Penglai,Yantai City,is located at the northern tip of the Shandong Peninsula,330 kilometers north of Langya Port in Qingdao.In 133 BC,Emperor Wudi(156-87 BC)of the Han Dynasty visited the region during an inspection t...Penglai,Yantai City,is located at the northern tip of the Shandong Peninsula,330 kilometers north of Langya Port in Qingdao.In 133 BC,Emperor Wudi(156-87 BC)of the Han Dynasty visited the region during an inspection tour of the eastern part of his empire.He gazed out into the sea in the direction of the mythical Mount Penglai,home of immortals.展开更多
Hybridization plays a significant role in biological evolution. However, it is not clear whether ecological contingency differentially influences likelihood of hybridization, particularly at ecological margins where p...Hybridization plays a significant role in biological evolution. However, it is not clear whether ecological contingency differentially influences likelihood of hybridization, particularly at ecological margins where parental species may exhibit reduced fitnesses. Moreover, it is unknown whether future ecosystem change will increase the prevalence of hybridization. Ficus heterostyla and F. squamosa are closely related species co-distributed from southern Thailand to southwest China where hybridization, yielding viable seeds, has been documented. As a robust test of ecological factors driving hybridization, we investigated spatial hybridization signatures based on nuclear microsatellites from extensive population sampling across a widespread contact range. Both species showed high population differentiation and strong patterns of isolation by distance. Admixture estimates exposed asymmetric interspecific gene flow.Signatures of hybridization increase significantly towards higher latitude zones, peaking at the northern climatic margins. Geographic variation in reproductive phenology combined with ecologically challenging marginal habitats may promote this phenomenon. Our work is a first systematic evaluation of such patterns in a comprehensive, latitudinally-based clinal context, and indicates that tendency to hybridize appears strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Moreover, that future climate change scenarios will likely alter and possibly augment cases of hybridization at ecosystem scales.展开更多
Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Vietnam from December 12 to 13,2023.During the two-day visit,China and Vietnam issued a joint statement on continuing to deepen and elevate their comprehensive strate...Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Vietnam from December 12 to 13,2023.During the two-day visit,China and Vietnam issued a joint statement on continuing to deepen and elevate their comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership and building a community with a shared future that carries strategic significance.The two sides also signed more than 30 agreements on bilateral cooperation.These developments injected strong momentum into China-Vietnam relations and elevated bilateral ties to a new height.展开更多
Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regard...Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood.展开更多
丹麦一男子不坐飞机环游世界且中途从未回国,经过10年的旅程后终于达成目标。1 Torbjorn Pedersen is a Danish trav-eler who recently finished a trip around the world.But this wasn't just any trip.Mr Pedersen spent nearly...丹麦一男子不坐飞机环游世界且中途从未回国,经过10年的旅程后终于达成目标。1 Torbjorn Pedersen is a Danish trav-eler who recently finished a trip around the world.But this wasn't just any trip.Mr Pedersen spent nearly 10 years visiting every country in the world without flying.展开更多
Exchange programme offers chance to see the amazing progress China has made in all aspects Wonderful,amazing,charming!These words aptly describe my first experience in China when I visited the country to attend the 8t...Exchange programme offers chance to see the amazing progress China has made in all aspects Wonderful,amazing,charming!These words aptly describe my first experience in China when I visited the country to attend the 8th China-Africa Youth Festival,held in Beijing and then Zhejiang Province on 19-26 May.展开更多
Have you ever thought that taking a tourism-related trip could contribute to your well-being or even improve your health status?Have you considered that tourism research could play a role in health science by showcasi...Have you ever thought that taking a tourism-related trip could contribute to your well-being or even improve your health status?Have you considered that tourism research could play a role in health science by showcasing new ways of thinking?Tourism scholars have recently contemplated tourism's place in public/global health[1]as a means of enriching the well-being of people living with conditions such as dementia.A seminal study using an interdisciplinary approach[2]integrated expertise in tourism,psychology,marketing,and medical science and proposed tourism as a dementia intervention based on positive psychology.展开更多
In responding to the ongoing development needs of the university, we are seeking to recruit Chair Professors and Visiting Professors of "Chang Jiang Scholars Program" at home and abroad. School of Medicine, Tsinghua...In responding to the ongoing development needs of the university, we are seeking to recruit Chair Professors and Visiting Professors of "Chang Jiang Scholars Program" at home and abroad. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University展开更多
In responding to the ongoing development needs of the university, we are seeking to recruit Chair Professors and Visiting Professors of "Chang Jiang Scholars Program" at home and abroad.
