpineol is the best, followed by DF200 and MIBC.

A flexible multiscale algorithm based on an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for complex viscoelastic flows

Viscoelastic flows play an important role in numerous engineering fields,and the multiscale algorithms for simulating viscoelastic flows have received significant attention in order to deepen our understanding of the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of viscoelastic fluids.However,traditional grid-based multiscale methods are confined to simple viscoelastic flows with short relaxation time,and there is a lack of uniform multiscale scheme available for coupling different solvers in the simulations of viscoelastic fluids.In this paper,a universal multiscale method coupling an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and multiscale universal interface(MUI)library is presented for viscoelastic flows.The proposed multiscale method builds on an improved SPH method and leverages the MUI library to facilitate the exchange of information among different solvers in the overlapping domain.We test the capability and flexibility of the presented multiscale method to deal with complex viscoelastic flows by solving different multiscale problems of viscoelastic flows.In the first example,the simulation of a viscoelastic Poiseuille flow is carried out by two coupled improved SPH methods with different spatial resolutions.The effects of exchanging different physical quantities on the numerical results in both the upper and lower domains are also investigated as well as the absolute errors in the overlapping domain.In the second example,the complex Wannier flow with different Weissenberg numbers is further simulated by two improved SPH methods and coupling the improved SPH method and the dissipative particle dynamics(DPD)method.The numerical results show that the physical quantities for viscoelastic flows obtained by the presented multiscale method are in consistence with those obtained by a single solver in the overlapping domain.Moreover,transferring different physical quantities has an important effect on the numerical results.

The Mechanism of Interfacial Mass Transfer in Gas Absorption Process

Based on the method of molecular thermodynamics, the mass transfer mechanism at gas-liquid interface is studied theoretically, and a new mathematical model is proposed. Using laser holographic interference technique, the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of CO2 absorption are measured. It is shown that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Mechanism of thermoviscoelasticity driven solid-liquid interface reducing friction for polymer alloy coating

High-temperature ablation is a common failure phenomenon that limits the service life of the transmission parts on heavy-duty machines used in heavy load,high temperature,high shock conditions due to in-sufficient supply of lubricating oil and grease.Traditional self-lubricating coatings prepared by inorganic,organic or organic-inorganic hybrid methods are prone to be oxidated at high temperatures to lose their friction reducing function,so that it is difficult to meet the engineering requirements of high-temperature lubrication.We design viscoelastic polymer coatings by a high-temperature self-lubricating and wear-resistant strategy.Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE,T_(m)=329℃)and polyphenylene sulfide(PPS,T_(g)=84℃,T_(m)=283℃)are used to prepare a PTFE/PPS polymer alloy coating.As the temperature increases from 25 to 300℃,the PTFE/PPS coating softens from glass state to viscoelastic state and viscous flow state,which is owing to the thermodynamic transformation characteristic of the PPS component.Additionally the friction coefficient(μ)decreased from 0.096 to 0.042 with the increasing of temperature from 25 to 300℃.The mechanism of mechanical deformation and surface morphology evolution for the PTFE/PPS coating under the multi-field coupling action of temperature(T),temperature–centrifugal force(T–F_(ω)),temperature–centrifugal force–shearing force(T–F_(ω)–F_(τ))were investigated.The physical model of“thermoviscoelasticity driven solid–liquid interface reducing friction”is proposed to clarify the self-lubricating mechanism determined by the high-temperature viscoelastic properties of polymers.The high-temperature adjusts the viscosity(η)of the coating,increases interface slipping and intensifies shear deformation(τ),reducing the friction coefficient.The result is expected to provide a new idea for designing anti-ablation coatings served in high temperature friction and wear conditions.

