Layered Aurivillius compound Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method for the application as a photocatalyst to liberate hydrogen from water. Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) owns a narrow band gap (Eg ~...Layered Aurivillius compound Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method for the application as a photocatalyst to liberate hydrogen from water. Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) owns a narrow band gap (Eg ~2.46 eV) and shows stable photocatalytic activity under both full range (λ ≥250 nm) and visible light illumination (λ ≥420 nm). A short hydrothermal reaction time is critical to achieve high photocatalytic activity as defects such as Cr^(6+) and Bi^(5+) can be avoided. An AQE as high as 3.66% at 420 nm ± 20 nm has been recorded, warranting promising application in the field of solar energy conversions. DFT calculation reveals the important role of Cr^(3+) cations for visible light sensitivity of Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15).展开更多
A visible-light photocatalyst was prepared by calcination of the hydrolysis product of Ti(SO_4)_2 with ammonia as precipitator. The color of this photocatalyst was vivid yellow. It could absorb light under 550 nm wave...A visible-light photocatalyst was prepared by calcination of the hydrolysis product of Ti(SO_4)_2 with ammonia as precipitator. The color of this photocatalyst was vivid yellow. It could absorb light under 550 nm wavelength. The crystal structure of anatase was characterized by XRD. The structure analysis result of X-ray fluorescence(XRF) shows that doped-nitrogen was presented in the sample. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using methyl orange and phenol as model pollutants. The photocatalytic activities of samples were increasing gradually with calcination temperature from 400℃ to 700℃ under UV irradiation. It can be seen that the degradation of methyl orange follows zero-order kinetics. However, the calcination temperatures have no significant influence on the degradation of phenol under sunlight. The N-doped catalyst shows higher activity than the bare one under solar irradiation.展开更多
Extensive work on a Cu-modified TiO_(2) photocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction under visible light irradiation was conducted. The structure of the copper cocatalyst was established using UV-vis diff use refl ectance spect...Extensive work on a Cu-modified TiO_(2) photocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction under visible light irradiation was conducted. The structure of the copper cocatalyst was established using UV-vis diff use refl ectance spectroscopy, high-resolution transmis- sion electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that copper exists in different states (Cu 0 , Cu^(+) , and Cu^(2+) ), the content of which depends on the TiO_(2) calcination temperature and copper loading. The optimum composition of the cocatalyst has a photocatalyst based on TiO_(2) calcined at 700℃ and modified with 5 wt% copper, the activity of which is 22 μmol/(h·g cat ) (409 nm). Analysis of the photocatalysts after the photocatalytic reaction disclosed that the copper metal on the surface of the calcined TiO_(2) was gradually converted into Cu_(2) O during the photocatalytic reaction. Meanwhile, the metallic copper on the surface of the noncalcined TiO_(2) did not undergo any trans- formation during the reaction.展开更多
This study focused on the development and characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub>-PES composite fibers with varying TiO<sub>2</sub> loading amounts using a phase inversion process. The resulting co...This study focused on the development and characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub>-PES composite fibers with varying TiO<sub>2</sub> loading amounts using a phase inversion process. The resulting composite fibers exhibited a sponge-like structure with embedded TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles within a polymer matrix. Their photocatalytic performance for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions under UV-A light exposure was thoroughly investigated. The findings revealed that PeTi8 composite fibers displayed superior adsorption capacity compared to other samples. Moreover, the study explored the impact of pH, light intensity, and catalyst dosage on the photocatalytic degradation of ammonia. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms closely followed the Langmuir model, with the results indicating a correlation between qm values of 2.49 mg/g and the porous structure of the adsorbents. The research underscored the efficacy of TiO<sub>2</sub> composite fibers in the photocatalytic removal of aqueous under UV-A light. Notably, increasing the distance between the photocatalyst and the light source resulted in de-creased hydroxyl radical concentration, influencing photocatalytic efficiency. These findings contribute to our understanding of TiO<sub>2</sub> composite fibers as promising photocatalysts for ammonia removal in water treatment applications.展开更多
