Mepanipyrim induces visual developmental toxicity and vision-guided behavioral alteration in zebrafish larvae

Mepanipyrim,an anilinopyrimidine fungicide,has been extensively used to prevent fungal diseases in fruit culture.Currently,research on mepanipyrim-induced toxicity in organisms is still very scarce,especially visual developmental toxicity.Here,zebrafish larvae were employed to investigate mepanipyrim-induced visual developmental toxicity.Intense light andmonochromatic light stimuli-evoked escape experiments were used to investigate vision-guided behaviors.Meanwhile,transcriptomic sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR assays were applied to assess the potential mechanisms of mepanipyrim-induced visual developmental toxicity and vision-guided behavioral alteration.Our results showed that mepanipyrim exposure could induce retinal impairment and vision-guided behavioral alteration in larval zebrafish.In addition,the grk1b gene of the phototransduction signaling pathway was found to be a potential aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)-regulated gene.Mepanipyrim-induced visual developmental toxicity was potentially related to the AhR signaling pathway.Furthermore,mepanipyrim-induced behavioral alteration was guided by the visual function,and the effects of mepanipyrim on long and middle wavelength light-sensitive opsins may be the main cause of vision-guided behavioral alteration.Our results provide insights into understanding the relationship between visual development and vision-guided behaviors induced by mepanipyrim exposure.

From neurogenesis to neuronal regeneration: the amphibian olfactory system as a model to visualize neuronal development in vivo

How do individual neurons develop and how are they in- tegrated into neuronal circuitry？ To answer this question is essential to understand how the nervous system develops and how it is maintained during the adult life. A neural stem cell must go through several stages of maturation, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration, to become fully embedded to an existing neuronal circuit. The knowledge on this topic so far has come mainly from cell culture studies. Studying the development of individual neurons within intact neuronal networks in vivo is inherently difficult. Most neurons are generated form neural stem cells during embryonic and early postnatal development.

发展性阅读障碍儿童视觉注意广度特点及干预策略研究

为深入分析发展性阅读障碍儿童视觉注意广度缺陷,探讨视觉注意训练任务和动作视频游戏两种干预方式的效果,综合分析国内外文献,发现视觉注意广度缺陷与阅读障碍之间存在显著关联,视觉注意训练任务和动作视频游戏这两种干预方式能有效提升阅读障碍儿童的视觉注意能力和阅读表现。未来的研究应采用统一的实验范式和更标准化的材料,以提高研究结果的一致性和可比性;进一步探索阅读障碍与视觉注意广度缺陷的具体机制;进行基于不同干预方式的比较研究等。在此基础上,对未来阅读障碍儿童视觉注意广度领域的研究方向提出建议,强调进一步探索和验证的必要性。

Development of PVEP in Infants and Children

The development of components of VEP was studied in 150 infants and children between 2 weeks and 9 years of age participated as subjects. Ten adult subjects, 25 ito 35 years of age were also studied. The results indicated that the VEP had a simple wave form, consisting of only a slowly rising positive wave to 140', 70' and 35' checks from infants of 2 to 8 weeks following birth. P_1 wave appeared in response to 17.5' check stimulus at 10 weeks following birth. The latencies of P_1 components shortened d...

Visual acuity evaluation in children with hydrocephalus:An electrophysiological study with sweep visual evoked potential

The objective was to measure the visual acuity (VA) of children with the diagnosis of hydrocephalus with or without peritoneal-ventricular shunt (PVS). A total of 55 children were included in the study (34 Female), with an age range of 0 to 291 weeks. The VA was measured by the sweep visual evoked potential technique. Of those with a PVS, in 31 the ventricular valve was inserted before 15 days after the diagnosis whereas in 14 the ventricular valve was inserted after 15 days. The sweep VEP was performed in all children, 95 exams (94%) were abnormal and only 6 were normal. There was a statistical difference in the VA between children with a PVS inserted before 15 days of the diagnosis and children with a PVS after 15 days (p = 0.038) or those without a shunt (p = 0.031). Children with no complications of the PVS had a better VA as compared to those with shunt complications (p < 0.001). In the group of children with complications, again those who had a shunt inserted be-fore 15 days had better VA results in com- parison to those in whom the shunt was inserted after 15 days (p = 0.029). No statistical difference in the VA was found between children without the PVS and with those in which the shunt was inserted after 15 days of the di-agnosis of hydrocephalus (p = 0.699). We conclude that the delayed insertion of the PVS may compromise the visual development of these children.