Editor s Note:On June 16,2019 Visiting Program for Young Sinologists(Shanghai)opened?It was hosted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People s Republic of China,coordinated by the Network of International C...Editor s Note:On June 16,2019 Visiting Program for Young Sinologists(Shanghai)opened?It was hosted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People s Republic of China,coordinated by the Network of International Culturalink Entities,organized by the Shanghai Academy of Social Science and co-organized by the Institute of China Studies,Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Think Tank Foundation.The Visiting Program for Young Sinologists has been successfully held in Shanghai for three years since 2016,attracting the active participation of young Sinologists from all over the world?展开更多
Goal: The aim of this study was to examine the perception of nurses who worked at the clinic which proposed home hospice and contents of care to better understand home hospice and enhance home care. Methods: Six nurse...Goal: The aim of this study was to examine the perception of nurses who worked at the clinic which proposed home hospice and contents of care to better understand home hospice and enhance home care. Methods: Six nurses who worked at the clinic where proposed visiting medical treatment participated voluntarily. They received one interview for approximately one hour, in which they narrated their perception of home hospice and content of nursing care. The narrative was recorded by an IC recorder and analyzed as contents analysis. This study was approved by the Ethical Board at St. Mary’s College. Results: About the content of nursing care, some categories were selected such as “Understanding a patient as a living person,” “Examining if a patient and caregiver live at ease,” or “Caring for a caregiver accepting a loved one’s death and care given at death.” Nurses perceived the theme as “Time and space for listening carefully,” the theme as “Feeling of responsibility and attractiveness of work,” the theme as the “Economics and manpower to continue home hospice,” the as a “Required connection between hospitals and home hospice clinics.” Conclusion: Visiting medical treatment nurses understand a patient and a family as living people based on intimate relationships, support them as the disease progresses, and connect to a visiting nurse station. They perceived that “patients can enjoy freedom;the nurses had responsibility and strong relationships. They felt the economic or man-power needs to continue and the requirement of a connection between hospitals and home hospice clinics.展开更多
From June 16 to July 6,2019 Visiting Program for Young Sinologists(Shanghai)was successfully held.It was hosted by the Ministry of Culture and fourism of the People s Republic of China,coordinated by the Network of In...From June 16 to July 6,2019 Visiting Program for Young Sinologists(Shanghai)was successfully held.It was hosted by the Ministry of Culture and fourism of the People s Republic of China,coordinated by the Network of International Culturalink Entities and organized by Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.Altogether 37 excellent young sinologists from 32 countries were invited to China to witness the development of contemporary China,to carry out international exchanges in China studies,and to conduct academic research in an in-depth,systematic,multi-dimensional and multi-perspective manner.The event has made a lot of positive achievements,such as building a platform to carry out exchanges and cooperation in China studies worldwide,and contributing to the improvement of research capability of young sinologists.展开更多
The study is to explore the test anxiety of three university English teachers in their collaborative learning community when they do their visiting scholar program.The research questions are about the representations ...The study is to explore the test anxiety of three university English teachers in their collaborative learning community when they do their visiting scholar program.The research questions are about the representations of test anxiety of the college English teacher collaborative learning community as visiting scholars,and the interaction between anxiety and their collaborative learning.The main data collection includes deep interview,field observation,online chatting,etc.The research finds that at the three stages of their learning,the participant shows various representations of test anxiety from cognitive,affective and behavioral perspectives,and collaborative learning community facilitates the participant have better execution in learning,more pressure released and much cognitive enhancement achieved.In contrast,lack of collaborative learning environment in her working university and the specific anxiety for marriage in female participant are two additional findings in the study,which may prove the positive effect of collaborative learning on anxiety from another point of view.展开更多
What has really happened in Europe since 2014?Why in 2018 are so many migrants still making their way towards Europe?For the first time since the Second World War,an important number of individuals have entered into E...What has really happened in Europe since 2014?Why in 2018 are so many migrants still making their way towards Europe?For the first time since the Second World War,an important number of individuals have entered into European soil.The idea for this article goes back to October 2015 when the prefet from the town where I live went in search of asylum seekers.This is what sparked off my inquiry amongst about 50 exiles housed in the annex of the Montmorency(95)hospital in July 2015.But against popular belief,migrants are not accepted fairly into countries,and the geographical distribution of Syrians in Turkey,Lebanon,Jordan,and Europe is contrary to what Kant had defended as a“right to visit”.Although the majority of researchers suggest welcoming migrants,it is necessary to reconsider some methodological and epistemological aspects and get away from some wrongly perceived concepts which dated prior to the year 2000.Yet,the Arab Spring has showed that we are dealing with unfinished post-colonialism,something that we will soon come back to in another article where we will propose another solution.展开更多