Photocatalysis is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.Numerous photocatalysts have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to improve the photocatalyt...Photocatalysis is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.Numerous photocatalysts have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to improve the photocatalytic performance.Among them,Bi-based photocatalysts have become one of the most popular research topics due to their suitable band gaps,unique layered structures,and physicochemical properties.In this review,Bi-based photocatalysts(BiOX,BiVO_(4),Bi_(2)S_(3),Bi_(2)MoO_(6),and other Bi-based photocatalysts)have been summarized in the field of photocatalysis,including their applications of the removal of organic pollutants,hydrogen production,oxygen production etc.The preparation strategies on how to improve the photocatalytic performance and the possible photocatalytic mechanism are also summarized,which could supply new insights for fabricating high-efficient Bi-based photocatalysts.Finally,we summarize the current challenges and make a reasonable outlook on the future development direction of Bi-based photocatalysts.展开更多
Polyimide(PI) is an organic polymer material with good stability and diverse sources that has attracted widespread attention in the field of photocatalysis. In this study, a series of PI photocatalysts were synthesize...Polyimide(PI) is an organic polymer material with good stability and diverse sources that has attracted widespread attention in the field of photocatalysis. In this study, a series of PI photocatalysts were synthesized by a thermal polymerization approach using pyromellitic dianhydride(PMDA) and various diamine monomers(melamine(MA), 4,4′-oxydianiline, and melem) as the precursors as well as different heating rates. The effects of the diamine precursor and heating rate on the structure, composition, morphology, and optical properties of the as-prepared PI materials were systematically investigated by various characterization techniques. The selective photo-oxidation of benzylamine was used as a model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the resulting PI samples for the oxidation of amines to imines. The results revealed that the PI sample prepared using MA and PMDA as the precursors and a heating rate of 7 ℃/min(MA-PI-7) exhibited the best catalytic performance, with 98% benzylamine conversion and 98% selectivity for N-benzylidene benzylamine after 4 h of irradiation. Several benzylamine derivatives and heterocyclic amines also underwent the photo-oxidation reaction over the MA-PI-7 catalyst to afford the corresponding imines with good activity. In addition, MA-PI-7 exhibited good stability over four successive photocatalytic cycles.展开更多
Treating waste with a waste material using freely available solar energy is the most effective way towards sustainable future.In this study,a novel photocatalyst,partly derived from waste material from the coal indust...Treating waste with a waste material using freely available solar energy is the most effective way towards sustainable future.In this study,a novel photocatalyst,partly derived from waste material from the coal industry,was developed.Fly ash hybridized with ZnO(FAeZn)was synthesized as a potential photocatalyst for dye discoloration.The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and ultravioletevisible/near infra-red spectroscopy.The photocatalytic activity was examined with the discoloration of methylene blue used as synthetic dye wastewater.All the experiments were performed in direct sunlight.The photocatalytic performance of FAeZn was found to be better than that of ZnO and the conventionally popular TiO2.The LangmuireHinshelwood model rate constant values of ZnO,TiO2,and FAeZn were found to be 0.016 min1,0.017 min1,and 0.020 min1,respectively.There were two reasons for this:(1)FAeZn was able to utilize both ultraviolet and visible parts of the solar spectrum,and(2)its BrunauereEmmetteTeller surface area and porosity were significantly enhanced.This led to increased photon absorption and dye adsorption,thus exhibiting an energy-efficient performance.Therefore,FAeZn,partly derived from waste,can serve as a suitable material for environmental remediation and practical solar energy applications.展开更多
The ever-increasing quantity of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is both a potential environmental pollutant and a valuable resource.The spent LIBs recycling mainly aimed at the separation of valuable elements.Some is...The ever-increasing quantity of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is both a potential environmental pollutant and a valuable resource.The spent LIBs recycling mainly aimed at the separation of valuable elements.Some issues still exist in these processes such as high energy consumption and complex separation procedures.This study avoided element separation and proposed a facile approach to transform spent LiCoO_(2) electrode into a lithium(Li)-doped graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))/Co_(3)O_(4) composite photocatalyst through one-pot in situ thermal reduction.During the thermal process,melamine served as the reductant for LiCoO_(2) decomposition and the raw material for g-C_(3)N_(4) production.Li was in situ doped in g-C_(3)N_(4) and the generated Co_(3)O_(4) was in situ integrated,forming a Li-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/Co_(3)O_(4) composite photocatalyst.This special composite exhibited an enhanced photocatalytic performance,and its photocatalytic H2 production and RhB degradation rates were 8.7 and 6.8 times higher than those of g-C_(3)N_(4).The experiments combined with DFT calculation revealed that such enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was ascribed to the synergy effect of Li doping and Co_(3)O_(4) integrating,which extended the visible light absorption(450-900 nm)and facilitated the charge transfer and separation.This study transforms waste into a high-efficient catalyst,realizing high-valued utilization of waste and environmental protection.展开更多
