Pretreatment of super viscous oil wastewater and its application in refinery

Wastewater from super viscous oil processing cannot be effectively treated by conventional wastewater treatment plants in refineries because of its high concentration of various organic pollutants. In order to resolve this problem, a number of investigations were conducted in our work to understand the physicochemical properties, sedimentation, demulsification and pretreatment of such super viscous oil refinery wastewater. The results showed that the key issues for pretreatment of this wastewater were： （1） Optimized process parameters were used in the sedimentation and demulsification processes for oil removal to effectively recover oil and remove scum from wastewater; （2） A suitable flocculation process was selected to minimize oil, suspended solids （SS） and chemical oxygen demand （CODcr）. A pretreatment process including three continuous steps： oil removal by sedimentation, oil removal by demulsification, and flotation separation, was proposed and applied in Liaohe Petrochemical Company, PetroChina and the oil content in effluents was less than 200 mg/L and CODcr less than 2,500 mg/L, which completely met the requirement for influent of the conventional wastewater treatment plant, and the recovered super viscous oil reached 5,873 tons in the initial year in Liaohe Petrochemical Company, PetroChina.

Causes Leading to Formation of Shot Cokes and Measures for Its Prevention in Super Viscous Oil Delayed Coking Unit

Shot cokes are frequently formed in the delayed coking unit treating the super viscous oil at PetroChina＇s Liaohe Petrochemical Company. Considerable work has been carded out to avoid the formation of shot cokes. The test results obtained have shown that the property of super viscous oil has played a key role in the formation of shot cokes. After adjusting and optimizing the process indices the operating regime of the delayed coking unit at a throughput of 118t/h of the super viscous oil is specified as follows： a reaction temperature of 498-502℃, a reaction pressure of 0.17-0.25 MPa, a recycle ratio of 0.5-0.6 and a fractionation tower bottom temperature of 355-365 ℃. In the meantime, the delayed coking process has adopted measures to enhance pre-fractionation of the feedstock to rationally remove light fractions and maintain a steady gas velocity in order to avoid the formation of shot cokes.

Pool-formation and secondary change of biodegraded viscous oils:Case study of reservoir section in the ZhengjiaWangzhuang Oilfield, Jiyang Depression

It is demonstrated by various geochemical indexes that the Zhengjia-Wangzhuang Oilfield with viscous crude oil in the Jiyang Depression has been sourced from the contribution of matured source rocks in the upper Es4. The principal cause leading to the densification of crude oils would be biodegradation, with the degradation level of crude oils being ranked as 2-8; vertically, the biodegradation level increases from the top to bottom of the oil column, with a distinctive biodegradation gradient occurring. Calculated parameters of sterane, terpane and methyl-phenanthrene have indicated that the source-rock’s maturity of crude oils and asphaltic sands ranges from 0.7 to 0.9, and based on the calculation of Easy Ro model, the temperature of hydrocarbon generation in the source rock would be within 120-140℃, which coincides with the measurements of reservoir inclusions. The measured homogenization temperature would represent the generation temperature of the source rock, and be fairly different from that

Technologies for Thermal Recovery in Liaohe Oilfield

The technology level of heavy oil thermal re-covery in Liaohe Oilfield is greatly improved after more than ten years of practice,and the technology in Shuguang is symbolic.The annual heavy oil pro-duction in Shuguang has reached 196X 10*t now.

Numerical Calculation of Viscous-Elastic Fluid Flooding Residual Oil Film in the Complex Pore