In April 2016,as a council member of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),I joined the delegation of CAFIU and visited Japan and Thailand.Although this tour only lasted for 8 days,ranging fro...In April 2016,as a council member of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),I joined the delegation of CAFIU and visited Japan and Thailand.Although this tour only lasted for 8 days,ranging from the people and i elds I contacted to the means of exchange,it was a totally new experience for me and I experienced and benei ted a lot from this visit.展开更多
This study used Chinese visiting scholars in the UK as a sample, discussed Chinese visiting scholars' cross-cultural adaptation from the perspectives of linguistic confidence, cultural confidence and academic conf...This study used Chinese visiting scholars in the UK as a sample, discussed Chinese visiting scholars' cross-cultural adaptation from the perspectives of linguistic confidence, cultural confidence and academic confidence, analyzed the correlation among the three types of confidence, and then proposed the concept of establishing a positive international profile of Chinese visiting scholars. It was recommended that Chinese visiting scholars should make more improvements in their cross-cultural adaptation. They should become the representative of China's international image, and play a more active role in further internationalizing of Chinese higher education.展开更多
At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 10-member NGO delegation composed of representatives from media,think tanks and NGOs from Bangladesh,India and Sri Lanka visited Ch...At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 10-member NGO delegation composed of representatives from media,think tanks and NGOs from Bangladesh,India and Sri Lanka visited China from April 9 to 18.On the second day of arrival,the delegation visited Xicheng District Administrative Service Center.The center provides such services展开更多
At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member ROK National Strategy Institute(NSI)delegation led by President Choi Jong Chan,former Minister of Construction and Transpo...At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member ROK National Strategy Institute(NSI)delegation led by President Choi Jong Chan,former Minister of Construction and Transportation,visited China from July 20-24.In Beijing,Yan Junqi,ViceChairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and President of CAFIU met with the delegation.CAFIU展开更多
At the invitation of CAFIU,a 13-member neighboring NGO delegation composed of representatives from media and think tanks from Nepal and the Philippines visited China from October 25 to November 5.During its stay in Ch...At the invitation of CAFIU,a 13-member neighboring NGO delegation composed of representatives from media and think tanks from Nepal and the Philippines visited China from October 25 to November 5.During its stay in China,CAFIU Vice-President Ai Ping met with the delegation.CAFIU Secretary-General Ni Jian,Deputy SecretaryGeneral Liu Kaiyang had working展开更多
文摘Penglai,Yantai City,is located at the northern tip of the Shandong Peninsula,330 kilometers north of Langya Port in Qingdao.In 133 BC,Emperor Wudi(156-87 BC)of the Han Dynasty visited the region during an inspection tour of the eastern part of his empire.He gazed out into the sea in the direction of the mythical Mount Penglai,home of immortals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (3180031332261123001)+1 种基金Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province (202301AT070378, 2019FB034)the “Light of West China” Program of the Chinese Academic of Sciences to J.-F.Huang。
文摘Hybridization plays a significant role in biological evolution. However, it is not clear whether ecological contingency differentially influences likelihood of hybridization, particularly at ecological margins where parental species may exhibit reduced fitnesses. Moreover, it is unknown whether future ecosystem change will increase the prevalence of hybridization. Ficus heterostyla and F. squamosa are closely related species co-distributed from southern Thailand to southwest China where hybridization, yielding viable seeds, has been documented. As a robust test of ecological factors driving hybridization, we investigated spatial hybridization signatures based on nuclear microsatellites from extensive population sampling across a widespread contact range. Both species showed high population differentiation and strong patterns of isolation by distance. Admixture estimates exposed asymmetric interspecific gene flow.Signatures of hybridization increase significantly towards higher latitude zones, peaking at the northern climatic margins. Geographic variation in reproductive phenology combined with ecologically challenging marginal habitats may promote this phenomenon. Our work is a first systematic evaluation of such patterns in a comprehensive, latitudinally-based clinal context, and indicates that tendency to hybridize appears strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Moreover, that future climate change scenarios will likely alter and possibly augment cases of hybridization at ecosystem scales.