The reduction of molecular nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3))under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH_(3)in modern industry,production,and life.The ...The reduction of molecular nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3))under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH_(3)in modern industry,production,and life.The photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)is expected to achieve clean and sustainable NH_(3)production by using clean solar energy.To date,the new photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)to NH_(3)at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have not been fully developed.The major challenge is to achieve high light-absorption efficiency,conversion efficiency,and stability of photocatalysts.Herein,the methods for measuring produced NH_(3)are compared,and the problems related to possible NH_(3)pollution in photocatalytic systems are mentioned to provide accurate ideas for measuring photocatalytic efficiency.The recent progress of nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)photocatalysts at ambient temperature and pressure is summarized by introducing charge transfer,migration,and separation in photocatalytic NRR,which provides a guidance for the selection of future photocatalyst.More importantly,we introduce the latest research strategies of photocatalysts in detail,which can guide the preparation and design of photocatalysts with high NRR activity.展开更多
AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)ternary composites were prepared to form a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and introduce Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst.The as-prepared AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites showed higher ...AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)ternary composites were prepared to form a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and introduce Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst.The as-prepared AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites showed higher photocatalytic activity than pure AgCl and Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for photooxidation of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative(1,4-DHP)and tetracycline hydrochloride(TCH)under visible light irradiation(λ>400 nm).The photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites depended on Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)content,and the catalytic activity of the optimized samples were 6.9 times higher than that of pure AgCl for 1,4-DHP photodehydrogenation and 7.3 times higher than that of Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for TCH photooxidation.The increased photocatalytic activity was due to the formation of a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and the introduction of Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst,which lowered the internal resistance,sped up the charge transfer,and increased the separation efficiency of photogenerated carries.Photogenerated holes and superoxide radical anions were the major active species in the photocatalytic process.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972233)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.19ZR1459200)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.14DZ2261100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.We also thank Prof.Hongying Zhao for EPR analysis.
文摘Layered Aurivillius compound Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method for the application as a photocatalyst to liberate hydrogen from water. Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15) owns a narrow band gap (Eg ~2.46 eV) and shows stable photocatalytic activity under both full range (λ ≥250 nm) and visible light illumination (λ ≥420 nm). A short hydrothermal reaction time is critical to achieve high photocatalytic activity as defects such as Cr^(6+) and Bi^(5+) can be avoided. An AQE as high as 3.66% at 420 nm ± 20 nm has been recorded, warranting promising application in the field of solar energy conversions. DFT calculation reveals the important role of Cr^(3+) cations for visible light sensitivity of Bi_(5)Ti_(3)CrO_(15).
文摘A visible-light photocatalyst was prepared by calcination of the hydrolysis product of Ti(SO_4)_2 with ammonia as precipitator. The color of this photocatalyst was vivid yellow. It could absorb light under 550 nm wavelength. The crystal structure of anatase was characterized by XRD. The structure analysis result of X-ray fluorescence(XRF) shows that doped-nitrogen was presented in the sample. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using methyl orange and phenol as model pollutants. The photocatalytic activities of samples were increasing gradually with calcination temperature from 400℃ to 700℃ under UV irradiation. It can be seen that the degradation of methyl orange follows zero-order kinetics. However, the calcination temperatures have no significant influence on the degradation of phenol under sunlight. The N-doped catalyst shows higher activity than the bare one under solar irradiation.