Binocular form deprivation influences the visual cortex

a-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors are considered to play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity in the developing visual cortex. In this study, we established a rat model of binocular form deprivation by suturing the rat binocular eyelids before eye-opening at postnatal day 14. During development, the decay time of excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors of normal rats became longer after eye- opening; however, the decay time did not change significantly in binocular form deprivation rats. The peak value in the normal group became gradually larger with age, but there was no significant change in the binocular form deprivation group. These findings indicate that binocular form deprivation influences the properties of excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in the rat visual cortex around the end of the critical period, indicating that form stimulation is associated with the experience-dependent modification of neuronal synapses in the visual cortex.

汉语发展性阅读障碍小学生的视觉注意广度研究

为探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍低年龄段小学生的视觉注意广度,以7—9岁低年龄段小学生为对象,选取发展性阅读障碍和正常阅读能力小学生各28名,采用2(被试群体:发展性阅读障碍组小学生、正常阅读能力组小学生)×2(汉字类型:简单、复杂)的两因素混合设计,使用Visual-1-back任务测量视觉注意广度,记录正确率、正确反应的反应时,并计算辨别力指数d’值。结果显示,发展性阅读障碍组正确率和辨别力指数小于正常阅读能力组,发展性阅读障碍组正确反应的反应时大于正常阅读能力组;简单汉字的正确率和辨别力指数大于复杂汉字,简单汉字的反应时小于复杂汉字。汉语发展性阅读障碍低年龄段小学生对汉字材料表现出视觉注意广度缺陷,进一步支持视觉到语音的映射这一观点。

发展性协调障碍儿童视觉通道前注意加工的特点:来自ERP的证据

研究表明发展性协调障碍儿童听觉通道的前注意受损,其视觉通道的前注意加工是否也存在缺陷,从而造成了信息加工困难,目前尚不清楚。本研究旨在探究发展性协调障碍儿童视觉通道前注意加工的特点。从小学二、三、四年级共760名学生中筛选出障碍组20名,同时选择年龄、智力水平相当的对照组儿童20名。采用非注意Oddball任务,以不同颜色图片为实验材料,比较两组儿童前注意信息加工能力。行为结果表明,在注意主任务上,两组儿童的反应时不存在差异;然而,障碍组儿童的准确率显著低于对照组。ERP结果表明,相比于对照组儿童,障碍组儿童的视觉失匹配负波(visual mismatch negativity, vMMN)潜伏期明显延长。同时,本研究还发现运动技能诊断量表得分与vMMN的潜伏期存在显著相关。结果提示,发展性协调障碍儿童视觉通道前注意加工可能存在缺陷;vMMN潜伏期可作为初步评估和判断发展性协调障碍的脑电指标。

Factors Affecting Visual Outcome Following Surgical Treatment of Cataracts in Children

Purpose: To assess treatment results in pediatric patients with cataracts, to evaluate the efficacy of various surgical interventions, and to determine the factors that affect visual outcomes. Methods: This is aProspective cohort study. We studied a consecutive series of pediatric patients with congenital, developing, or traumatic cataracts who underwent surgery between January, 1999 and April, 2012 at Drashti Netralaya, Dahod. Patient demographics, cataract type, presenting symptoms, surgical intervention, postoperative visual acuity, and follow-up refractive changes were recorded. Results: In total, 1305 eyes of 1047 children were included: unilateral cataracts were present in 786 (60.2%) eyes. There were 610 (46.7%) traumatic and 695 (53.3%) non-traumatic cases. Ages at surgery ranged from 1 to 215 months. Eyes were grouped by the surgical intervention performed: Group 1, pars plana approach including 366 (28%) eyes that underwent lensectomies, and Group 2, anterior approach, including 939 (71.9%) eyes that underwent phacoemulsification ± IOL placement or small incision cataract surgery ± IOL placement. The mean follow-up time was 117 days. Ultimately, 113 (30.9%) Group 1 and 503 (53.6%) Group 2 patients achieved a visual acuity better than 20/60 (P < 0.001). Age at intervention, laterality, sensory nystagmus, pretreatment vision, IOL insertion, and etiology were all significantly related (all P < 0.001) to visual outcome. Conclusions: Surgical treatment with intraocular lens implantation for children with congenital, developmental, or traumatic cataracts is an effective treatment for visual rehabilitation. Visual outcome was significantly better in cases of traumatic cataracts versus non-traumatic cataracts.