In order to analyze the stress and deformation of different permeability of residual oil film in the complex pore, which are affected by the viscous-elasticity of the fluid, the hydrodynamic displacement mechanism is explored from the stand-point of hydrodynamics, that is, the residual oil film displaced by alternating injection of different concentrations of the polymer solution, viscous-elastic fluid flow equation is established in the complex pore by choosing continuity equation, motion equation and the upper convected Maxwell constitutive equation. The flow field is computed by using the method of numerical analysis. Not only the stress and deformation of residual oil film on the different permeability of micro pores, but also the analysis of the flooding mechanism of alternating injection of different concentrations of the polymer solution is got. The results show that the larger the viscous-elasticity of polymer solution is, the bigger the normal deviatoric stress acting on the residual oil film is;the distribution of normal deviatoric stress has the abrupt change. The stronger the viscous-elasticity of the polymer solution is, the bigger the horizontal stress difference acting on the residual oil film is and the more obvious the deformation is;the high-concentration polymer solution is suitable for high-permeability micro pores. Low-concentration polymer solution is suitable for medium and low-permeability micro pores. Alternating injection of polymer solution can improve Volumetric Sweep Efficiency and increase the deformation of residual oil film, which is conducive to enhancing oil recovery.

Mechanical Analysis of Viscous-Elastic Fluid Acting on Residual Oil in the Micro Pore

In order to analyze the normal deviatoric stress that viscous-elastic fluid acting on the residual oil under the situation of different flooding conditions and different permeabilities, Viscous-elastic fluid flow equation is established in the micro pore by choosing the continuity equation, motion equation and the upper-convected Maxwell constitutive equation, the flow field is computed by using numerical analysis, the forces that driving fluid acting on the residual oil in micro pore are got, and the influence of flooding conditions, pore width and viscous-elasticity of driving fluid on force is compared and analyzed. The results show that: the more viscous-elasticity of driving fluid increases, the greater the normal deviatoric stress acting on the residual oil increases;using constant pressure gradient flooding, the lager the pore width is, the greater normal deviatoric stress acting on the residual oil will be.

油田低温集输技术可行性研究及应用

随着大庆油田逐渐进入开采后期,采出液平均含水率高达95%以上,现有的掺水集油工艺会造成地面集输系统的大量热能损失。为实现油气集输系统节能降耗,采用低温集输技术,参照临界粘壁温度经验算法并通过摸索试验,得出水聚驱不同产液量、含水率的集油环生产情况临界粘壁温度,按照“一井一策、一间一掺水”的创新管理模式,将粘壁温度作为集输界限指导低温集输工作,共试验水驱174口、聚驱10口采出井,累计减少掺水量29.6×10^(4) m^(3),年节气量103.6×10^(4) m^(3),实现油田节能降耗。

含气油井采出液低温集输工艺界限研究

老油田因开发时间较长,存在产液量低、含水率高、能耗大等问题。为降低老油田高含水区块的运行能耗,针对低含气油井和高含气油井开展了降温实验,根据井口回压和进站温度随时间的变化规律,获取了含气油井采出液的低温集输工艺界限。结果显示:低含气油井在降温过程中出现了两个压力突变点,高含气油井在降温过程中压力呈不规则变化,但也出现压力突变区域;产液量越大、含水率越高、气液比越大,越有利于油井进行低温集输。推广区块内有55口油井从双管掺水工艺转为低温集输工艺,实施后全年可节约运行费用235.9万元,减少CO_(2)排放量为2650 t,节能减排效果明显。

Effects of Different Heavy Crude Oil Fractions on the Stability of Oil-in-water Emulsions—the film properties of heavy crude functional components and water system

A series of π-A isotherms are drawn to study the film properties of the components with Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The effects of the aromaticity of spread solvents and pH value on the air/water film formed by the components are investigated. Acid fraction and asphaltene can form stable two-dimensional insoluble films on an air/water surface. The surface film pressure of acid fraction and asphaltene is higher and more stable than that of the other fractions. The surface film pressure of the fraction increases evidently under the basic condition (pH=12). The results show that the interfacial activity of acid fraction and asphaltene is superior to that of the other fractions and the basic condition is favorable to the stability of the O/W emulsion.

Technology and Development Trends of China＇s Viscous Crude Surface Production Facilities

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Development of Layered Treatment Technique for Multiple Heavy Oil Reservoirs

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Heavy Oil Processing and Utilizing in Liaohe Oilfields

Liaohe Oilfields,the third la-,rgest petroleum bases of China 1S located n Liaoning Province.The output of crude oil and natural gas has been increased rapidly,since 1970.due to making a great effort 1n exploration and development.