基金supported by Russian Science Foundation (No.#21-73-10235)
文摘Extensive work on a Cu-modified TiO_(2) photocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction under visible light irradiation was conducted. The structure of the copper cocatalyst was established using UV-vis diff use refl ectance spectroscopy, high-resolution transmis- sion electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that copper exists in different states (Cu 0 , Cu^(+) , and Cu^(2+) ), the content of which depends on the TiO_(2) calcination temperature and copper loading. The optimum composition of the cocatalyst has a photocatalyst based on TiO_(2) calcined at 700℃ and modified with 5 wt% copper, the activity of which is 22 μmol/(h·g cat ) (409 nm). Analysis of the photocatalysts after the photocatalytic reaction disclosed that the copper metal on the surface of the calcined TiO_(2) was gradually converted into Cu_(2) O during the photocatalytic reaction. Meanwhile, the metallic copper on the surface of the noncalcined TiO_(2) did not undergo any trans- formation during the reaction.
文摘This study focused on the development and characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub>-PES composite fibers with varying TiO<sub>2</sub> loading amounts using a phase inversion process. The resulting composite fibers exhibited a sponge-like structure with embedded TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles within a polymer matrix. Their photocatalytic performance for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions under UV-A light exposure was thoroughly investigated. The findings revealed that PeTi8 composite fibers displayed superior adsorption capacity compared to other samples. Moreover, the study explored the impact of pH, light intensity, and catalyst dosage on the photocatalytic degradation of ammonia. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms closely followed the Langmuir model, with the results indicating a correlation between qm values of 2.49 mg/g and the porous structure of the adsorbents. The research underscored the efficacy of TiO<sub>2</sub> composite fibers in the photocatalytic removal of aqueous under UV-A light. Notably, increasing the distance between the photocatalyst and the light source resulted in de-creased hydroxyl radical concentration, influencing photocatalytic efficiency. These findings contribute to our understanding of TiO<sub>2</sub> composite fibers as promising photocatalysts for ammonia removal in water treatment applications.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172206,21871078)the Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China(JQ2019B001)+4 种基金the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021MB016)the Heilongjiang Provincial Institutions of Higher Learning Basic Research Funds Basic Research Projects(2021-KYYWF-0007)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Startup Fund(LBH-Q14135)the Heilongjiang University Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(JCL201802)the Development plan of Youth Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province.
文摘Photocatalysis is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.Numerous photocatalysts have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to improve the photocatalytic performance.Among them,Bi-based photocatalysts have become one of the most popular research topics due to their suitable band gaps,unique layered structures,and physicochemical properties.In this review,Bi-based photocatalysts(BiOX,BiVO_(4),Bi_(2)S_(3),Bi_(2)MoO_(6),and other Bi-based photocatalysts)have been summarized in the field of photocatalysis,including their applications of the removal of organic pollutants,hydrogen production,oxygen production etc.The preparation strategies on how to improve the photocatalytic performance and the possible photocatalytic mechanism are also summarized,which could supply new insights for fabricating high-efficient Bi-based photocatalysts.Finally,we summarize the current challenges and make a reasonable outlook on the future development direction of Bi-based photocatalysts.
基金the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Higher Education Institutes of Sichuan(Grant number:LZJ2101)the Fundamental Research Funds of China West Normal University(Grant number:19D038).
文摘Polyimide(PI) is an organic polymer material with good stability and diverse sources that has attracted widespread attention in the field of photocatalysis. In this study, a series of PI photocatalysts were synthesized by a thermal polymerization approach using pyromellitic dianhydride(PMDA) and various diamine monomers(melamine(MA), 4,4′-oxydianiline, and melem) as the precursors as well as different heating rates. The effects of the diamine precursor and heating rate on the structure, composition, morphology, and optical properties of the as-prepared PI materials were systematically investigated by various characterization techniques. The selective photo-oxidation of benzylamine was used as a model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the resulting PI samples for the oxidation of amines to imines. The results revealed that the PI sample prepared using MA and PMDA as the precursors and a heating rate of 7 ℃/min(MA-PI-7) exhibited the best catalytic performance, with 98% benzylamine conversion and 98% selectivity for N-benzylidene benzylamine after 4 h of irradiation. Several benzylamine derivatives and heterocyclic amines also underwent the photo-oxidation reaction over the MA-PI-7 catalyst to afford the corresponding imines with good activity. In addition, MA-PI-7 exhibited good stability over four successive photocatalytic cycles.