基于含冰量的冻结砂土-混凝土接触面蠕变特性

保证高含冰量冻土区桩基础的长期稳定性是多年冻土区桥梁桩基础安全服役中的关键问题,为研究含冰量对冻土-混凝土接触面蠕变特性的影响,采用自行研制的大型蠕变剪切仪,在−2℃条件下开展含冰量为6%、12%、16%、23%、36%、60%、80%的冻结砂土与混凝土接触面蠕变试验.试验结果表明:在恒定的剪应力作用下,除含冰量为6%试样出现加速蠕变外,其他试样仅出现衰减蠕变及稳定蠕变2个阶段;随含冰量的增大,试样黏性变形占比增大,含冰量为80%试样的黏性变形超过总变形量的80%;稳定蠕变速率受到干密度及含冰量的综合影响,含冰量为16%时稳定蠕变速率最小;Burgers黏弹性模型能较好地模拟高含冰量冻结砂土-混凝土接触面蠕变曲线;随着含冰量的增大,初始剪切模量和稳定蠕变阶段黏滞系数先增大后减小,初始蠕变阶段的渐进剪切模量呈幂函数减小,初始蠕变阶段黏滞系数呈幂函数增大.

固体推进剂黏弹性参数的确定及细观损伤演化

固体推进剂力学模型参数的准确性对其宏观力学响应预测具有重要的意义,为解耦标定固体推进剂非线性黏弹性模型参数,提出一种基于台阶应力松弛试验的模型参数确定方法。通过台阶应力松弛平衡响应确定固体推进剂弹性部分参数,通过小变形下的应力松弛确定无量纲松弛模量,分析一种固体推进剂力学响应。研究结果表明:固体推进剂在台阶应力松弛及单轴拉伸条件下的力学性能预测结果与试验结果吻合,验证了所提方法的有效性;由于平衡响应包含损伤,采用该方法标定的参数可用于预测含损伤固体推进剂力学响应。在此基础上,提出一种基于推进剂模型参数标定等效黏合剂力学参数的方法,并通过引入基于黏弹性脱湿准则的相界面模型建立代表性体积单元计算模型,实现在宽应变(~100%)范围内推进剂脱湿损伤分析,为推进剂宏观力学性能预测及细观损伤演化分析提供了支撑。

Fast multipole boundary element analysis of 2D viscoelastic composites with imperfect interfaces

A fast multipole boundary element method(FMBEM)is developed for the analysis of 2D linear viscoelastic composites with imperfect viscoelastic interfaces.The transformed fast multipole formulations are established using the time domain method. To simulate the viscoelastic behavior of imperfect interfaces that are frequently encountered in practice,the Kelvin type model is introduced.The FMBEM is further improved by incorporating naturally the interaction among inclusions as well as eliminating the phenomenon of material penetration.Since all the integrals are evaluated analytically,high accuracy and fast convergence of the numerical scheme are obtained.Several numerical examples,including planar viscoelastic composites with a single inclusion or randomly distributed multi-inclusions are presented.The numerical results are compared with the developed analytical solutions,which illustrates that the proposed FMBEM is very efficient in determining the macroscopic viscoelastic behavior of the particle-reinforced composites with the presence of imperfect interfaces.The laboratory measurements of the mixture creep compliance of asphalt concrete are also compared with the prediction by the developed model.

Tracking the atomic pathways of Pt3Ni-Ni(OH)2 core-shell structures at the gas-liquid interface by in-situ liquid cell TEM

Using the in-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, the three-stage growth of Pt3Ni-Ni(OH)2 core-shell structures at the gas-liquid interfaces was clearly observed, which consists of(1) a thermodynamically driven Pt3Ni alloy core by the monomer attachment,(2) a nickel(Ni) shell formation due to the depletion of the Pt salt precursor, and(3) the oxidation and of the Ni shell into Ni(OH)2 flakes. We also further observed the nucleation and growth of the Ni(OH)2 flakes on an existing layer either at the middle part or at the step edge. More interestingly, the dynamic transformation among a Pt3Ni alloy, Ni clusters and Ni(OH)2 flakes was also imaged even at a high electron dose rate.