稠油化学复合冷采技术研究与应用

我国稠油储量可观,其中60%的是深层稠油,而主流的蒸汽吞吐等热采技术采收率不足20%;稠油资源开发潜力极大,积极探索新的开采方式以提高采收率是石油领域高质量发展的必然选择。本文着重阐述稠油化学复合冷采技术体系构建及其现场应用,为中深层稠油的新型绿色低成本接替技术发展提供有效方案。在分析稠油组分的基础上,细致剖析稠油结构致黏机理,包括化学降黏机理、降低启动压力梯度机理、提高驱油效果机理在内的提高采收率机理,以丰富理论认识。面向工程应用亟需,从水溶性降黏剂分子设计与合成、自组装调堵剂研发两方面出发,突破稠油绿色化学驱油体系。基于发展的稠油化学复合冷采技术,完成了3个稠油油田示范工程应用,在提高产油量、控制含水率方面取得了良好成效。进一步梳理了分子采油理论与技术、渗流理论与数值模拟技术等方面的后续发展要点,以为深层稠油的绿色高效开发接替技术研究、稠油化学复合冷采技术推广应用研究等提供启发和参考。

不同微结构静压轴承油膜流动特性研究

在剪切力和压缩力共同作用下,液体静压轴承黏性油膜的液阻和流速会发生变化,导致油膜的散热能力不稳定,而增加油膜流动阻力,减小流动速度可以有效提高油膜的散热能力。为增加流体的扰动进而增强换热,在静压轴承工作面上加工不同的微结构(矩形、三角形、椭圆形),通过数值仿真方法研究微结构在不同跨度、不同深度、不同间距下对轴承工作面油膜流动速度的影响,得到黏性油膜增阻减速的有效范围。结果表明:综合微结构深度、跨度、间距变化对油膜液阻的影响,矩形微结构增阻效果最明显,椭圆形微结构次之,三角形微结构最差;当微结构间距单一变化时,只有矩形微结构可起到降低流场平均速度的作用。因此,矩形微结构可起到增阻减速的作用,且增阻减速的最佳间距范围为0.01~0.04 mm。

径向油孔结构对环下润滑高速轴承内部流动特性的影响研究

为了研究径向油孔结构对环下润滑高速轴承内部流动特性的影响规律,根据高速轴承内部流动特征建立了数值计算方法,针对包含输油通道、径向油孔和轴承组件的物理仿真模型开展了油气两相流动计算,对比并讨论了不同径向油孔结构下轴承内部的油气分布和黏性摩擦损失。数值模拟结果表明,径向油孔孔径增大后轴承内部的平均滑油体积分数单调增加且滑油分布更均匀。径向油孔布设在周向油槽的同侧有利于提升轴承内部的平均滑油体积分数,同时滑油沿周向分布的均匀性较好。轴承组件表面扩展参数受径向油孔结构的影响,其变化趋势与平均滑油体积分数的变化相似。全部采用经验公式预测得到的黏性摩擦损失整体偏高,且不能反映径向油孔结构参数的影响,数值模拟和经验公式相结合计算得到的黏性摩擦损失与直接采用数值模拟获得的结果表现出较好的一致性。

考虑泄漏和温度效应的黏滞阻尼器性能演变研究

黏滞阻尼器作为一种广泛使用的被动减振/震装置,其力学性能在全寿命周期内会发生演变。为探究其力学参数改变模式,揭示其性能演变机理,以油液泄漏和温度效应为主要影响因素开展了试验及仿真研究。首先,对不同漏油程度和环境温度下的黏滞阻尼器分别开展了滞回试验研究和黏温关系分析;其次,对黏滞阻尼器进行了流体动力学仿真,获得其性能演变规律;最后,建立了漏油与温度联合作用下黏滞阻尼器性能演变的力学模型,并对其进行了验证。研究结果表明,油液泄漏将导致滞回圈出现零力平台段,且平台长度与漏油比例成正比;温度升高会导致阻尼系数的减小,从而影响阻尼力峰值;所建立的性能演变模型能够较为精确地反映黏滞阻尼器力学性能的改变。