文摘Treating waste with a waste material using freely available solar energy is the most effective way towards sustainable future.In this study,a novel photocatalyst,partly derived from waste material from the coal industry,was developed.Fly ash hybridized with ZnO(FAeZn)was synthesized as a potential photocatalyst for dye discoloration.The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and ultravioletevisible/near infra-red spectroscopy.The photocatalytic activity was examined with the discoloration of methylene blue used as synthetic dye wastewater.All the experiments were performed in direct sunlight.The photocatalytic performance of FAeZn was found to be better than that of ZnO and the conventionally popular TiO2.The LangmuireHinshelwood model rate constant values of ZnO,TiO2,and FAeZn were found to be 0.016 min1,0.017 min1,and 0.020 min1,respectively.There were two reasons for this:(1)FAeZn was able to utilize both ultraviolet and visible parts of the solar spectrum,and(2)its BrunauereEmmetteTeller surface area and porosity were significantly enhanced.This led to increased photon absorption and dye adsorption,thus exhibiting an energy-efficient performance.Therefore,FAeZn,partly derived from waste,can serve as a suitable material for environmental remediation and practical solar energy applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51534005)Postdoctoral Innovative Talent Support Program(BX20190200)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671129)。
文摘The ever-increasing quantity of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is both a potential environmental pollutant and a valuable resource.The spent LIBs recycling mainly aimed at the separation of valuable elements.Some issues still exist in these processes such as high energy consumption and complex separation procedures.This study avoided element separation and proposed a facile approach to transform spent LiCoO_(2) electrode into a lithium(Li)-doped graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))/Co_(3)O_(4) composite photocatalyst through one-pot in situ thermal reduction.During the thermal process,melamine served as the reductant for LiCoO_(2) decomposition and the raw material for g-C_(3)N_(4) production.Li was in situ doped in g-C_(3)N_(4) and the generated Co_(3)O_(4) was in situ integrated,forming a Li-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/Co_(3)O_(4) composite photocatalyst.This special composite exhibited an enhanced photocatalytic performance,and its photocatalytic H2 production and RhB degradation rates were 8.7 and 6.8 times higher than those of g-C_(3)N_(4).The experiments combined with DFT calculation revealed that such enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was ascribed to the synergy effect of Li doping and Co_(3)O_(4) integrating,which extended the visible light absorption(450-900 nm)and facilitated the charge transfer and separation.This study transforms waste into a high-efficient catalyst,realizing high-valued utilization of waste and environmental protection.
基金Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:tsqn201812068Higher School Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:2019KJA013+1 种基金The Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,Grant/Award Number:SKLOP202002006National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:51872173。
文摘The reduction of molecular nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3))under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH_(3)in modern industry,production,and life.The photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)is expected to achieve clean and sustainable NH_(3)production by using clean solar energy.To date,the new photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)to NH_(3)at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have not been fully developed.The major challenge is to achieve high light-absorption efficiency,conversion efficiency,and stability of photocatalysts.Herein,the methods for measuring produced NH_(3)are compared,and the problems related to possible NH_(3)pollution in photocatalytic systems are mentioned to provide accurate ideas for measuring photocatalytic efficiency.The recent progress of nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)photocatalysts at ambient temperature and pressure is summarized by introducing charge transfer,migration,and separation in photocatalytic NRR,which provides a guidance for the selection of future photocatalyst.More importantly,we introduce the latest research strategies of photocatalysts in detail,which can guide the preparation and design of photocatalysts with high NRR activity.
基金This work was supported by the Opening Project of the Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education(LZJ2002)the Open Project of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(CSPC2016-3-2).
文摘AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)ternary composites were prepared to form a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and introduce Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst.The as-prepared AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites showed higher photocatalytic activity than pure AgCl and Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for photooxidation of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative(1,4-DHP)and tetracycline hydrochloride(TCH)under visible light irradiation(λ>400 nm).The photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites depended on Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)content,and the catalytic activity of the optimized samples were 6.9 times higher than that of pure AgCl for 1,4-DHP photodehydrogenation and 7.3 times higher than that of Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for TCH photooxidation.The increased photocatalytic activity was due to the formation of a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and the introduction of Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst,which lowered the internal resistance,sped up the charge transfer,and increased the separation efficiency of photogenerated carries.Photogenerated holes and superoxide radical anions were the major active species in the photocatalytic process.