Deficits in Magnocellular Pathway in Developmental Dyslexia: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Electroencephalography Study

Background: Magnocellular deficit theory is among the different hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of developmental dyslexia (DD). Dysfunction of the magnocellular system in DD has been investigated using mainly visual evoked potentials (VEPs), particularly transient VEPs, although recently abnormal steady-state VEPs have also been reported. The brain regions responsible for the abnormal VEPs in DD have yet to be elucidated, however. In this study, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (fMRI-EEG) simultaneously to elucidate the brain areas that were found in a previous study to be activated through stimulation of the magnocellular system, and then investigated the mechanism involved in the dysfunction seen in DD.Methods: Subjects were 20 healthy individuals (TYP group;13 men, 7 women;mean ± standard deviation age, 26.3 ± 5.53 years) and 2 men with DD (aged 42 and 30 years). Images of brain activity were acquired with 3-Tesla MRI while the viewing the reversal of low-spatial frequency and low-contrast black-and-white sinusoidal gratings. EEG was recorded concurrently to obtain steady-state VEPs.Results: Stimulus frequency-dependent VEPs were observed in the posterior region of the brain in the TYP group;however, VEP amplitudes in both DD patients were clearly smaller than those in TYP. fMRI images revealed that both the primary and secondary visual cortices were activated by black-and- white sinusoidal gratings in the TYP group, whereas activity in the visual cortex overall was reduced in both DD patients.Conclusions: Present low spatial and high reversal frequency visual stimuli activated the primary visual cortex presumably through predominant activation of the magnocellular pathway. This finding indicates that some cases of adult patients of DD involve impairment of the visual magnocellular system.

视听觉统合康复训练在全面性发育迟缓患儿中的应用效果

目的:观察视听觉统合康复训练在全面性发育迟缓患儿中的应用效果。方法:选取2019年1月至2021年12月该院收治的98例全面性发育迟缓患儿进行前瞻性研究,按随机数字表法将其分为对照组和研究组各49例。对照组采用常规康复训练,研究组在对照组基础上采用视听觉统合康复训练。比较两组训练前后神经发育评分、口部运动功能评分和适应行为评分。结果:训练后,两组运动、个人与社会、语言、手眼协调、视觉表现等神经发育评分均高于训练前,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组下颌运动、唇部运动、舌部运动等口部运动功能评分均高于训练前,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组独立、认知、社会自制等适应行为评分均高于训练前,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在常规康复训练基础上采用视听觉统合康复训练可提高全面性发育迟缓患儿神经发育评分、口部运动功能评分和适应行为评分,其效果优于常规康复训练。

语言发育迟缓合并视力障碍儿童的康复个案研究

目的探讨语言发育迟缓合并视力障碍儿童的语言康复策略,为多重障碍儿童康复训练提供借鉴和参考。方法针对1例合并视力障碍的语言发育迟缓儿童开展心理治疗和语言训练,并对家长进行康复指导,对比康复前后儿童言语行为能力变化,总结康复方法和康复流程。结果儿童从最初的抗拒训练到配合训练,再到积极参与,逐步开始发音,达到能够和治疗师自由交谈,日常生活中也能与家人自然沟通,疗效显著。后期儿童通过语言学习行为规则,情绪稳定,问题行为消退。结论对语言发展迟缓合并视力障碍儿童的语言干预不能只关注语言训练,需包含心理治疗在内的全方位干预才能更好地促进儿童语言发展。建议采用专业人员康复为主,科学指导下的家庭康复为辅的康复模式开展治疗。

中国发展心理学的研究热点与发展趋势——基于《心理发展与教育》创刊35年的文献计量分析

为宏观地把握中国发展心理学的研究热点与发展趋势,基于我国唯一的发展心理学与教育心理学专业学术刊物《心理发展与教育》1985~2019年的2456篇文献,采用文献计量法对该刊年发文量、年被引量、年下载量、年转载量、研究机构、关键词等指标进行分析。结果发现,《心理发展与教育》历年的发文量总体呈波动上升的趋势,认知与社会性发展的研究为教育与学习心理以及心理健康的研究主题奠定了夯实的理论基础。结合关键词共现和聚类分析的结果,本文从发展时期、学科交叉和特殊群体三方面对我国发展心理学的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视知觉学习

