【目的】天牛是林业重要的蛀干害虫,其中有些种类如松墨天牛、光肩星天牛等是重要的检疫性害虫,给我国林业生产和生态环境带来巨大危害。昆虫利用视觉、嗅觉、味觉、听觉信号去定位和识别寄主及配偶,在过去的几十年中,大量的工作主要集...【目的】天牛是林业重要的蛀干害虫,其中有些种类如松墨天牛、光肩星天牛等是重要的检疫性害虫,给我国林业生产和生态环境带来巨大危害。昆虫利用视觉、嗅觉、味觉、听觉信号去定位和识别寄主及配偶,在过去的几十年中,大量的工作主要集中在嗅觉及其化学生态学上;而视觉作为重要的感觉系统之一,对昆虫寄主和配偶定位及识别等多种行为活动起着至关重要的作用,然而对视觉调节天牛成虫行为的研究却相对较少,尤其是对天牛视觉系统研究的综述还未见报道。【方法】利用Web of Science,Google Scholar,CNKI等数据库,查询天牛科视觉的相关文献。对天牛成虫视觉器官(复眼)的组织解剖学结构特征、视觉对天牛成虫行为的调节作用以及灯诱在林业害虫综合治理中的应用方面研究进行综述。【结果】天牛成虫的复眼围绕在触角的基部,被触角分为上下2部,呈肾形,无晶眼或伪晶眼类型,每个小眼含有8个视网膜细胞,其中2个中心细胞被6个周缘细胞包围;日行性和夜行性天牛种类复眼解剖结构学上的主要区别在于小眼密度、感杆束占据视网膜细胞的面积比率等。虫体和寄主植物颜色、形状及大小是主要的视觉信号来源,不仅可以影响某些天牛种类的交配成功率,而且可以影响对寄主植物的定位及非寄主植物的区分。灯光诱杀是害虫综合治理(IPM)中重要的手段之一,具有延缓害虫抗药性、降低防治成本和对环境影响小等优点;诱捕光源的光谱和光强以及诱捕器的形状及颜色对害虫的诱集效果均有显著影响,目前对天牛的诱集光源(主要是黑光灯和高压汞灯一类紫外光)研究较多,而对光谱、光强以及诱捕器外形对天牛诱捕效率的影响研究较少;同样,灯光诱杀也可以用于出入境检验检疫局对检疫性的天牛害虫进行检测。【结论】视觉系统不仅在昆虫的觅食和求偶行为中起着重要的作用,而且对产卵位置识别、躲避天敌等行为均有重要的意义,但是,天牛科成虫的视觉系统及视觉生态学相关的研究却很缺乏;将来可以从寄主植物和配偶的颜色、形状、大小等特征对天牛行为活动的影响,日行和夜行性天牛复眼的解剖学特征及区别等对天牛视觉生理生态学相关内容进行深入研究,为研制优异的、环境友好型的诱捕和测报装置提供理论基础,同时也为合理调控天牛及其天敌昆虫的种群结构提供理论基础。展开更多
The penetration of water during water flooding has been observed over many years using several methods. A microfocused X-ray computed tomography scanner can be used to directly observe 3D water flooding in a nondestru...The penetration of water during water flooding has been observed over many years using several methods. A microfocused X-ray computed tomography scanner can be used to directly observe 3D water flooding in a nondestructive manner. To eliminate the possibility of false images being produced because of X-ray broadening effects, we developed a visualization method by arranging the brightness distribution of all phases involved. Water flooding experiments were conducted using oil-wet and water-wet porous media. The water phase was injected upward into packed glass beads containing an oil phase, and the process was scanned every minute until steady state was reached. Using this scheme, real-time, the water invasion pattern and oil trapping process in clusters of pores and individual pores can be observed clearly. By eliminating false images, the boundary of each phase could be identified with high precision, even in a single pore. Porelevel phenomena, including snap off (which has never before been captured in a real 3D porous medium), piston-like displacement, and the curvature of the interface, were also observed. Direct measurement of the pore throat radius and the contact angle between the wetting and nonwetting phases gave an approximation of the capillary pressure during the piston-like displacement and snap-off processes.展开更多