文摘Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Vietnam from December 12 to 13,2023.During the two-day visit,China and Vietnam issued a joint statement on continuing to deepen and elevate their comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership and building a community with a shared future that carries strategic significance.The two sides also signed more than 30 agreements on bilateral cooperation.These developments injected strong momentum into China-Vietnam relations and elevated bilateral ties to a new height.
基金Jiangxi Province Double Thousand Talent-Leader of Natural Science Project(jxsq2023101038)Jiangxi Province Urgently Overseas Talent Project(2022BCJ25027)+1 种基金The Key Research Projects in Jiangxi Province(20223BBH8007&20232BBG70014)Innovation Team Project in Key Areas of Jiujiang City Base and Talent Plan(S2022TDJS029).
文摘Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood.
文摘丹麦一男子不坐飞机环游世界且中途从未回国,经过10年的旅程后终于达成目标。1 Torbjorn Pedersen is a Danish trav-eler who recently finished a trip around the world.But this wasn't just any trip.Mr Pedersen spent nearly 10 years visiting every country in the world without flying.
文摘Exchange programme offers chance to see the amazing progress China has made in all aspects Wonderful,amazing,charming!These words aptly describe my first experience in China when I visited the country to attend the 8th China-Africa Youth Festival,held in Beijing and then Zhejiang Province on 19-26 May.
文摘Have you ever thought that taking a tourism-related trip could contribute to your well-being or even improve your health status?Have you considered that tourism research could play a role in health science by showcasing new ways of thinking?Tourism scholars have recently contemplated tourism's place in public/global health[1]as a means of enriching the well-being of people living with conditions such as dementia.A seminal study using an interdisciplinary approach[2]integrated expertise in tourism,psychology,marketing,and medical science and proposed tourism as a dementia intervention based on positive psychology.
文摘In responding to the ongoing development needs of the university, we are seeking to recruit Chair Professors and Visiting Professors of "Chang Jiang Scholars Program" at home and abroad. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University
文摘In responding to the ongoing development needs of the university, we are seeking to recruit Chair Professors and Visiting Professors of "Chang Jiang Scholars Program" at home and abroad.
文摘Editor s Note:On June 16,2019 Visiting Program for Young Sinologists(Shanghai)opened?It was hosted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People s Republic of China,coordinated by the Network of International Culturalink Entities,organized by the Shanghai Academy of Social Science and co-organized by the Institute of China Studies,Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Think Tank Foundation.The Visiting Program for Young Sinologists has been successfully held in Shanghai for three years since 2016,attracting the active participation of young Sinologists from all over the world?
文摘Goal: The aim of this study was to examine the perception of nurses who worked at the clinic which proposed home hospice and contents of care to better understand home hospice and enhance home care. Methods: Six nurses who worked at the clinic where proposed visiting medical treatment participated voluntarily. They received one interview for approximately one hour, in which they narrated their perception of home hospice and content of nursing care. The narrative was recorded by an IC recorder and analyzed as contents analysis. This study was approved by the Ethical Board at St. Mary’s College. Results: About the content of nursing care, some categories were selected such as “Understanding a patient as a living person,” “Examining if a patient and caregiver live at ease,” or “Caring for a caregiver accepting a loved one’s death and care given at death.” Nurses perceived the theme as “Time and space for listening carefully,” the theme as “Feeling of responsibility and attractiveness of work,” the theme as the “Economics and manpower to continue home hospice,” the as a “Required connection between hospitals and home hospice clinics.” Conclusion: Visiting medical treatment nurses understand a patient and a family as living people based on intimate relationships, support them as the disease progresses, and connect to a visiting nurse station. They perceived that “patients can enjoy freedom;the nurses had responsibility and strong relationships. They felt the economic or man-power needs to continue and the requirement of a connection between hospitals and home hospice clinics.