聚合物共挤成型界面位置的三维黏弹数值模拟

采用 Giesekus 本构方程,建立了预测方形截面共挤口模中两种聚合物熔体层间界面形状和位置的三维黏弹数值模型,利用 polyflow 进行了数值求解,将计算结果同 Karagiannis 等的实验结果进行了比较,并分析了模拟误差产生的原因。结果表明:此数值模型能较为准确地预测共挤层间界面位置,数值模拟界面位置略高于实际界面位置,口模中央界面位置模拟误差较小,在壁面处略大。界面表面张力和壁面边界条件是影响共挤界面位置数值模拟准确度的主要因素。

三元组分对弱碱三元复合驱模拟乳状液乳化稳定性的影响

考察弱碱三元组分对大庆油田石油磺酸盐三元复合驱模拟乳状液的乳化稳定动力学参数、界面黏弹性、扩散双电层Zeta电位等稳定参数的影响,研究三元组分对弱碱石油磺酸盐三元复合驱模拟乳状液乳化稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:表面活性剂的两亲性使其吸附于油水界面,质量分数的增加使其形成的油水界面膜稳定性增强,当表面活性剂质量分数高于0.1%时,形成的模拟原油采出液稳定较高,破乳较难;弱碱碳酸钠在三元复合体系起着双重作用,当碳酸钠质量分数小于0.8%时,碳酸钠主要与原油中的酸性物质生成表面活性物质,增加油水界面膜的强度,提高模拟乳状液乳化的稳定性,当碳酸钠质量分数大于0.8%时,碳酸钠的主要作用是中和表面活性剂分子在油水界面膜上的表面电荷,压缩油水界面扩散双电层,降低模拟乳状液的稳定性;聚合物主要是改善油水界面膜的黏弹性,其质量浓度的增加可使吸附在油水界面的有效分子数增多,油水界面的黏弹性增大,从而增强模拟乳状液的稳定性。

原油减压渣油馏分的油水界面性质 Ⅷ.伊朗重质减渣馏分油水界面膜的扩张粘弹性

采用 L B 法考察了伊朗重质减渣馏分油 水界面膜的扩张粘弹性。结果表明, 伊朗重质油减渣馏分的扩张粘弹性随馏分的增重以及扩张频率的增大而递变。随着馏分的增重, 扩张模量、扩张弹性、扩张粘度增加,相角减小。随着扩张频率的增大, 扩张模量、扩张弹性增加, 扩张粘度、相角减小。轻馏分界面膜可压缩性好, 缓冲作用强, 扩张粘弹性参数随扩张频率及馏分的递变幅度小; 重馏分界面膜刚性强, 扩张粘弹性参数随扩张频率及馏分的递变幅度大。

沥青路面动态响应数值分析

为了优化沥青路面结构设计,引入无反射边界,依据结构动力理论,利用有限元数值分析方法,对多层沥青路面在移动荷载作用下的动态响应进行了分析。发现沥青面层的拉应力和路表弯沉随着基层模量、层间摩擦系数、行车速度和面层材料阻尼的增大而减小,剪切应力随着轮胎接地压力和基层模量的增大而增大。分析结果表明:基层设计需要综合优化设计,简单增加基层模量和厚度都是不合适的;良好的层间接触状态以及使用较大阻尼的材料,有利于路面性能的改善;提高行车速度可以延长路面的使用寿命。

粗骨料表面经黏弹性处理后的混凝土阻尼比

通过对粗骨料表面进行黏弹性处理来放大界面效应,从材料角度研究小变形情况下粗骨料界面与混凝土阻尼比之间的关系.为了消除粗骨料表面积大小对混凝土阻尼比的影响,制备了总表面积为一定值的粗骨料,配制成长方体阻尼试件,采用悬挂自由振动法测定了粗骨料表面黏弹性处理前后的混凝土阻尼比变化.

碾压混凝土坝三维黏弹性分析模型研究

将碾压混凝土施工层面影响带视为横观各向同性体,应用复合材料力学分析理论,深入研究了碾压混凝土坝施工层面影响带的变化规律,提出了具有横观各向同性体性质的渐变规律分析模型,反演分析了反映层面渐变特性的相关参数;据此研究并提出了相应的碾压混凝土三维黏弹性分析模型。实例分析表明,提出的分析模型能较好地反映碾压混凝土施工层面影响带对坝体结构性态的影响。