研究采用知觉学习经典范式中的视觉搜索任务探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的知觉学习过程。研究考察了阅读障碍儿童与正常儿童在简单搜索任务、复杂搜索任务和限制时间的复杂搜索任务上的知觉学习特点。结果发现,阅读障碍儿童在复杂搜索任务中初始搜索时间显著长于正常控制组;在限制时间的复杂搜索任务中更进一步发现阅读障碍儿童的反应正确率显著低于正常控制组儿童;而且两组儿童视觉搜索任务的正确率与汉语阅读的识字量成绩存在显著相关。上述结果表明,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在复杂搜索的知觉学习缺陷,这种缺陷可能在某种程度上与儿童的阅读技能发展有关。

发展性阅读障碍学生的视觉认知能力研究

对发展性阅读障碍者在视觉认知中异常表现的研究属于该领域中的传统研究.国内对阅读障碍人群的视觉认知能力的研究较少,实验材料仅限于普通平面材料而未涉及立体线索.基于此,研究采用三维——不可能图形材料对发展性阅读障碍者视觉认知能力进行研究,研究发现:①在平面不可能图形材料辨识任务中,发展性阅读障碍学生判断正确性得分与对照组无显著差异.②在以彭罗斯三角原理构成的不可能图形材料辨识任务中,汉语环境下的发展性阅读障碍患者判断正确性得分优于对照组.

“健全人的盲道”:关于盲道占用的社会排斥研究

盲道被占用现象在中国十分普遍,这一现象严重影响盲人群体的社会参与。然而从普通市民到政府部门似乎都对盲道被占这一现象"熟视无睹"和"无动于衷",致使盲道占用现象没有得到任何改观。本研究发现,占用盲道的行为主体分别是政府、国营企业、私营企业以及普通民众,他们在盲道占用上有着各自的典型行为,而且其盲道占用行为总能被自我合理化。在发展主义话语体系支配下,政府、商家、普通民众在互动中相互配合,共同建立起一套社会排斥机制,致使盲道演变成了"健全人的盲道"。政府在推动经济发展的同时应该注意社会治理,明确企业和民众的社会责任,处罚不良行为,才能真正尊重和保护残疾人平等参与社会的权利,促进社会融合,使盲人群体出行不再障碍重重。

发展性阅读障碍的视觉拥挤效应

发展性阅读障碍的核心缺陷一直是研究者关注的焦点。近年来,国内外大量研究发现视觉加工缺陷可能是导致阅读障碍的一个重要原因,其中视觉拥挤效应与阅读障碍密切相关。本文将回顾视觉拥挤效应的概念及其理论基础、拼音文字和汉语阅读障碍者视觉拥挤效应的相关研究,提出汉语阅读障碍视觉拥挤效应研究的未来发展方向,以便更好地了解汉语阅读障碍与视觉拥挤效应之间的关系。

中文发展性阅读障碍研究

本文总结了作者有关中文发展性阅读障碍的部分研究成果 ,探讨了阅读困难儿童词汇加工的特征及其本质 ,讨论了中文阅读技能与其他认知加工 ,特别是基本视知觉的关系。文章指出阅读障碍儿童由于词汇识别水平低 ,他们在汉字识别过程中表现出比同年龄的控制组更大的规则性效应 ,在语义通达过程中 ,对语音的依赖较大。阅读障碍儿童不仅在汉字的命名速度上慢于控制组儿童 ,数字的语音通达速度也慢于控制组儿童。文章还总结了汉字阅读与视知觉的关系 。

空格减少汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视觉拥挤效应：来自眼动的证据

使用眼动仪记录汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童、正常年龄匹配和能力匹配儿童阅读插入空格文本时的眼动,考察在字、词以及非词间插入空格对汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童阅读加工过程的影响。结果发现,阅读障碍儿童在字间空格条件下平均注视时间减少的程度大于正常儿童,注视次数在字间和词间空格条件下未见显著增加,能力匹配儿童的注视次数在这两种空格条件下却显著增加。结果说明,字间和词间空格不能促进能力匹配组儿童的阅读,但能减少阅读障碍儿童句子的总阅读时间。说明空格对汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童具有促进作用,这种促进主要是由于空格减少了其视觉拥挤效应所致。