文摘From June 16 to July 6,2019 Visiting Program for Young Sinologists(Shanghai)was successfully held.It was hosted by the Ministry of Culture and fourism of the People s Republic of China,coordinated by the Network of International Culturalink Entities and organized by Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.Altogether 37 excellent young sinologists from 32 countries were invited to China to witness the development of contemporary China,to carry out international exchanges in China studies,and to conduct academic research in an in-depth,systematic,multi-dimensional and multi-perspective manner.The event has made a lot of positive achievements,such as building a platform to carry out exchanges and cooperation in China studies worldwide,and contributing to the improvement of research capability of young sinologists.
基金The author wishes to acknowledge support from English Language and Literature,a Key Program in Gauangdong Province(GDTX170109),2017The Research Team in South China Buisiness College:The Association Project of Comparative Study of English and Chinese in the New Era(2017-298).
文摘The study is to explore the test anxiety of three university English teachers in their collaborative learning community when they do their visiting scholar program.The research questions are about the representations of test anxiety of the college English teacher collaborative learning community as visiting scholars,and the interaction between anxiety and their collaborative learning.The main data collection includes deep interview,field observation,online chatting,etc.The research finds that at the three stages of their learning,the participant shows various representations of test anxiety from cognitive,affective and behavioral perspectives,and collaborative learning community facilitates the participant have better execution in learning,more pressure released and much cognitive enhancement achieved.In contrast,lack of collaborative learning environment in her working university and the specific anxiety for marriage in female participant are two additional findings in the study,which may prove the positive effect of collaborative learning on anxiety from another point of view.
文摘What has really happened in Europe since 2014?Why in 2018 are so many migrants still making their way towards Europe?For the first time since the Second World War,an important number of individuals have entered into European soil.The idea for this article goes back to October 2015 when the prefet from the town where I live went in search of asylum seekers.This is what sparked off my inquiry amongst about 50 exiles housed in the annex of the Montmorency(95)hospital in July 2015.But against popular belief,migrants are not accepted fairly into countries,and the geographical distribution of Syrians in Turkey,Lebanon,Jordan,and Europe is contrary to what Kant had defended as a“right to visit”.Although the majority of researchers suggest welcoming migrants,it is necessary to reconsider some methodological and epistemological aspects and get away from some wrongly perceived concepts which dated prior to the year 2000.Yet,the Arab Spring has showed that we are dealing with unfinished post-colonialism,something that we will soon come back to in another article where we will propose another solution.
文摘In April 2016,as a council member of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),I joined the delegation of CAFIU and visited Japan and Thailand.Although this tour only lasted for 8 days,ranging from the people and i elds I contacted to the means of exchange,it was a totally new experience for me and I experienced and benei ted a lot from this visit.
基金funded by China Scholarship Council,CSC No:201800230006。
文摘This study used Chinese visiting scholars in the UK as a sample, discussed Chinese visiting scholars' cross-cultural adaptation from the perspectives of linguistic confidence, cultural confidence and academic confidence, analyzed the correlation among the three types of confidence, and then proposed the concept of establishing a positive international profile of Chinese visiting scholars. It was recommended that Chinese visiting scholars should make more improvements in their cross-cultural adaptation. They should become the representative of China's international image, and play a more active role in further internationalizing of Chinese higher education.
文摘At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 10-member NGO delegation composed of representatives from media,think tanks and NGOs from Bangladesh,India and Sri Lanka visited China from April 9 to 18.On the second day of arrival,the delegation visited Xicheng District Administrative Service Center.The center provides such services
文摘At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member ROK National Strategy Institute(NSI)delegation led by President Choi Jong Chan,former Minister of Construction and Transportation,visited China from July 20-24.In Beijing,Yan Junqi,ViceChairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and President of CAFIU met with the delegation.CAFIU
文摘At the invitation of CAFIU,a 13-member neighboring NGO delegation composed of representatives from media and think tanks from Nepal and the Philippines visited China from October 25 to November 5.During its stay in China,CAFIU Vice-President Ai Ping met with the delegation.CAFIU Secretary-General Ni Jian,Deputy SecretaryGeneral Liu Kaiyang had working