文摘【目的】天牛是林业重要的蛀干害虫,其中有些种类如松墨天牛、光肩星天牛等是重要的检疫性害虫,给我国林业生产和生态环境带来巨大危害。昆虫利用视觉、嗅觉、味觉、听觉信号去定位和识别寄主及配偶,在过去的几十年中,大量的工作主要集中在嗅觉及其化学生态学上;而视觉作为重要的感觉系统之一,对昆虫寄主和配偶定位及识别等多种行为活动起着至关重要的作用,然而对视觉调节天牛成虫行为的研究却相对较少,尤其是对天牛视觉系统研究的综述还未见报道。【方法】利用Web of Science,Google Scholar,CNKI等数据库,查询天牛科视觉的相关文献。对天牛成虫视觉器官(复眼)的组织解剖学结构特征、视觉对天牛成虫行为的调节作用以及灯诱在林业害虫综合治理中的应用方面研究进行综述。【结果】天牛成虫的复眼围绕在触角的基部,被触角分为上下2部,呈肾形,无晶眼或伪晶眼类型,每个小眼含有8个视网膜细胞,其中2个中心细胞被6个周缘细胞包围;日行性和夜行性天牛种类复眼解剖结构学上的主要区别在于小眼密度、感杆束占据视网膜细胞的面积比率等。虫体和寄主植物颜色、形状及大小是主要的视觉信号来源,不仅可以影响某些天牛种类的交配成功率,而且可以影响对寄主植物的定位及非寄主植物的区分。灯光诱杀是害虫综合治理(IPM)中重要的手段之一,具有延缓害虫抗药性、降低防治成本和对环境影响小等优点;诱捕光源的光谱和光强以及诱捕器的形状及颜色对害虫的诱集效果均有显著影响,目前对天牛的诱集光源(主要是黑光灯和高压汞灯一类紫外光)研究较多,而对光谱、光强以及诱捕器外形对天牛诱捕效率的影响研究较少;同样,灯光诱杀也可以用于出入境检验检疫局对检疫性的天牛害虫进行检测。【结论】视觉系统不仅在昆虫的觅食和求偶行为中起着重要的作用,而且对产卵位置识别、躲避天敌等行为均有重要的意义,但是,天牛科成虫的视觉系统及视觉生态学相关的研究却很缺乏;将来可以从寄主植物和配偶的颜色、形状、大小等特征对天牛行为活动的影响,日行和夜行性天牛复眼的解剖学特征及区别等对天牛视觉生理生态学相关内容进行深入研究,为研制优异的、环境友好型的诱捕和测报装置提供理论基础,同时也为合理调控天牛及其天敌昆虫的种群结构提供理论基础。
文摘The penetration of water during water flooding has been observed over many years using several methods. A microfocused X-ray computed tomography scanner can be used to directly observe 3D water flooding in a nondestructive manner. To eliminate the possibility of false images being produced because of X-ray broadening effects, we developed a visualization method by arranging the brightness distribution of all phases involved. Water flooding experiments were conducted using oil-wet and water-wet porous media. The water phase was injected upward into packed glass beads containing an oil phase, and the process was scanned every minute until steady state was reached. Using this scheme, real-time, the water invasion pattern and oil trapping process in clusters of pores and individual pores can be observed clearly. By eliminating false images, the boundary of each phase could be identified with high precision, even in a single pore. Porelevel phenomena, including snap off (which has never before been captured in a real 3D porous medium), piston-like displacement, and the curvature of the interface, were also observed. Direct measurement of the pore throat radius and the contact angle between the wetting and nonwetting phases gave an approximation of the capillary pressure during the piston-like displacement and snap-off processes.
